Module talk:Namespace detect

Allow parameter aliases

Hi Mr. Stradivarius!

Could you change this to allow the configs cfg.main, cfg.talk, cfg.other, cfg.subjectns, cfg.demospace and cfg.page to get either an array of strings (and also just a string, for backwards compatibility) which would be aliases for the parameter name? This would help porting this module to other wikis, since it is common to have both the English parameter name and the translated parameter name being accepted (as in {{{Localized parameter|{{{English parameter|}}}}}}), or even two different translations for the same parameter. Helder.wiki 19:23, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Possible performance issues with Module:Namespace_detect

Moved here from my user talk page. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 09:37, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

Hi. Sorry for the bother. I just wanted to bring this matter to your attention.

Module:Namespace_detect appears to be at the root of some performance issues. For example, I believe it is because of Module:Namespace_detect that it takes about 30 seconds to preview an edit on List_of_Unicode_characters

List_of_Unicode_characters is a large page. However, I believe most of the time is spent by several of the Unicode charts calling Module:Namespace_detect indirectly through Template:Lang.

For example:

• Template:Unicode_chart_Kannada has 86 Template:Lang calls. EX: {{lang|kn|ಂ}}
• Each Template:Lang calls Template:Category handler
• Template:Category_handler is just a wrapper around Module:Category_handler
• Module:Category_handler has a _main function that calls nsDetect.getParamMappings()
• getParamMappings in Module:Namespace_detect has this block of code

	for nsid, ns in pairs(mw.site.subjectNamespaces) do
		if nsid ~= 0 then -- Exclude main namespace.
			local nsname = mw.ustring.lower(ns.name)
			local canonicalName = mw.ustring.lower(ns.canonicalName)
			mappings[nsname] = {nsname}
			if canonicalName ~= nsname then
				table.insert(mappings[nsname], canonicalName)
			end
			for _, alias in ipairs(ns.aliases) do
				table.insert(mappings[nsname], mw.ustring.lower(alias))
			end
		end
	end

• Note that this code loops 15 times (as there are 15 subject namespaces)
• Each loop will call mw.ustring.lower 2 times (for simplicity's sake, we can ignore the mw.ustring.lower(alias))
• So, for Template:Unicode_chart_Kannada, there will be 2,580 calls to mw.ustring.lower (86 * 15 * 2)
• There are several more Unicode charts on the page that call lang: for example Template:Unicode chart Myanmar
• All told, there are approximately 100,000 calls to mw.ustring.lower from one edit to this page
• Although mw.ustring.lower and Language:lc are relatively simple procs, there are overhead costs with going back and forth between Lua / PHP. Even at 3,300 calls per second, it will take the aforementioned 30 seconds to preview an edit

I also have reason to believe that variations of this situation are repeated elsewhere on other pages. For context, I am the developer of XOWA (an offline wiki app), and I do monthly parses of English Wikipedia's 4.4 million mainspace articles. Module:Namespace_detect is flagged as one of the most time-consuming #invokes. I never understood why, until tonight.

As a recommendation, you could move getParamMappings to a new Module:Namespace_detect/Data page and use "return mw.loadData('Module:Namespace_detect/Data')". This change would be straightforward and improve performance, though you would have to change the Module to preserve the portable cfg table.

Let me know if you need more info.

Thanks.

gnosygnu 08:28, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

This should be at some template/module talk page, with just a link here. Perhaps Mr.S would like to move all this? I have not looked at the issue, but the requirement to detect the namespace multiple times should be removed (obviously!). After ten seconds research, I'm guessing that {{Lang}} detects the namespace each time it is invoked in order to decide whether to add a category. That's way over-the-top on a page like List of Unicode characters that is apparently using {{Lang}} many times. A clever template coder should add a parameter which can be used to omit all that overhead. Johnuniq (talk) 09:27, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

(edit conflict) Hi Gnosygnu, and thank you for the detailed analysis! I wrote Module:Namespace detect back when I wasn't that experienced with Lua, and I was actually thinking that I should go back and have a look at it now that I have a few more modules under my belt. While it (maybe, hopefully) should be faster than the old wikitext version, we can obviously make things a lot better. I'll have a look at it, implement your suggestions, and see if there are any other changes that might need making. Best — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 09:34, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

Sorry about the wrong placement, and thanks for moving it.gnosygnu 03:08, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

Please replace the contents of the page with this. This will cause getParamMappings to only run once per page, rather than once per #invoke, per the above discussion. Jackmcbarn (talk) 16:20, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

Hold on a second - I have some other changes I'd like to make to the code before we put this up live. At the moment we are expanding all the arguments we are passed, for example. It would be better to only expand the ones necessary for the namespace the page is called from. And I'd like to implement Helder's suggestion above as well. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 02:32, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

Thanks for making the proposed changes. I made two changes now:

• I re-added p.getParamMappings since it is public and other Modules call it. For example, Module:Category_handler has this: local mappings = nsDetect.getParamMappings()
• I wasn't sure if the function p.table(frame) was supposed to change. I reverted it back to the current version. Feel free to revert back your version if the change was deliberate. It looks like this was deliberate. My apologies.

