User:Jx2022/Box plot
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In descriptive statistics, a box plot or boxplot is a method for graphically demonstrating the locality, spread and skewness of groups of numerical data through their quartiles[1]. In addition to the box on a box plot, there can be lines extending from the boxes (which are called whiskers) indicating variability outside the upper and lower quartiles, thus, the plot is also termed as the box-and-whisker plot and the box-and-whisker diagram. Outliers may be plotted as individual points.
Box plots are non-parametric: they display variation in samples of a statistical population without making any assumptions of the underlying statistical distribution (though Tukey's boxplot assumes symmetry for the whiskers and normality for their length). The spacings between the different parts of the box indicate the degree of dispersion (spread) and skewness in the data, and show outliers. In addition to the points themselves, they allow one to visually estimate various L-estimators, notably the interquartile range, midhinge, range, mid-range, and trimean. Box plots can be drawn either horizontally or vertically. Box plots received their name from the box in the middle, and from the plot that they are.
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History
The range-bar was introduced by Mary Eleanor Spear in 1952 and again in 1969. The box and whiskers plot was first introduced in 1970 by John Tukey, who later published on the subject in his book "Exploratory Data Analysis" in 1977.
Elements
Variations
Examples
Notched boxplot[2]
References
- ^ C., Dutoit, S. H. (2012). Graphical exploratory data analysis. Springer. ISBN 1-4612-9371-5. OCLC 1019645745.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wells, James B.; Layne, Ben H. (1996). "The Effects of Display Characteristics on the Bias of Estimates of Whisker Length of Regular and Notched Boxplots". Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics. 21 (3): 247. doi:10.2307/1165271. ISSN 1076-9986.