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Values-based innovation is a theoretical concept and managerial approach that “understands and applies individual, organisational, societal, and global values, and corresponding normative orientations as a basis for innovation”.[1] It demonstrates the potential of values to integrate diverse stakeholders into innovation processes, to direct collaborative efforts, and to generate innovations with a positive impact on societal challenges. It elaborates upon the interrelations between innovation management, an established management practice and field of research, and values-based management,[2] which is generally dealt with in business ethics and focuses on the ethical concerns related to corporate management.

History of origin

Human values are considered as having a profound impact on every level of social life: individual, organizational, institutional, societal, and global.[3] As such they provide valuable points of reference for understanding corporate stakeholders, such as shareholders, employees, customers, partners, etc., and catering to their needs through innovation.[4] For instance, changing stakeholder values as well as new public policies and normative frameworks, such as the European Green Deal or UN's Sustainable Development Goals, have created new challenges and opportunities for sustainability-oriented innovation. There are several innovation discourses that have emerged in response to these new challenges, such as on responsible innovation[5], social and sustainable[6] innovation. By reflecting upon normative statements and considering stakeholder values (rather than just short-lived interests),[7] these new streams have taken the first steps to explore the relationships between particular values, such as pro-environmental values, intergenerational justice and equity, values of sustainability-oriented business,[8] protection of privacy, or safety. In parallel to them the values-based view on innovation has emerged on the grounds of a broader perspective, non-prescriptive with regard to particular values.

Several recent publications,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] books[16][4][17] and academic conferences[18][19] have elaborated on the concept of values-based innovation. Notably, Breuer and Lüdeke-Freund[16] proposed a theoretical framework of values-based innovation management, which addresses the potential of values, defined as subjective notions of the desirable, for driving corporate renewal. The framework builds on the exploration of cases that demonstrate how companies have become successful by leading their innovation activities based on values and normative orientations, rather than by an opportunistic search for new revenue potentials or a strategic search for competitive advantages. According to the authors, these companies adopt a values-based approach to manage innovation management, i.e. to identify and systematically use values as a source and guide for innovation. In doing so they utilize the potential of values to integrate diverse stakeholders into innovation processes, to direct collaborative efforts, and to generate new processes, products, services or business models within and across organisations.

Classification of values-based innovation

The framework of values-based innovation management elaborates upon the Integrated Management Concept[20] to differentiate between three particular dimensions of management, namely normative, strategic, and instrumental. Values impact innovation management on each of these dimensions and can lead to different types of values-based innovation. For instance, normative innovation creates new inter-organizational networks based on shared values, or develops new organizational identities (e.g. through reformulation of normative statements, such as core values, visions and missions), strategic innovation redesigns business models, and instrumental innovation deals with the renewal of processes, products and service offerings.  

The three types of values-based innovation are triggered and facilitated by the integrative, directive and generative functions that values fulfill on all three management dimensions and with respect to different stakeholders. The integrative function aligns the values and interests of diverse stakeholders both within or outside of the organization. It can be initiated either top-down (based on authoritative directives defined by top management), bottom-up (based on changing values of employees or customers), or due to external or peripheral pressures (e.g. based on legislation or new social trends). The directive function provides an orientation to what an innovation project strives to achieve and help its participants to cope with  uncertainty. Finally, the generative function refers to the use of existing, changing, and new values as heuristics in ideation, screening and evaluation processes as well as in defining new strategies for innovation.

Values-based vs value-based management

The values-based view is not to be confused with the ‘value-based view’ in business management or innovation studies. While the term value refers to the aim of maximizing a company's financial value, which follows from the shareholder value paradigm, values refer to the subjective notions of the desirable, expressed as beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.[21] According to the values-based view on innovation management, these human values and normative orientations, that underlie an organization's attitudes and behaviors, are pursued by all organizations. Therefore, the values-based view implies an understanding of what is most important for an innovation project, an organisation, or what a firm stands for.[22] It includes, but is not limited to, financial performance goals.