Otherwise, it tested fine in a limited test on my machine.

FWIW: my initial estimate of 100,000 calls looks like it is closer to 85,000 calls. This means there were roughly 2,833 calls to Module:Namespace_detect. (85,000 / (15 * 2))

The page still does roughly 27,000 calls b/c of the matchesBlacklist function. This correlates with the above figure: 27,000 calls / 9 blacklisted terms => 3,000 calls to Module:Category_handler. I don't know if this can be fixed easily, as matchesBlacklist can't be made a static variable and no_cat = false is the default

At any rate, I'm hoping this should drop List_of_Unicode_characters to somewhere between 6 and 8 seconds to render (vs approximately 30 now)gnosygnu 03:08, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

You could probably use mw:Extension:TemplateSandbox to test it. (Also, I'm sure TemplateSandbox's documentation could use some love if you're willing to help.) Anomie⚔ 12:26, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Thanks @Anomie: for the link. I didn't know about this Extension before.

I tried it now, and got mixed results. I'm still getting the same profile render time (25 seconds), but the Lua Profile table is clearly different.

List_of_Unicode_characters

Lua Profile:
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments           4540 ms       49.3%
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::lc                                1660 ms       18.0%
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::match                             1140 ms       12.4%
    recursiveClone <mw.lua:109>                                      620 ms        6.7%
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::gsub                               360 ms        3.9%
    type                                                             100 ms        1.1%
    (for generator)                                                  100 ms        1.1%
    <mw.language.lua:87>                                              80 ms        0.9%
    getParamMappings <Module:Namespace_detect:69>                     80 ms        0.9%
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::loadPackage                         60 ms        0.7%
    [others]                                                         460 ms        5.0%

Sandbox

Lua Profile:
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments           3420 ms       57.0%
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::match                              760 ms       12.7%
    recursiveClone <mw.lua:109>                                      540 ms        9.0%
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::gsub                               320 ms        5.3%
    dataWrapper <mw.lua:698>                                         140 ms        2.3%
    (for generator)                                                  140 ms        2.3%
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument                140 ms        2.3%
    type                                                             120 ms        2.0%
    Scribunto_LuaSandboxCallback::lc                                  60 ms        1.0%
    <mw.title.lua:50>                                                 60 ms        1.0%
    [others]                                                         300 ms        5.0%

Clearly the sandbox is picking up the new changes (lc falls from 18% to 1%). I'm pretty sure I'm using the correct prefix: User:Gnosygnu/sandbox. If I use an incorrect prefix, such as User:Gnosygnu/sandbox_invalid, I get the same Lua Profile as the current page.

I'll play with this some more later, but I just wanted to let you know. After further investigation, I'm beginning to think that the multiple lc Scribunto calls have a more dramatic effect in LuaStandalone than LuaSandbox -- presumably because LuaStandalone serializes all messages back and forth. As such, Special:TemplateSandbox may very well be correct. The new change will reduce the number of lc calls, but won't have any real meaningful effect (maybe 1 second faster). Any performance issues with the current page might be due to regular Template expansion. gnosygnu 16:47, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

@Gnosygnu and Jackmcbarn: I've finished making my changes to Module:Namespace detect/sandbox:

• I've moved the configuration to a separate page, Module:Namespace detect/config. This is to try make the distinction between code and configuration clearer.
• I have also implemented Helder's suggestion - now the parameter config values can be specified either as an array of strings or just a string.
• All config values have now been made optional.
• The p.main function now uses Module:Arguments, which means that arguments are now only fetched when they are needed. (Before they were all expanded before being passed to p._main.)
• I've also simplified the p._main code to avoid an unnecessary for loop. As part of this, I have replaced the tail call from p.main to p._main with a retval. This is to make more explicit the fact that on finding no matches at all, the module should return nil for other Lua modules and the blank string for #invoke. If there are any objections to this, we can always revert it back to an implicit return value.
• Finally, I have revamped the p.table code so that the namespaces are now displayed in order, and so that |talk=yes actually works.

Let me know what you think of the changes, and if everything looks good we can update the main module. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 13:31, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

@Mr. Stradivarius: Thanks for the changes. I think they're fine. I've done a modified test on my machine, as well as the TemplateSandbox (See my comment above). "lc" is no longer a significant portion of execution time. I'm still seeing the same number of calls to "match", but I think the calling templates need to be changed. FWIW, my own tests (using XOWA) show no measurable performance difference with the latest changes. This may be because I'm using LuaStandalone vs LuaSandbox. (LuaSandbox is not possible in a Windows / Java environment). There may be other apples to oranges issues as well, though I still believe that "lc" is a significant performance cost gnosygnu 15:44, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Yes, I expected that my latest changes wouldn't increase performance for most pages. For pages using {{namespace detect}} directly, the switch to Module:Arguments may provide a significant boost, depending on what wikitext would have otherwise been expanded. But most transclusions of Module:Namespace detect come through Module:Category handler, and those uses aren't affected by that change. Your original suggestion is definitely the big performance-saver. For further performance savings we might want to consider removing the page and demospace parameters, as that would enable caching of the namespace data with mw.loadData. If we did the same thing with Module:Category handler, we would also be able to cache the blacklist checks. The downside to that would be that the module test cases would no longer work, but I think that the performance benefits might outweigh that disadvantage. Another performance saving could be made by changing Module:Category handler to only expand arguments when necessary. That could be done by using Module:Arguments, and by using metatables to pass arguments to Module:Namespace detect by proxy. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 16:33, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Okay. Thanks for the explanation. I'm beginning to think that even the "lc" calls won't make a noticeable difference because of LuaSandbox / LuaStandalone differences. (see my comment above). If so, then the real performance problems may be non-Module related, though I'm at a loss to suggest what. (Templates?) gnosygnu 16:47, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

