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ATLAS Forward Proton Project

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The ATLAS Forward Proton Project (AFP project) is a project at the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider to detect protons in its forward area. It began with research and development in 2004 and was approved in 2015.

History and goals

The initial FP420 R&D project was an international collaboration with members from 29 institutes from 10 countries,[1] with aim of assessing the feasibility of installing proton tagging detectors at 420 m from the interaction points of the ATLAS and CMS experiments. The main area of interest that motivated the project was the study proton-proton interactions and central exclusive production in the forward area of the machine.[2] The particles involved travel down the forward area of the beam-pipe, where most of the energy emitted from collisions travels, but have smaller momenta than the original proton beams and have trajectories that diverge from it (because they are bent by different amounts by the collider magnets) and eventually hit the beam-pipe walls in places where they can be detected separately from the original beam.[3] So this required installing new proton detectors at various distances along that beam-pipe.[3] The existing ALFA proton detectors at ATLAS were only suitable for low-energy runs, whereas the new detectors were intended for high-energy collision measurements.[4]

The research and development for the AFP project began in 2004.[5] An initial letter of intent (in further reading at Albrow et al. 2009) was submitted in 2009 and co-authored by, amongst others, Brian Cox.[5] The initial goal was to have two sets of proton detectors positioned in groups denoted "220" (at 216m and 224m distance) and "420" (at 416m and 424m), but the project was delayed in 2010 by the United Kingdom cutting funding, resulting in a decision to abandon the 420 detectors and only have the 220 ones.[5][4] (The 420 detectors would in any case have presented greater technical difficulties over the 220 ones, as they would have involved also altering the liquid helium system already present at that location, and although necessary for Higgs boson studies they were not necessary for other studies.[4])

This reduced project went through a formal Technical Proposal stage, and was in 2012 approved by the ATLAS Collaboration Executive Board and endorsed by the LHC Experiments Committee.[5] There were technical reviews in 2014, with the project getting ATLAS Upgrade approval in June of that year.[5] An initial test beam that November demonstrated that the various systems were correctly integrated, and after a kick-off meeting on 2015-02-03 the ATLAS Executive Board confirmed its decision on 2015-02-30.[6] At the time, installation of the detectors was aimed to be completed by 2017, for use in LHC Run 2.[7]

Equipment and experiments

The detectors used in the project were modelled on the IBL detector at ATLAS, using pixel measurements combined with magnet data to provide momentum spectrometry.[5] There is a time-of-flight detector that comprises a photomultiplier reading L-shaped quartz bars, named QUARTIC, and in order to provide the ability to remove and re-insert the detectors they are mounted inside Roman pots.[5][8] Originally, an alternative system named GASTOV was considered, which used a gas rather than quartz to generate the Cherenkov radiation recorded by the photomultipler.[8]

Cross-references

  1. ^ FP420 & 1.
  2. ^ Staszewski 2011, p. 2.
  3. ^ a b Staszewski 2011, pp. 1, 5.
  4. ^ a b c Staszewski 2011, p. 5.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Adamczyk et al. 2015, p. 2.
  6. ^ Adamczyk et al. 2015, pp. 2–3.
  7. ^ Adamczyk et al. 2015, pp. 3.
  8. ^ a b Staszewski 2011, p. 8.

Sources

  • Adamczyk, L; Banaś, E; Brandt, A; Bruschi, M; Grinstein, S; Lange, J; Rijssenbeek, M; Sicho, P; Staszewski, R; Sykora, T (2015-05-20). "Technical Design Report for the ATLAS Forward Proton Detector". CERN-LHCC-2015-009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Staszewski, R. (April 2011). "The AFP project". Acta Physica Polonica Series B. 42 (7). arXiv:1104.1858. doi:10.5506/APhysPolB.42.1615. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • "FP420 R&D Project". Archived from the original on 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2010-03-31.

Further reading

  • Albrow, M.; Appleby, R.B.; Arneodo, M.; Atoian, G.; Azhgirey, I.L.; Barlow, R.; Bayshev, I.S.; Beaumont, W.; Bonnet, L.; A. Brandt; P. Bussey; C. Buttar; J.M. Butterworth; M. Carter; B.E. Cox; D. Dattola; C. Da Via; J. de Favereau; D. d'Enterria; P. De Remigis; A. De Roeck; E.A. De Wolf; P. Duarte; J.R. Ellis; B. Florins; J.R. Forshaw; J. Freestone; K. Goulianos; J. Gronberg; M. Grothe; J.F. Gunion; J. Hasi; S. Heinemeyer; J.J. Hollar; S. Houston; V. Issakov; R.M. Jones; M. Kelly; C. Kenney; V.A. Khoze; S. Kolya; N. Konstantinidis; H. Kowalski; H.E. Larsen; V. Lemaitre; S.-L. Liu; A. Lyapine; F.K. Loebinger; R. Marshall; A.D. Martin; J. Monk; I. Nasteva; P. Nemegeer; M.M. Obertino; R. Orava; V. O'Shea; S. Ovyn; A. Pal; S. Parker; J. Pater; A.-L. Perrot; T. Pierzchala; A.D. Pilkington; J. Pinfold; K. Piotrzkowski; W. Plano; A. Poblaguev; V. Popov; K.M. Potter; S. Rescia; F. Roncarolo; A. Rostovtsev; X. Rouby; M. Ruspa; M.G. Ryskin; A. Santoro; N. Schul; G. Sellers; A. Solano; S. Spivey; W.J. Stirling; D. Swoboda; M. Tasevsky; R. Thompson; T. Tsang; P. Van Mechelen; A. Vilela Pereira; S.J. Watts; M.R.M. Warren; G. Weiglein; T. Wengler; S.N. White; B. Winter; Y. Yao; D. Zaborov; A. Zampieri; M. Zeller; A. Zhokin (2009). "The FP420 R and D Project: Higgs and New Physics with forward protons at the LHC". Journal of Instrumentation (4). arXiv:0806.0302. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/4/10/T10001. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lange, J.; Adamczyk, L.; Avoni, G.; Banas, E.; Brandt, A.; Bruschi, M.; Buglewicz, P.; Cavallaro, E.; Caforio, D.; Chiodini, G. (2016-09-16). "Beam tests of an integrated prototype of the ATLAS Forward Proton detector". Journal of Instrumentation. 11. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/09/P09005. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Trzebinski, Maciej (2021-03-14). "Overview of ATLAS Forward Proton Detectors for LHC Run3 and Plans for the HL-LHC". CERN. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Liu, Jesse Kar Kee (2021-01-25). "Overview of AFP performance". CERN. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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