Library stack

"Bookstack" redirects here. For the wiki software, see BookStack.

The stacks of Harvard's Gore Hall, under demol­ition in 1913 to make way for Widener Library

The stacks frame­work (visible within unfinished walls in this Decem­ber 1913 view) of Harvard's Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library sup­ports the roof and top­most level of offices and special col­lec­tions as well as shelves holding 3 mil­lion volumes.

One of Widener Library's ten stack tiers during construction. Next-higher tier is vis­i­ble be­cause floor panels, which are supported by the stacks frame­work, are not yet installed.

In library science and architecture, a stack or bookstack (often referred to as a library building's stacks) is a book storage area, as opposed to a reading area. More specifically, this term refers to a narrow-aisled, multilevel system of iron or steel shelving that evolved in the nineteenth century to meet increasing demands for storage space. An "open-stack" library allows its patrons to enter the stacks to browse for themselves; "closed stacks" means library staff retrieve books for patrons on request.

Early development

French architect Henri Labrouste, shortly after making pioneering use of iron in the Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve of 1850, created a four-story iron stack for the Bibliothèque nationale de France. In 1857, multilevel stacks with grated iron floors were installed in the British Library. In 1876, William R. Ware designed a stack for Gore Hall at Harvard University. In contrast to the structural relationship found in most buildings, the floors of these bookstacks did not support the shelving, but rather the reverse, the floors being attached to, and supported by, the shelving framework. Even the load of the building's roof, and of any non-shelving spaces above the stacks (such as offices), may be transmitted to the building's foundation through the shelving system itself. The building's external walls act as an envelope but provide no significant structural support.

Library of Congress and the Snead system

For the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress, completed in 1897, Bernard Richardson Green made a number of alterations to the Gore Hall design, including the use of all-metal shelving. The contract was won by the Snead and Company Ironworks, which went on to install its standardized design in libraries around the country. Notable examples include the Widener Library at Harvard and the seven level stack supporting the Rose Reading Room of the New York Public Library.

The Library of Congress bookstacks were designed and patented by Bernard R. Green (1843-1914), the engineer in charge of the Library of Congress construction, where this type of book storage was first used. Although the structure was of cast iron, the shelves were made from strips of thin U section steel, designed to be as light as an equivalent pine shelf. The top surface of the U section was ground, polished and 'lacquered' (the constituents of the lacquer are not known). Green designed the stacks to be modular, able to be erected several stories high as a single freestanding structural entity incorporating staircases and floors, and even capable of supporting a roof structure. He designed the shelves so that they could adjust to book sizes using a simple lug system without the need for any bolts or fixings. Although the bookstacks were decorated and very simply embellished, they are of machine-age industrial design.

Stacks were typically envisioned for access by library staff fetching books for patrons waiting elsewhere, and so were often built in ways making them unsuitable for public access. A wish to make stacks more accessible to the public, the desire to construct buildings adaptable to changing uses, and concerns over the feasibility of storing comprehensive collections of books, contributed to the decline of the nineteenth century Snead design. Angus Snead Macdonald, president of the Snead Company from 1915 to 1952, advocated for the transition to modular, open plan libraries. The National Library of Australia holds its reserves in various buildings, while offering a user-friendly "interface" area. It is typical among libraries in the 21st century in operating a Collection Delivery Service whereby readers lodge requests, which are delivered to a reading room.

Open vs Closed Stacks

Until the latter part of the 19th century, almost all public libraries worked in a closed stack system. A closed stack library is one in which the public does not have access to the library's books, and a librarian must be the one to retrieve any library materials for any patron requesting an item. In the late 19th century, open stack libraries began to grow in popularity, partially due to the efforts of well-known librarian and former President of the American Library Association, John Cotton Dana.

When John Cotton Dana became the librarian of the Denver Public Library in 1889, the first thing he did was abolish the closed-stack system and make sure that library's materials were accessible to all library patrons. While there were other libraries instituting open stacks in their buildings, John Cotton Dana was the first to bring open stacks to a children's room. In 1894 John Cotton Dana created a children's room with open shelves in the Denver Public Library, where he worked. This was the first children's room with open shelves in the history of public libraries.

The Denver Public Library was not the only place where John Cotton Dana brought an open stack method. He also brought changes to the Springfield, Massachusetts public library and the Newark Public Library.

Besides John Cotton Dana, another big proponent of open stacks in libraries is Andrew Carnegie, known for not only being a steel magnate, but also being a philanthropist who over the course of his life donated over 90 percent of his wealth to charities, much of which went into the building of libraries.

See also

• Bookcase
• Harvard Depository
• An example of recent proposals regarding 21st century library stacks
• A controversial undertaking by the New Zealand National Library to dispose of half a million books from its stacks (a little over half of its reserves).Reactions and opposition.[1]