Values-based innovation methods

The values-based innovation management framework reframes several methodological approaches in order to leverage the integrative, directive, and generative functions of values to foster innovation activities. For instance, future scenarios may be created to explore alternative future developments, but also to formulate normative scenarios that describe a desired state of affairs and the path to its attainment.[23] Business anthropology and ethnographic methods can be used to empirically explore and analyse values and values-based cultural practice within and across organisations, or for different stakeholder groups.[24] Values-based business modelling activities can facilitate the exploration and elaboration of values-based business model innovation.

Use cases

Different authors have described both historical and current case studies that demonstrate and differentiate the notion of values-based innovation.[16][4] Examples include large companies such as Aravind,[25] IBM,[26] Tata Motors[27] and LEGO,[28] but also start-ups such as the green Internet search engine Ecosia[9] or ventures emerging from the German's GIZ incubation programme, The Lab of Tomorrow.[29] An EU funded research project named IMPACT[30] researches the potentials of values-based innovation to advance sustainable business impact in European firms.

Opportunities and limitations

Appropriate consideration and integration of stakeholder values has been demonstrated as a predictive factor for superior innovation performance, both from a purely economic perspective[31][32][33] and in terms of sustainability.[34][35][36]

Reviewing the current literature reveals gaps in terms of empirical cases, applicable methods for researchers and practitioners, and theoretical frameworks. Only few studies have investigated, for example, the impact of values on financial or innovation performance, or found indicators for a positive relationship between organisational values, business model innovation and corporate financial performance.[37][32][38] Therefore, knowledge about the normative turn in innovation research and management and the ensuing values-based view on innovation is still in its inception[11].

