User:1vcsdn/Fertility testing
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Assessment of uterus and fallopian tube occlusion
X-ray hysterosalpingography
Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an invasive x-ray imaging technique used to evaluate the shape and size of the uterus and openness of the fallopian tubes. It is a diagnostic test used in the investigation of infertility from genetic or infectious causes such as uterine fibroids, uterine polyps, uterine anomalies, scarring or tumors.[1]
A HSG is performed after menses and before ovulation during the first half of a menstrual cycle. It is not performed if the patient is pregnant, has a pelvic infection, or heavy bleeding at the time of the test.[2]
The procedure usually takes 30 minutes and often takes place in an outpatient setting such as a hospital or clinic. The patient is draped and positioned on their back as if for a pelvic exam with feet in stirrups. A speculum (device used to look inside the vagina) is used to visualize the cervix. The cervix cleaned with an antiseptic such as iodine and injected with a local anesthetic to minimize discomfort and pain. A small catheter is used to fill the uterus with a contrast dye (a liquid used to highlight anatomic structures with an x-ray). X-ray images are taken as the contrast dye makes its way through the uterus and fallopian tubes. After images have been captured, the catheter is removed and contrast dye may either spill outside of the vagina or become absorbed.[1][2]
Risks associated with HSG are rare and include exposure to radiation, infection, allergic reactions to the contrast dye or antiseptic. It is normal for patients to experience mild to moderate abdominal cramping, pain and vaginal spotting for a few days after the procedure.[1]
Hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy)
Hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy) is a transvaginal ultrasound imaging technique used to evaluate the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is a screening test used to determine the need for a diagnostic laparoscopy.[3]
A HyCoSy is typically performed after menses and before ovulation during the first half of a menstrual cycle. Unlike a HSG, a HyCoSy can be used to investigate causes of heavy bleeding.[4]
The procedure usually takes 15 minutes and often takes place in an outpatient setting such as a hospital or clinic. The patient is draped and positioned on their back as if for a pelvic exam with feet in stirrups. A speculum (device used to look inside the vagina) is used to visualize the cervix. The cervix cleaned with an antiseptic such as iodine and injected with a local anesthetic to minimize discomfort and pain. A small catheter is used to fill the uterus and fallopian tubes with a saline or a galactose solution called Echovist to enhance visibility. A vaginal ultrasound (an imaging technique that uses sound waves) is inserted into the vagina and manually positioned to visualize the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Once images have been captured, the ultrasound probe and catheter are removed. Fluid used during the study may either spill outside of the vagina or become absorbed.[3]
Hystero foam sonography (HyFoSy)
An alternative to saline and Echovist, a galactose solution used to enhance visualization of anatomic features via ultrasound in HyCoSy, was needed because of limitations and high costs.[3] A new gel foam designed specifically for gynecological ultrasound imaging paved the entry for a new technique called hystero foam sonography (HyFoSy). Instead of a liquid, a foam is used to enhance the visibility of the uterus, fallopian tube and ovaries via transvaginal ultrasound.
Laparoscopy with chromotubation and hysteroscopy
Assessment of uterine cavity
Saline infusion sonohysterography
Three-dimension sonography
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
Hysteroscopy
References
- ^ a b c Radiology (ACR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of. "Hysterosalpingography". Radiologyinfo.org. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
- ^ a b Chalazonitis, Athanasios; Tzovara, Ioanna; Laspas, Fotios; Porfyridis, Petros; Ptohis, Nikos; Tsimitselis, Georgios (2009-09). "Hysterosalpingography: Technique and Applications". Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. 38 (5): 199–205. doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2008.02.003.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Lo Monte, Giuseppe; Capobianco, Gianpiero; Piva, Isabella; Caserta, Donatella; Dessole, Salvatore; Marci, Roberto (2015-01). "Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy): let's make the point!". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 291 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1007/s00404-014-3465-4. ISSN 0932-0067.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Dessole, S.; Capobianco, G.; Ambrosini, G. (2000). "Timing of sonohysterography in menstruating women". Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 50 (2): 144. doi:10.1159/000010302. ISSN 0378-7346. PMID 10965203.