End-of-file
In computing, end-of-file (EOF)[1] is a condition in a computer operating system where no more data can be read from a data source. The data source is usually called a file or stream.
Details
In the C standard library, the character reading functions such as getchar return a value equal to the symbolic value (macro) EOF to indicate that an end-of-file condition has occurred. The actual value of EOF is implementation-dependent and must be negative (but is commonly −1, such as in glibc[2]). Block-reading functions return the number of bytes read, and if this is fewer than asked for, then the end of file was reached or an error occurred (checking of errno or dedicated function, such as ferror is often required to determine which).
EOF character
 | This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. (March 2015) |
Input from a terminal never really "ends" (unless the device is disconnected), but it is useful to enter more than one "file" into a terminal, so a key sequence is reserved to indicate end of input. In UNIX the translation of the keystroke to EOF is performed by the terminal driver, so a program does not need to distinguish terminals from other input files. By default, the driver converts a Control-D character at the start of a line into an end-of-file indicator. To insert an actual Control-D (ASCII 04) character into the input stream, the user precedes it with a "quote" command character (usually Control-V). AmigaDOS is similar but uses Control-\ instead of Control-D.
In DOS and Windows (and in CP/M and many DEC operating systems such as RT-11 or VMS), reading from the terminal will never produce an EOF. Instead, programs recognize that the source is a terminal (or other "character device") and interpret a given reserved character or sequence as an end-of-file indicator; most commonly this is an ASCII Control-Z, code 26. Some MS-DOS programs, including parts of the Microsoft MS-DOS shell (COMMAND.COM) and operating-system utility programs (such as EDLIN), treat a Control-Z in a text file as marking the end of meaningful data, and/or append a Control-Z to the end when writing a text file. This was done for two reasons: followed by a single byte containing the character 13 (hex) for nine-track tapes and 17 (octal) for seven-track tapes.[3] The end-of-tape, commonly abbreviated as EOT, was indicated by two tape marks. This was the standard used, for example, on IBM 360. The reflective strip that was used to announce impending physical end of tape was also called an EOT marker.
See also
References
- ^ Wayne Pollock. "Shell Here Document Overview". hccfl.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ "The GNU C Library". www.gnu.org.
- ^ "Tape Transfer (Pre-1977): Exchange Media: MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media (Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov.