Data-oriented parsing
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Data-oriented parsing (DOP, also data-oriented processing) is a probabilistic grammar formalism in computational linguistics based on tree-adjoining grammars. DOP was invented by Remko Scha in 1990 with the aim of developing a performance-oriented grammar framework. Unlike other probabilistic formalisms, DOP takes into account all subtrees contained in a treebank rather than being restricted to, for example, 2-level subtrees (like PCFGs).