Stable massive particles
Stable massive particles (SMPs) are defined in slightly varying ways based on the different experimental or observational searches. In general, SMPs are supposed to be more massive than the electrons, they can be neutral or charged or carry a fractional charge. And interact with matter through gravitational force, strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force or any unknown force.[1]
If the SMPs are ever discovered, several questions related to the origin and constituent of dark matter, and about the unification of four fundamental forces would be answered.[2]
Given the definition of stability is disputable, following are the different ways in which the SMPs have been defined for their possible detection or observation.
Collider experiments[2]
Heavy, exotic particles interacting with matter and which can be directly detected through collider experiments are termed as stable massive particles or SMPs. More specifically a SMP is defined to be a particle that can pass through a detector without decaying and can undergo electromagnetic or strong interaction with matter. Searches for SMPs have been carried out across a spectrum of collision experiments such as lepton-hadron, hadron-hadron, and electron-positron.[3] Although none of these experiments have detected an SMP, they have put substantial constraints on the nature of SMPs.
ATLAS Experiment
During the proton-proton collisions with center of mass energy equal to 13 TeV at the ATLAS experiment, a search for charged SMPs was carried out. In this case SMPs were defined as particles with mass significantly more than that of standard model particles, sufficient lifetime to reach the ATLAS hadronic calorimeter and with measurable electric charge while it passes through the tracking chambers.[4][5]
MoEDAL experiment
The MoEDAL experiment search for, among others, highly ionizing SMPs and psedo-SMPs.[6]
Non-collider experimets[7]
In the case of the non-collider experiments, SMPs are defined as sufficiently long-lived particles which exist either as relics of the big bang singularity or are the products of secondary collisions, and are beyond the range of any conceivable accelerator experiment.
References
- ^ PERL, MARTIN (16 Feb 2001). "The search for stable, massive, elementary particles". International Journal of Modern Physics A. 16 (12): 2137–2164. arXiv:hep-ex/0102033. Bibcode:2001IJMPA..16.2137P. doi:10.1142/S0217751X01003548. S2CID 11571338 – via World Scientific.
- ^ a b Fairbairn, M.; Kraan, A.C.; Milstead, D.A.; Sjöstrand, T.; Skands, P.; Sloan, T. (1 January 2007). "Stable massive particles at colliders". Physics Reports. 438 (1): 1–63. arXiv:hep-ph/0611040. Bibcode:2007PhR...438....1F. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.10.002. ISSN 0370-1573. S2CID 14872649. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ^ Fairbairn, M.; Kraan, A.C.; Milstead, D.A.; Sjöstrand, T.; Skands, P.; Sloan, T. (2007). "Stable massive particles at colliders". Physics Reports. 438 (1): 1–63. arXiv:hep-ph/0611040. Bibcode:2007PhR...438....1F. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.10.002. S2CID 14872649.
- ^ Heinrich, Jochen Jens. Search for charged stable massive particles with the ATLAS detector (Thesis).
- ^ Mehlhase, Sascha; ATLAS collaboration (2017). "Search for Stable Massive Particles with the ATLAS detector in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=13 TeV". Proceedings of 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics — PoS(ICHEP2016). Chicago, USA: Sissa Medialab: 1119. doi:10.22323/1.282.1119.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Felea, D.; Mamuzic, J.; Masełek, R.; Mavromatos, N. E.; Mitsou, V. A.; Pinfold, J. L.; de Austri, R. Ruiz; Sakurai, K.; Santra, A.; Vives, O. (2020). "Prospects for discovering supersymmetric long-lived particles with MoEDAL". The European Physical Journal C. 80 (5): 431. arXiv:2001.05980. Bibcode:2020EPJC...80..431F. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-7994-7. ISSN 1434-6044. PMC 7231802. PMID 32440256.
- ^ Burdin, Sergey; Fairbairn, Malcolm; Mermod, Philippe; Milstead, David; Pinfold, James; Sloan, Terry; Taylor, Wendy (6 October 2014). "Non-collider searches for stable massive particles". arXiv:1410.1374 [hep-ex, physics:hep-ph]. 582: 1. arXiv:1410.1374. Bibcode:2015PhR...582....1B. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2015.03.004. S2CID 118333394. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.