@Mr. Stradivarius: I don't like local variables to avoid table lookups. I think that makes the code more confusing, and I don't think it really helps much (if at all) with performance. Other than that, looks good. Jackmcbarn (talk) 00:51, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

If this was a less performance-critical module I would probably agree with you, and I admit that I'm guilty of overusing this technique. However, if we're talking about tens of thousands of calls to a loop every time a page is parsed, I think it would make enough of a difference to be worth doing. I'm basing this on Lua Performance Tips by Roberto Ierusalimschy, which says that using local variables is 30% faster than using table lookups. Of course, 30% faster than hardly anything is still hardly anything, so it might make sense to change some of those local variables back to table lookups to make the code easier to read. In particular I would guess that using them in the /data page is not important, since that is cached with mw.loadData now. But it would make sense to use local variables for the functions that are getting called multiple times per #invoke. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 11:06, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

@Gnosygnu: The real performance problems are definitely not module-related. When I previewed List of Unicode characters just now with the old version of Module:Namespace detect, it took 40 seconds to parse, but the Lua time usage was only reported at about 4.3 seconds. So the other 36 seconds must be from something other than Lua. Templates are a very likely candidate - the current post-expand include size is 1944444/2048000 bytes, and I count 207 different templates and modules used - but I have also seen performance issues like this on pages containing lots of images. This would be a good question to ask at WP:VPT, I think. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 11:06, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

@Mr. Stradivarius: Yeah, sorry about that. I should've checked the Profile at the start. On my machine, the lc calls to Scribunto has a much larger impact, but I'm beginning to think that this is because

• I only partially reconstructed List of Unicode characters and most of the templates were not brought over
• I'm using LuaStandalone because I'm on Windows. LuaStandalone serializes all messages back and forth from Lua to PHP. (In contrast, Wikipedia is using LuaSandbox which hooks PHP directly to Lua)
• There really are 85,000+ calls to lc, and I saw a significant difference by skipping this section.

In the future, I'll check the Parser Output more closely. I'll also try to set up a full enwiki environment on a machine here so I can get a better comparison.

Thanks for making the changes . I'm hoping they should still help in some way. gnosygnu 21:07, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Nothing to apologise about - your concerns were perfectly valid, and I want this module to run well on all wikis, not just the English Wikipedia. I've updated the main module now with the sandbox version, so we will now see if our efforts have paid off. :) Let me know if you spot anything strange happening. Best — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 11:58, 24 March 2014 (UTC)

Yeah, it looks like barely a second of difference, if even. Oh well. (*sigh*)

Thanks again for the changes. gnosygnu 02:43, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

Module:Namespace detect/data

Moved from my talk page. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 14:30, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

Hello. Is there any good reason to include local cfg = require('Module:Namespace detect/config') on enwiki. The config file is "empty". Christian75 (talk) 09:13, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

The module needs to check the /config page to see if there are any configuration differences that it needs to process. This allows us to use the same basic code on enwiki as on other wikis using different languages. If those differences weren't in the /config file, they would have to be put in the main module code, which would mean we would have to produce different modules for all the different languages we wanted to localise to. It's a labour-saving device - if we didn't do the localisation work here, it would fall to editors on the different wikis to directly alter the module code. I would guess that this way of doing things is much easier for editors working in localisation to understand. If you're worried about performance, the /data page is loaded with mw.loadData, which means the config table is cached per page, so the overhead in loading it is minimal. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 14:38, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

or we could just change:

local cfg = require('Module:Namespace detect/config')

with

-- local cfg = require('Module:Namespace detect/config')  -- enable this line and disable the next line if you want to localize the output
  local cfg = {}

Its 9,900,000 transclusions of nothing at enwiki. Christian75 (talk) 10:35, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

We could, but then that would mean that users would have to edit the module code to configure the module, rather than just the configuration file. I'd rather only do this if there is a real problem with loading the config file on enwiki, and I don't think the module having a high transclusion count is really enough of a reason. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 11:01, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

If it were a problem, it would be possible to have a "no config" argument passed to the module, and if that were set, it would skip loading the config. However, I agree with Mr. Stradivarius—the overhead is probably very small, and there is no evidence that omitting the config would achieve anything. Even if requiring a module took a significant time (it doesn't), the caching of the 9.9 million pages means that the require overhead would still be small. What I find interesting is that the main module uses "loadData" on the data module, and the latter uses "require" on the config module. I wonder what would happen if something prohibited by loadData were in config. I'll have to run a test one day. Johnuniq (talk) 11:27, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

mw.loadData scans the table it is passed to make sure it hasn't received any invalid data. (Here's the validation code.) So the invalid data would get through to the /data page fine, but when the table is loaded from /data to the main module it would cause an error. But yes, try it and see for yourself. :) — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 12:39, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Also, checking a "no config" argument may have a bigger overhead than loading the /config module, especially seeing as an argument would be checked once per #invoke and not once per page. I'd be interested to see the numbers for that if anyone feels like setting up a test. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 12:49, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

I don't see harm in loading a "blank" config. I think it would just overcomplicate it to add any such checks. Jackmcbarn (talk) 21:25, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Script error in WikiProject banner on Talk:Air Miles

The WikiProject banner at the top of Talk:Air Miles contains the following:

• This Script error does not require a rating on the project's quality scale.
• This Script error is supported by the airline project.

The error message in both cases is: Lua error in Module:Namespace_detect at line 32: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil). @Mr. Stradivarius: ping. Jackmcbarn (talk) 21:06, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

It's gone from that page now, but it's since appeared on Talk:Illicit major and Talk:Río Negro (newspaper). Jackmcbarn (talk) 03:06, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

Possibly the error is cached after the last update to the module? Some pages may have produced script errors in the few seconds between me updating the /config module and me updating the /data module. Given the number of transclusions this module has, it's quite likely that some might have stuck around since then. If there are any errors that still appear after purging the page, let me know. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 04:23, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 14 May 2014

77.30.122.165 (talk) 08:20, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

Not done: it's not clear what changes you want made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 08:36, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

Issue when moving to a local Wiki

Not asking for a change, as it could potentially break stuff here on Wikipedia (no idea). Just for information.

Took a while to figure out why it didn't work on my local Wiki. But think I solved it after changing the following lines in Module:Namespace_detect/data. Starting at line 64

	for nsid, ns in pairs(mw.site.subjectNamespaces) do
		if nsid ~= 0 then -- Exclude main namespace.
			local nsname = ns.name
			local lcNsname = mw.ustring.lower(ns.name)
			local canonicalName = mw.ustring.lower(ns.canonicalName)

			-- For custom namespaces (custom Wiki) the casing is important
			-- and needs to be preserved
			if canonicalName == lcNsname then
				nsname = lcNsname
			end
			mappings[nsname] = {nsname}

			if canonicalName ~= nsname then
				table.insert(mappings[nsname], canonicalName)
			end
			for _, alias in ipairs(ns.aliases) do
				table.insert(mappings[nsname], mw.ustring.lower(alias))
			end
		end
	end

–Rinellie (talk) 18:59, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

JSTOR

Ainsworth, Maryan W. “Intentional Alterations of Early Netherlandish Paintings.” Metropolitan Museum Journal, vol. 40, 2005, pp. 51–10. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20320643. Accessed 10 Aug. 2021. Timjester6065 (talk) 06:38, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

JSTOR

14th Century English Mystics Newsletter Description: Coverage: 1974-1983 (Vol. 1, No. 1 - Vol. 9, No. 4) Moving Wall: 3 years (What is the moving wall?) The "moving wall" represents the time period between the last issue available in JSTOR and the most recently published issue of a journal. Moving walls are generally represented in years. In rare instances, a publisher has elected to have a "zero" moving wall, so their current issues are available in JSTOR shortly after publication. Note: In calculating the moving wall, the current year is not counted. For example, if the current year is 2008 and a journal has a 5 year moving wall, articles from the year 2002 are available.

Terms Related to the Moving Wall Fixed walls: Journals with no new volumes being added to the archive. Absorbed: Journals that are combined with another title. Complete: Journals that are no longer published or that have been combined with another title. ISSN: 07375840 Subjects: Religion, Humanities Collections: Arts & Sciences V Collection, JSTOR Archival Journal & Primary Source Collection, Lives of Literature Extension, Lives of Literature Extension - Medieval Authors & Texts, Religion & Theology Collection Timjester6065 (talk) 06:41, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

https://www.jstor.org/subject/ecology

https://www.jstor.org/subject/ecology Timjester6065 (talk) 06:51, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

Direct democracy

Extract During the 1992 presidential contest, the press and pundits alike characterized the challenge posed by H. Ross Perot and the political organization he created, United We Stand America, as the most significant assault on the two-party system since Theodore Roosevelt's Bull Moose Campaign. In one sense, this comparison is more penetrating than these observers imagined, for the impressive showing of Perot was emblematic of the candidate-centered, plebiscitary electoral politics that Roosevelt and the Progressive party championed in 1912. Given that Perot ran without partisan attachments and refused to cede authority to the rank and file of a new reform movement, however, the allusion has proven to be as ephemeral as the public opinion polls it relies on. The Progressive party was born during the 1912 election as more than an aegis for Roosevelt's ample desire for power; it embodied the aspirations of reformers whose quest for a vehicle of political, social, and industrial transformation was at least a dozen years old.

