Integrative and conjugative element
Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are mobile genetic elements present in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In a donor cell, ICEs are located primarily on the chromosome, but have the ability to excise themselves from the genome and transfer to recipient cells via bacterial conjugation.
Characteristics
Although ICEs exhibit various mechanisms promoting their integration, transfer and regulation, they share many common characteristics. ICEs comprise all mobile genetic elements with self-replication, integration, and conjugation, including, but not limited to conjugative transposons, regardless of their particular conjugation and integration mechanisms. Some immobile genomic Pathogenicity islands are also believed to be defective ICEs that have lost their ability to conjugate.
ICEs combine certain features of the following mobile genetic elements:[1]
- Bacteriophages that have the ability to insert into and excise from bacterial chromosomes;
- Transposons that, besides the characteristics of insertion and excision, can additionally be subject to horizontal gene transfer via conjugation;
- Conjugative plasmids that transfer from donor to recipient bacteria via conjugation.
In contrast to plasmids and phages, integrative and conjugative elements cannot remain in an extrachromosomal form in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells, and they replicate only with the chromosome they reside in.
ICEs possess the structure organized into three gene modules that are responsible for their integration with the chromosome, excision from the genome and conjugation, as well as regulatory genes.[1][2] All integrative and conjugative elements encode integrases that are a key factor for controlling the excision, transfer and integration of an ICE. The representative example of ICE integrases is the integrase encoded by lambda phage. The transfer of an integrated ICE element from the donor to recipient bacterium must be preceded by its excision from the chromosome that is co-promoted by small DNA-binding proteins, the so-called recombination directionality factors. The dynamics of the integration and excision processes are specific to each integrative and conjugative element.[1]
Prevalence
Due to their physical association with chromosomes, identifying integrative and conjugative elements has proven challenging, but computer-based analyses of bacterial genomes indicate they are widespread among many microorganisms.[1][3]
ICEs have been detected in Proteobacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., E. coli, Haemophilus spp.), Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Among many other virulence determinants, ICEs spread antibiotics and metal ions resistance genes across multiple prokaryotic lineages.[1][2][4][5] ICE elements may also facilitate the mobilisation of other DNA modules, e.g. genomic islands.[2][6]
References
- ^ a b c d e Wozniak RA, Waldor MK (August 2010). "Integrative and conjugative elements: mosaic mobile genetic elements enabling dynamic lateral gene flow". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 8 (8): 552–63. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2382. PMID 20601965.
- ^ a b c Burrus V, Waldor MK (June 2004). "Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements". Research in Microbiology. 155 (5): 376–86. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012. PMID 15207870.
- ^ Burrus V, Marrero J, Waldor MK (May 2006). "The current ICE age: biology and evolution of SXT-related integrating conjugative elements". Plasmid. 55 (3): 173–83. doi:10.1016/j.plasmid.2006.01.001. PMID 16530834.
- ^ Garriss G, Waldor MK, Burrus V (December 2009). "Mobile antibiotic resistance encoding elements promote their own diversity". PLoS Genetics. 5 (12): e1000775. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000775. PMC 2786100. PMID 20019796.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sitkiewicz I, Green NM, Guo N, Mereghetti L, Musser JM (April 2011). "Lateral gene transfer of streptococcal ICE element RD2 (region of difference 2) encoding secreted proteins". BMC Microbiology. 11: 65. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-11-65. PMC 3083328. PMID 21457552.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Ceccarelli D, Daccord A, René M, Burrus V (August 2008). "Identification of the origin of transfer (oriT) and a new gene required for mobilization of the SXT/R391 family of integrating conjugative elements". Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (15): 5328–38. doi:10.1128/JB.00150-08. PMC 2493277. PMID 18539733.