Persistent identifier

An introduction to persistent identifiers and FAIR data.

A persistent identifier (PI or PID) is a long-lasting reference to a document, file, web page, or other object.

The term "persistent identifier" is usually used in the context of digital objects that are accessible over the Internet. Typically, such an identifier is not only persistent but actionable: you can plug it into a web browser and be taken to the identified source.

Of course, the issue of persistent identification predates the Internet. Over centuries, writers and scholars developed standards for citation of paper-based documents so that readers could reliably and efficiently find a source that a writer mentioned in a footnote or bibliography. After the Internet started to become an important source of information in the 1990s, the issue of citation standards became important in the online world as well. Studies have shown that within a few years of being cited, a significant percentage of web addresses go "dead," a process often called link rot. Using a persistent identifier can slow or stop this process.

An important aspect of persistent identifiers is that "persistence is purely a matter of service." That means that persistent identifiers are only persistent to the degree that someone commits to resolving them for users. No identifier can be inherently persistent.

Persistent identifiers are often created within institutionally administered systems. These include:

• Archival Resource Keys (ARKs)
• Electronic Identifier Serial Publications (EISPs)
• Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), the Handle System
• International eBook Identifier Numbers (IEINs)
• Persistent Uniform Resource Locators (PURLs)
• Uniform Resource Names (URNs)
• Extensible Resource Identifiers (XRIs)
• Magnet link (decentralized, with BitTorrent)

However, some regular URLs (i.e. web addresses), maintained by the website owner, are intended to be long-lasting; these are often called permalinks.

Web archiving services such as perma.cc, archive.today, and WebCite offer anyone the ability to archive a web page and create their own persistent identifier for it.

Examples

Other examples of PIDs include:

• Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
• ORCID iDs
• International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI)
• International Standard Book Number (ISBN)

External links

• Juha Hakala, "Persistent identifiers – an overview." Posted to Technology Watch Report (TWR): Standards in Metadata and Interoperability, 13 Oct 2010.
• Hans-Werner Hilse and Jochen Kothe, Implementing persistent identifiers: overview of concepts, guidelines and recommendations. London / Amsterdam: Consortium of European Libraries and European Commission on Preservation and Access, 2006. ISBN 90-6984-508-3.