Type Articles Information Studies in American Political Development , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , Fall 1994 , pp. 282 - 340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898588X00001267[Opens in a new window] Copyright Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994 Timjester6065 (talk) 07:33, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

User name

for nsid, ns in pairs(mw.site.subjectNamespaces) do if nsid ~= 0 then -- Exclude main namespace. local nsname = mw.ustring.lower(ns.name) local canonicalName = mw.ustring.lower(ns.canonicalName) mappings[nsname] = {nsname} if canonicalName ~= nsname then table.insert(mappings[nsname], canonicalName) end for _, alias in ipairs(ns.aliases) do table.insert(mappings[nsname], mw.ustring.lower(alias)) end end end Timjester6065 (talk) 07:35, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

References 1 For example, see Democratic Leadership Council, The Road to Realignment: The Democrats and the Perot Voters, Washington, DC, July 1, 1993. 2 The two seminal presentations of critical realignment theory are Key, V. O. Jr, “A Theory of Critical Elections,” Journal of Politics 17 (02 1955): 3–18Google Scholar; and Burnham, Walter Dean, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970)Google Scholar. 3 Historians and political scientists have recently become more critical of the realignment approach to the study of the historical development of parties. Some argue that the emphasis on critical elections and realigning eras has ceased to offer much explanatory power in an era when the electorate appears to be weakly associated with political parties. Others argue that the concept of realignment skews the study of the past as well; that it has led scholars to group earlier developments that are really quite distinctive. See, for example, Shafer, Byron, ed., The End of Realignment? Interpreting American Electoral Eras (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1991)Google Scholar. The authors of this volume do not identify the election of 1912 as an important historical event—one that has been largely ignored due to the celebration of realignment “theory.” But two of the contributors—Joel H. Silbey and Walter Dean Burnham—consider the Progressive Era a critical moment in the decline of party. David Mayhew once suggested that it might be useful to speak of two successive American party systems rather than five: a Jacksonian system extending from the 1830s through the first decade of the twentieth century, and a Progressive system, extending roughly from that first decade to the present. Mayhew, , “Party Systems in American History,” Polity 1 (Fall 1968): 139Google Scholar. This categorization is a bit coarse; the “Progressive system,” in our view, does not emerge all at once but develops in fits and starts over the course of the twentieth century. Still, the 1912 election is a critical event that begins a fundamental transformation of party politics in the United States. 4 Link, Arthur S. and McCormick, Richard L., Progressivism (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1983), 43–44Google Scholar. 5 Broderick, Francis L., Progressivism at Risk: Electing a President in 1912 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989), 4–5Google Scholar. 6 Two recent books do focus on the election of 1912: Broderick, Progressivism at Risk: Electing a President in 1912; and Sarasohn, David, The Party of Reform: Democrats in the Progressive Era (Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 1989)Google Scholar. Neither of these books, however, attends very closely to the Progressive party campaign. The only book-length treatment of the Progressive party is Gable's, JohnThe Bull Moose Years: Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1978)Google Scholar. Gable offers a carefully researched, blow-by-blow account of the history of the Progressive party but does not provide any detailed evaluation of its legacy for politics and government in the United States. 7 Mowry, George, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1946), 220#55Google Scholar; Hayes, Samuel P., The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 92–93Google Scholar; and Rechner, Peter, “Theodore Roosevelt and Progressive Personality Politics,” Melbourne Historical Journal 8 (1969): 43–58Google Scholar. 8 Croly, Herbert, Progressive Democracy (New York: Macmillan, 1914), 11Google Scholar. 9 Dewey, John, “Theodore Roosevelt,” in Boydston, Jo Ann, ed., John Dewey: The Middle Works, 1899–1924 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), vol. 2, 146Google Scholar. 10 White cited in Rechner, “Theodore Roosevelt and Progressive Personality Politics,” 54. 11 Jane Addams, Speech Seconding the Nomination of Theodore Roosevelt, Proceedings of the National Progressive Party, Chicago, Illinois, August 5–7, 1912, pp. 194–95, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University. 12 White, William Allen, “The Party Bigger than the Man,” from a personal letter to the Editor, American Magazine, 11 1912Google Scholar. 13 Mowry, George, “The Election of 1912,” in Schlesinger, Arthur Jr, and Israel, Fred I., eds., History of American Presidential Elections (New York: Chelsea, 1971), 2160Google Scholar. 14 Karl, Barry, The Uneasy State: The United States from 1915 to 1945 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 234–35Google Scholar. 15 Philip James Roosevelt, “Politics of the Year 1912: An Intimate Progressive View,” unpublished manuscript, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, 2. 16 TR and those who were attracted to him were quite conscious about rethinking Hamiltonian principles. In sending Herbert Croly's The Promise of American Life to TR, the progressive jurist Learned Hand wrote: “I hope you will find in it as comprehensive and progressive a statement of American political ideas and ideals as I have found. I think that Croly has succeeded in stating more adequately than anyone else,—certainly of those writers whom I know,—the bases and perspective growth of the set of political ideas which can be fairly described as Neo-Hamiltonian, and whose promise is due more to you, as I believe, than anyone else.” Hand to Roosevelt, April 8, 1910, Learned Hand Papers, Harvard University Law School. 17 Roosevelt to Frederick Scott Oliver, August 9, 1906, in Morison, Elting E., ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952), vol.5, 351Google Scholar. 18 Roosevelt, Theodore, The Works of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Scribner's 1926), vol. 20, 414Google Scholar. Croly, Herbert, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1909Google Scholar; Dutton, 1963), 169. See also Forcey, Charles, The Crossroads of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 128Google Scholar. 19

