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Entourage effect

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by EditorFormerlyKnownAsPuddin' (talk | contribs) at 22:32, 9 September 2021 (→Difference between C. indica and C. sativa: This entire section discusses different plant strains but offers little insight into the entourage effect. Simply pointing out that different chemovars exist doesn't tell the reader anything about whether or not these different plants have different effects. It would be more appropriate to introduce appropriate references that demonstrate actual interactions between componentes or quantified differences between chemovars, if they exist.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

The entourage effect is a proposed mechanism by which cannabis compounds other than tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) act synergistically with it to modulate the overall psychoactive effects of the plant.[1][2]

Compounds

Cannabinoids

Cannabidiol (CBD) is under preliminary research for its potential to modify the effects of THC, possibly mitigating some of the negative,[3] psychosis-like effects of THC.

Terpenes

There are numerous terpenes present in the cannabis plant and variation between strains. Some of the different terpenes have known pharmacological effects and have been studied.[4][5][2]

One hypothesis is that myrcene is a prominent sedative terpenoid in cannabis, and combined with THC, may produce the ‘couch-lock’ phenomenon.[2]

Background

The phrase entourage effect was introduced in 1999.[6][7] While originally identified as a novel method of endocannabinoid regulation by which multiple endogenous chemical species display a cooperative effect in eliciting a cellular response, the term has evolved to describe the polypharmacy effects of combined cannabis phytochemicals or whole plant extracts.[8] The phrase now commonly refers to the compounds present in cannabis supposedly working in concert to create “the sum of all the parts that leads to the magic or power of cannabis”.[4] Other cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids may be part of an entourage effect.[7] The entourage effect is considered a possible cannabinoid system modulator and is achieved in pain management.[1][7][9]

Criticism

A 2020 review of research found no entourage effect in most studies, while other reports claimed mixed results, including the possibility of increased adverse effects.[10] The review concluded that the term, "entourage effect", is unfounded and used mainly for marketing.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b Grof CP (November 2018). "Cannabis, from plant to pill". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 84 (11): 2463–2467. doi:10.1111/bcp.13618. PMC 6177712. PMID 29701252.
  2. ^ a b c Russo EB (August 2011). "Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects". British Journal of Pharmacology. 163 (7): 1344–64. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. PMC 3165946. PMID 21749363.
  3. ^ Hudson R, Renard J, Norris C, Rushlow WJ, Laviolette SR (October 2019). "Cannabidiol Counteracts the Psychotropic Side-Effects of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in the Ventral Hippocampus through Bidirectional Control of ERK1-2 Phosphorylation". The Journal of Neuroscience. 39 (44): 8762–8777. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0708-19.2019. PMC 6820200. PMID 31570536. {{cite journal}}: External link in |lay-url= (help); Unknown parameter |lay-source= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b Chen A (20 April 2017). "Some of the Parts: Is Marijuana's "Entourage Effect" Scientifically Valid?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2017-12-31.
  5. ^ Fine PG, Rosenfeld MJ (2013-10-29). "The endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids, and pain". Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal. 4 (4): e0022. doi:10.5041/RMMJ.10129. PMC 3820295. PMID 24228165.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ben-Shabat_1998 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c Gupta S (11 March 2014). "Medical marijuana and 'the entourage effect'". CNN. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  8. ^ Russo EB (2019-01-09). "The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No "Strain," No Gain". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 1969. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01969. PMC 6334252. PMID 30687364.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Bouaziz J, Bar On A, Seidman DS, Soriano D (April 1, 2017). "The Clinical Significance of Endocannabinoids in Endometriosis Pain Management". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 2 (1): 72–80. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0035. PMC 5436335. PMID 28861506.
  10. ^ a b Cogan PS (August 2020). "The 'entourage effect' or 'hodge-podge hashish': the questionable rebranding, marketing, and expectations of cannabis polypharmacy". Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 13 (8): 835–845. doi:10.1080/17512433.2020.1721281. PMID 32116073. S2CID 211726166.
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