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Phase One & Two

Vikings

Fact: During the Viking Age the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway and Sweden.^[1]

MLA Citation: Bagge, Sverre. “The Origins of the Scandinavian Kingdoms.” Cross and Scepter, Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. Cross and Scepter, 2016–02-09.

ISBN: 9780691169088

Quote: In absolute numbers, the population of Denmark has been estimated at more than 1 million, perhaps nearly 2 mil-lion in the early fourteenth century, that of Norway at between 350,00 and 500,000, and the Swedish population at somewhere between 500,000 and 650,000.

^ Bagge, Sverre (2014). Cross and scepter : the rise of the Scandinavian kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-16150-1. OCLC 861542611.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Phase Three

Clover, Carol J. “Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe.” Speculum, vol.68, no. 2, 1993, pp. 363–387.

This scholarly article offers a look at the changing roles of women from pre-Christian to post-Christian Northern Europe. It covers the decay of female power in the face of Christianity. This work builds upon the perspectives of both gender and religion as it relates to Western History.

Hedenstierna-Jonson, et al. “A Female Viking Warrior Confirmed by Genomics.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.164, no. 4, 2017. Pp. 853-860. Wiley Online Library, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.23308

This scholarly article describes the finding of a female Viking warrior known as the Birka site. This discovery provided new evidence that women were recognized as valued soldiers and held positions of honor and leadership. This broadens the tradition view of gender in Western European History.

Phase Four

Fact 1: "The documentary sources, dating as they do from the Christian period, are notoriously slippery, but no reader of them can escape the impression that the new order entailed a radical remapping of gender in the north. More particularly, one has the impression that femaleness became more sharply defined and contained (the emergence of women-only religious orders is symptomatic of the new sensibility), and it seems indisputably the case that as Norse culture assimilated notions of weeping monks and fainting knights, "masculinity" was rezoned, as it were, into territories previously occupied by "effeminacy" (and other category B traits). (This expansion of the masculine was presumably predicated on the fixing of the female and her relocation at a safe distance"

[1] Bagge, Sverre (2014). Cross and scepter : the rise of the Scandinavian kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-16150-1. OCLC 861542611.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[1]