References 1 For example, see Democratic Leadership Council, The Road to Realignment: The Democrats and the Perot Voters, Washington, DC, July 1, 1993. 2 The two seminal presentations of critical realignment theory are Key, V. O. Jr, “A Theory of Critical Elections,” Journal of Politics 17 (02 1955): 3–18Google Scholar; and Burnham, Walter Dean, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970)Google Scholar. 3 Historians and political scientists have recently become more critical of the realignment approach to the study of the historical development of parties. Some argue that the emphasis on critical elections and realigning eras has ceased to offer much explanatory power in an era when the electorate appears to be weakly associated with political parties. Others argue that the concept of realignment skews the study of the past as well; that it has led scholars to group earlier developments that are really quite distinctive. See, for example, Shafer, Byron, ed., The End of Realignment? Interpreting American Electoral Eras (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1991)Google Scholar. The authors of this volume do not identify the election of 1912 as an important historical event—one that has been largely ignored due to the celebration of realignment “theory.” But two of the contributors—Joel H. Silbey and Walter Dean Burnham—consider the Progressive Era a critical moment in the decline of party. David Mayhew once suggested that it might be useful to speak of two successive American party systems rather than five: a Jacksonian system extending from the 1830s through the first decade of the twentieth century, and a Progressive system, extending roughly from that first decade to the present. Mayhew, , “Party Systems in American History,” Polity 1 (Fall 1968): 139Google Scholar. This categorization is a bit coarse; the “Progressive system,” in our view, does not emerge all at once but develops in fits and starts over the course of the twentieth century. Still, the 1912 election is a critical event that begins a fundamental transformation of party politics in the United States. 4 Link, Arthur S. and McCormick, Richard L., Progressivism (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1983), 43–44Google Scholar. 5 Broderick, Francis L., Progressivism at Risk: Electing a President in 1912 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989), 4–5Google Scholar. 6 Two recent books do focus on the election of 1912: Broderick, Progressivism at Risk: Electing a President in 1912; and Sarasohn, David, The Party of Reform: Democrats in the Progressive Era (Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 1989)Google Scholar. Neither of these books, however, attends very closely to the Progressive party campaign. The only book-length treatment of the Progressive party is Gable's, JohnThe Bull Moose Years: Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1978)Google Scholar. Gable offers a carefully researched, blow-by-blow account of the history of the Progressive party but does not provide any detailed evaluation of its legacy for politics and government in the United States. 7 Mowry, George, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1946), 220#55Google Scholar; Hayes, Samuel P., The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 92–93Google Scholar; and Rechner, Peter, “Theodore Roosevelt and Progressive Personality Politics,” Melbourne Historical Journal 8 (1969): 43–58Google Scholar. 8 Croly, Herbert, Progressive Democracy (New York: Macmillan, 1914), 11Google Scholar. 9 Dewey, John, “Theodore Roosevelt,” in Boydston, Jo Ann, ed., John Dewey: The Middle Works, 1899–1924 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), vol. 2, 146Google Scholar. 10 White cited in Rechner, “Theodore Roosevelt and Progressive Personality Politics,” 54. 11 Jane Addams, Speech Seconding the Nomination of Theodore Roosevelt, Proceedings of the National Progressive Party, Chicago, Illinois, August 5–7, 1912, pp. 194–95, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University. 12 White, William Allen, “The Party Bigger than the Man,” from a personal letter to the Editor, American Magazine, 11 1912Google Scholar. 13 Mowry, George, “The Election of 1912,” in Schlesinger, Arthur Jr, and Israel, Fred I., eds., History of American Presidential Elections (New York: Chelsea, 1971), 2160Google Scholar. 14 Karl, Barry, The Uneasy State: The United States from 1915 to 1945 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 234–35Google Scholar. 15 Philip James Roosevelt, “Politics of the Year 1912: An Intimate Progressive View,” unpublished manuscript, Theodore Roosevelt Collection, 2. 16 TR and those who were attracted to him were quite conscious about rethinking Hamiltonian principles. In sending Herbert Croly's The Promise of American Life to TR, the progressive jurist Learned Hand wrote: “I hope you will find in it as comprehensive and progressive a statement of American political ideas and ideals as I have found. I think that Croly has succeeded in stating more adequately than anyone else,—certainly of those writers whom I know,—the bases and perspective growth of the set of political ideas which can be fairly described as Neo-Hamiltonian, and whose promise is due more to you, as I believe, than anyone else.” Hand to Roosevelt, April 8, 1910, Learned Hand Papers, Harvard University Law School. 