See also

References

  1. ^ Breuer, H.; Lüdeke-Freund, F. (2017). Values-Based Innovation Management. Innovating by What We Care About. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 59. ISBN 9781137516619.
  2. ^ Anderson, Carl (1997). "Values-based management". Academy of Management Perspectives. 11 (4): 25–46. doi:10.5465/ame.1997.9712024837. ISSN 1558-9080. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  3. ^ Agle, Bradley R.; Caldwell, Craig B. (1999). "Understanding Research on Values in Business". Business & Society. 38 (3): 326–387. doi:10.1177/000765039903800305. ISSN 0007-6503. S2CID 154176535. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  4. ^ a b c Freeman, R. Edward (2015). Bridging the values gap : how authentic organizations bring values to life. Ellen R. Auster (First ed.). Oakland, CA. ISBN 978-1-60994-957-0. OCLC 914287674. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Owen, Richard; Bessant, John; Heintz, Maggy, eds. (2013-04-26). Responsible Innovation. doi:10.1002/9781118551424. ISBN 9781118551424. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  6. ^ Adams, Richard; Jeanrenaud, Sally; Bessant, John; Denyer, David; Overy, Patrick (2015-05-17). "Sustainability-oriented Innovation: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Management Reviews. 18 (2): 180–205. doi:10.1111/ijmr.12068. hdl:1826/12638. ISSN 1460-8545. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  7. ^ Breuer, Henning; Lüdeke-Freund, Florian (2019), "Values-Based Stakeholder Management: Concepts and Methods", Rethinking Strategic Management, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 217–239, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-06014-5_11, ISBN 978-3-030-06012-1, archived from the original on 2021-03-19, retrieved 2021-03-19
  8. ^ Breuer, Henning; Fichter, Klaus; Lüdeke-Freund, Florian, Tiemann, Irina; (2018). "Sustainability-oriented business model development: principles, criteria and tools". International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing. 10 (2): 256. doi:10.1504/ijev.2018.10013801. ISSN 1742-5360. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  9. ^ a b Ivanov, K. (2019). Impact of Values on Strategic Decision-Making with Respect to Business Model Design. New Business Models Conference. Berlin. Available from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kiril_Ivanov3/publication/335014080_Impact_of_Values_on_Strategic_Decision-Making_with_Respect_to_Business_Model_Design_The_Case_of_Ecosia/links/5d4a689e92851cd046a6c3a5/Impact-of-Values-on-Strategic-Decision-Making-with-Respect-to-Business-Model-Design-The-Case-of-Ecosia.pdf Archived 2021-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Owoyele, B. A., & Santuber, J. (2020). Deep Values-Based Innovation Management of SDGs: An Institutional Theory Perspective. In ISPIM Conference Proceedings (pp. 1-28). The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM).
  11. ^ a b IJIM (International Journal of Innovation Management). (2021). Special Issue on Managing Values for Innovation — Cases, Methods, and Theories. ISSN (print): 1363-9196 | ISSN (online): 1757-5877.
  12. ^ Vermeulen, F. (2018). LaTrappe Brewery: A Values-Based Business Model Archived 2021-03-19 at the Wayback Machine. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  13. ^ Breuer, H., & Lüdeke-Freund, F. (2015, May). Values-Based Innovation Framework--Innovating by What We Care About. In The Proceedings of the XXVI ISPIM Conference. Available from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Florian_Luedeke-Freund/publication/278683806_Values-Based_Innovation_Framework_-_Innovating_by_What_We_Care_About/links/5583c0a908ae8bf4ba6fa1c1/Values-Based-Innovation-Framework-Innovating-by-What-We-Care-About.pdf Archived 2021-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Meissner, P., & Wulf, T. (2021). The Hidden Values Driving Strategy. MIT Sloan Management Review, 62(2), 1A-5A.
  15. ^ Earney, C.; Krishnan, A. (2019). "The Art of Values-Based Innovation for Humanitarian Action". Stanford Social Innovation Review. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  16. ^ a b c Breuer, H. & Lüdeke-Freund, F. (2017). Values-Based Innovation Management. Innovating by What We Care About. Hampshire, GB: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-51661-9, retrieved 2021-03-19.
  17. ^ Mejía-Trejo, Juan; Rodríguez-Bravo, Angel (2019). "Values-Based Innovation. Designing a Model to Be Applied in Management Sciences". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3512169. ISSN 1556-5068. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  18. ^ ISPIM Innovation Conference – Innovating in Times of Crisis, 7-10 June 2020. Available from https://www.ispim-innovation.com/events
  19. ^ ISPIM Innovation Conference – Innovating Our Common Future, 20-23 June 2021. Available from https://www.ispim-innovation.com/events
  20. ^ Bleicher, Knut (1994). "Integrative management in a time of transformation". Long Range Planning. 27 (5): 136–144. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(94)90234-8. ISSN 0024-6301. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  21. ^ Schwartz, Shalom H. (2012-12-01). "An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values". Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. 2 (1). doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1116. ISSN 2307-0919. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  22. ^ Breuer, H. & Lüdeke-Freund, F. (2017). Values-Based Innovation Management. Innovating by What We Care About. Hampshire, GB: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 50.