17 Roosevelt to Frederick Scott Oliver, August 9, 1906, in Morison, Elting E., ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952), vol.5, 351Google Scholar. 18 Roosevelt, Theodore, The Works of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Scribner's 1926), vol. 20, 414Google Scholar. 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See Schambra, “Reaffirming Constitutional Democracy,” 17–18. 34 Mowry, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement, 213. 35 “Taft Will Answer Roosevelt Speech,” New York Times, February 23, 1912. 36 Ibid. 37 Roosevelt to Pinchot, February 15, 1912, Morrison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 7, 515. 38 Hiram Johnson to Theodore Roosevelt, October 20, 1911, Theodore Roosevelt Papers. 39 Addams, Jane, The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House; September 1909 to September 1929 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), 12–27Google Scholar; “The Christ-Answer to the Cry of the City,” The Survey (May 4, 1912): 184–87; Kellogg, Paul, “The Industrial Platform of the New Party,” The Survey (08 24, 1912): 668–70Google Scholar; and Davis, Alle, “Social Workers and the Progressive Party, 1912–1916,” American Historical Review, (04 1964): 672Google Scholar. 40 As recalled by Mack, Julian in his 1912 President's Address, “Social Progress,” in Johnson, Alexander, ed., Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction: 1912 (Fort Wayne, IN: Fort Wayne Printing Company, 1912), 1Google Scholar. 41 “Jane Addams Relates the Steps By Which She Became a Progressive,” The Progressive Bulletin (December 28, 1912): 2. 42 In fact, many social reformers believed that there was a “need for action on an international basis” (our emphasis); see Addams, Second Twenty Years at Hull-House, 20. 43 Ibid. 44 Addams, Second Twenty Years at Hull-House, 23–24. 45 Kellogg, Paul, “Report of the Committee,” Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction: 1910 (Fort Wayne, IN: Fort Wayne Printing Company, 1910), 391Google Scholar. 46 Owen Lovejoy, “Standards of Living and Labor: Report of the Committee,” Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction: 1912, 376, 379–394. 47 Julian Mack, “Social Progress,” 1, 6. 48 Kellogg, “The Industrial Platform of the New Party,” 688. 49 Gifford Pinchot to Robert LaFollette, April 13, 1912, Box B72, Folder: 1912, Robert M. 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Gable provides (in chap. 2) a detailed account of the impressive organizing efforts that led up to the First National Progressive Party Convention. 63 Kellogg, “The Industrial Platform of the New Party,” 668. 64 “Labor of Women and Children,” December 3, 1906, and “Regulation of Woman and Child Labor,” December 3, 1907, in Griffith, William, ed., The Roosevelt Policy (New York:The Current Literature Publishing Company, 1919), 454–55, 684–87Google Scholar. 65 Roosevelt, “A Charter of Democracy,” 14–15. 66 Roosevelt, Theodore, ”Who is a Progressive?” The Outlook (04 13, 1912): 809Google Scholar. 67 Ibid., 810. 68 LaFollette, cited in “The New Party Gets Itself Born,” Current Literature, 09, 1912, 252Google Scholar. 69 Addams, Jane, “The Progressive's Dilemma,” American Magazine, 11 1912, 14Google Scholar. 70 “A Confession of Faith,” Address before the national convention of the Progressive party, Chicago, Illinois, August 6, 1912, Works, vol. 17, 258, 260. 71 “The New Party Gets Itself Born,” 250. 72 “Hail New Party in Fervent Song,” New York Times, August 6, 1912. 73 Cited in “The New Party Gets Itself Born,” 251. 74 Cited in “Progressive Party,” Literary Digest, August 17, 1912, 246. 75 Cited in Gable, The Bull Moose Years, 39. 76 Ibid., 44. 77 “The Progressive Party,” 244. 78 Jane Addams, “Speech Seconding the Nomination of Theodore Roosevelt,” 194. 79 Ruhl, Arthur, “The Bull Moose Call,” Collier's, 08 24, 1912, 20Google Scholar. 80 Progressive Bulletin, vol. 1, September 1912, 1, located in The Theodore Roosevelt Collection. 81 “Draft of Platform with handwritten changes by TR”; “A Contract With the People,” Platform of the Progressive Party, adopted at its First National Convention, August 7, 1912, Progressive Party Publications, 1912–1916; both in Theodore Roosevelt Collection. 82 Jane Addams, “Speech Seconding the Nomination of Theodore Roosevelt,” 194–95. 83 Quoted by Addams, The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House, 27. 84 “Draft of Platform with handwritten changes by TR.” 85 Roosevelt, Works, vol. 17, 268. 86 Kellogg, “The Industrial Platform of the New Party,” 669. 87 Robins is quoted in Davis, “Social Workers and the Progressive Party,” 677. 88 On his role in launching the conservation movement, see Pinchot, Gifford, “Conservation and the Cost of Living,” in Payne, George Henry, ed., The Birth of the New Party (New York: Progressive National Committee, 1912), 167–68Google Scholar; and Pinchot, Amos, “What the Progressive Party Means to Conservation and the Bread Question,” Progressive Bulletin, 10 21, 1912, 12Google Scholar. 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As president, Roosevelt struck a similar tone in an address to the National Congress of Mothers: “the primary duty of the woman is to be the helpmeet, the housewife, and mother.… Above all [men's] sympathy and regard are due to the struggling wives among those whom Abraham Lincoln called the plain people, and whom he so loved and trusted; for the lives of these women are often led on the lonely heights of quiet, self-sacrificing heroism.“ See Roosevelt, ”Address by President Roosevelt Before the National Congress of Mothers,“ March 13, 1905 (Washington. DC: Government Printing Office, 1905), 7, 11. 95 Platform of the Progressive Party, 12. 96 Theodore Roosevelt, Speech on Suffrage, delivered at St. Johnsbury, Vermont, August 30, 1912, Theodore Roosevelt Collection. 97 Minutes of the Official Board Meeting of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, June 5th and June 29th, 1912, Organization Files, File #109, Jane Addams Papers, edited by Mary Lynn McCree Bryan (University Microfilm International: University of Chicago, 1984), reel #42. 98 Kellor, Frances, “What Women Can Do for the Progressive Cause—Why They Should Do It, “ Progressive Bulletin, 09 1912, 7Google Scholar. 99 Skocpol, Theda, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 340Google Scholar. 100 Addams, Second Twenty Years at Hull-House, 33. 101 Addams, , “What the Progressive Party Means to Women,” Progressive Bulletin, 10 21, 1912, 7Google Scholar. 102 ”To the Women Voters of the United States from the Women in Political Bondage: Vote the Progressive Ticket and Make Us Free,” Progressive Party Publications, 1912–1916, Theodore Roosevelt Collection. 103 Eileen McDonagh, “The Welfare Rights State' and the 'Civil Rights State': Trickleup Paradox in the Progressive Era,“ unpublished paper, pp. 40–44. Conflicting conceptions of women's equality would badly divide the women's movement in the 1920s and the 1930s. The issue of the Equal Rights Amendment, first proposed by the National Women's Party in 1923 as the next step toward winning full equality for women under the law after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, became a particularly divisive issue for New Deal social reformers. Supporters of the ERA in the 1920s and 1930s believed that men and women could never be free until laws and custom eliminated sex-based distinctions. Opponents of the ERA believed that men and women were fundamentally different, and therefore concluded that laws that acknowledged sexual distinctions, such as statutes limiting night work or setting minimum wage levels for women, were needed. 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Debs, although supportive of political reform, considered devices such as the referendum a very small part of the Socialist party's program. “You will never be able, in my opinion, to organize any formidable movement upon [the referendum] or any other single issue,” he wrote in 1895. “The battle is narrowing down to capitalism and socialism, and there can be no compromise or half-way ground…. Not until the workingman comprehends the trend of … economic development and is conscious of his class interests will he be fit to properly use the referendum, and when he has reached that point he will be a Socialist.“ Letter to the Editor, Social Democratic Herald, November 19, 1898, Eugene V. Debs Papers, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana. 194 Roosevelt to Sydney Brooks, June 4, 1912, Morison, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 7, 552–53 (our emphasis). 195 Filene, Peter G., “An Obituary for the Progressive Movement,” American Quarterly 22 (1970): 20–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 196 Rogers, Daniel T., “In Search of Progressivism,” Reviews in American History, 12 1982, 114–23Google Scholar. 197 Wilson's acceptance of many elements of the Progressive platform was duly acknowledged by social reformers, many of whom supported his reelection in 1916. In October 1916, eleven of the original nineteen members of the 1912 Progressive party platform committee issued a statement endorsing Wilson on the grounds that he had signed into law all or part of twenty-two of the thirty-three planks of the 1912 platform. “Progressive Voice Raised for Wilson,” New York Times, November 1, 1916, 1; see also Green, Shaping Political Consciousness, 76–79. 198 See Milkis, Sidney M. and Nelson, Michael, The American Presidency: Origins and Developments, 1776–1990 (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1990), 247–51Google Scholar. 199 Dewey, John, Liberalism and Social Action (New York: G. P. Putnams, 1935), 26Google Scholar. 200 Roosevelt, Franklin D., Public Papers and Addresses, Rosenman, Samuel I., ed., 13 vols. (New York: Random House, 1938–1950), vol. 7, xxviii–xxxiiGoogle Scholar. 201 Report of the President's Committee on Administrative Management (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1937), 53. The President's Committee on Administrative Management, headed by Louis Brownlow, played a central role in the planning and politics of New Deal institutions. Charles Merriam, an influential advisor to TR in 1912, was an important member of this committee. On the link between Progressivism and the New Deal, see Milkis, Sidney M., The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)Google Scholar. Timjester6065 (talk) 07:37, 10 August 2021 (UTC)