  23. ^ Lee, P.J. (2008-05-01), Degraffenreid, Jo Anne (ed.), "Other Assessment Methods—An Overview", Statistical Methods for Estimating Petroleum Resources, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oso/9780195331905.003.0013, ISBN 978-0-19-533190-5, archived from the original on 2021-03-19, retrieved 2021-03-19
  24. ^ Breuer, H. & Lüdeke-Freund, F. (2017). Values-Based Innovation Management. Innovating by What We Care About. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 187-191. Available from http://www.uxberlin.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2016_Ethnographic_Exploration.pdf Archived 2021-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Gerckens, Inga; Lüdeke-Freund, Florian; Breuer, Henning (2017-11-15), "Wertebasierte Geschäftsmodellinnovation am Beispiel Aravind Eye Care System", CSR und Geschäftsmodelle, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 183–204, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-52882-2_11, ISBN 978-3-662-52881-5, archived from the original on 2021-03-19, retrieved 2021-03-19
  26. ^ Palmisano, S. J. (2003). How the US can keep its innovation edge. Business Week, (3858), 34-34.
  27. ^ Breuer, H., & Upadrasta, V. (2017). Values-based product innovation–The case of Tata Nano. Breuer, H. & Upadrasta, 2017.The XXVIII ISPIM Innovation Conference – Composing the Innovation Symphony, Austria, Vienna on 18-21 June 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Henning-Breuer/publication/317369548_Values-Based_Product_Innovation_-_The_Case_of_Tata_Nano/links/5954fd0ca6fdcc16978cbb17/Values-Based-Product-Innovation-The-Case-of-Tata-Nano.pdf Archived 2021-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "The moment of clarity: using the human sciences to solve your toughest business problems". Choice Reviews Online. 52 (6): 52–3190-52-3190. 2015-01-21. doi:10.5860/choice.186801. ISSN 0009-4978. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  29. ^ Breuer, H., Lüdeke-Freund, F., & Brick, C. (2018). Business model innovation in the era of sustainable development goals. In ISPIM Conference Proceedings (pp. 1-27). The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Henning-Breuer/publication/325904721_Business_Model_Innovation_in_the_Era_of_Sustainable_Development_Goals/links/5b2bb4bc4585150d23bc0e98/Business-Model-Innovation-in-the-Era-of-Sustainable-Development-Goals.pdf Archived 2021-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ "IMPACT". 2021. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  31. ^ Bart, Chris; Pujari, Ashish (2007). "The Performance Impact of Content and Process in Product Innovation Charters". Journal of Product Innovation Management. 24 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2006.00229.x. ISSN 0737-6782. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  32. ^ a b Sai Manohar, S.; Pandit, Shiv R. (2014). "Core Values and Beliefs: A Study of Leading Innovative Organizations". Journal of Business Ethics. 125 (4): 667–680. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1926-5. ISSN 0167-4544. S2CID 114949712. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  33. ^ Lee, Reggie Van; Fabish, Lisa; McGaw, Nancy (2007). "The Value of Corporate Values". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.956170. ISSN 1556-5068. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  34. ^ Hörisch, Jacob; Freeman, R. Edward; Schaltegger, Stefan (2014-05-27). "Applying Stakeholder Theory in Sustainability Management". Organization & Environment. 27 (4): 328–346. doi:10.1177/1086026614535786. ISSN 1086-0266. S2CID 145555486. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  35. ^ Rauter, Romana; Jonker, Jan; Baumgartner, Rupert J. (2017). "Going one's own way: drivers in developing business models for sustainability". Journal of Cleaner Production. 140: 144–154. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.104. ISSN 0959-6526. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  36. ^ Lubberink, Rob; Blok, Vincent; van Ophem, Johan; Omta, Onno (2017-05-05). "Lessons for Responsible Innovation in the Business Context: A Systematic Literature Review of Responsible, Social and Sustainable Innovation Practices". Sustainability. 9 (5): 721. doi:10.3390/su9050721. ISSN 2071-1050. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  37. ^ GLOBOCNIK, DIETFRIED; RAUTER, ROMANA; BAUMGARTNER, RUPERT J. (2019-01-03). "Synergy or Conflict? The Relationships Among Organisational Culture, Sustainability-Related Innovation Performance, and Economic Innovation Performance". International Journal of Innovation Management. 24 (1): 2050004. doi:10.1142/s1363919620500048. ISSN 1363-9196. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  38. ^ Pedersen, Esben Rahbek Gjerdrum; Gwozdz, Wencke; Hvass, Kerli Kant (2016). "Exploring the Relationship Between Business Model Innovation, Corporate Sustainability, and Organisational Values..." Journal of Business Ethics. 149 (2): 267–284. doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3044-7. ISSN 0167-4544. S2CID 155866802. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
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