Help:IPA/Hmong
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 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hmong on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hmong in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hmong language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. The dialect used in this chart is both White Hmong and Green Hmong. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-hmn}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
| Consonants | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Pahawh | English approximation | |
| au | 𖬮𖬰 | As in outthouse | |
| c | 𖬯 | * | |
| cʰ | 𖬧 | * | |
| d | 𖬞𖬰 | Roughly similar to do | |
| dɦ | 𖬞𖬵 | * | |
| tl | 𖬭 | * | |
| tɬ̬ | 𖬭𖬴 | * | |
| f | 𖬜𖬵 | five | |
| ŋ | 𖬠𖬵 | Similar to sing | |
| h | 𖬟 | happy | |
| ɬ | 𖬥 | * | |
| ʰm̥ | 𖬣𖬵 | * | |
| ʰm̥l̥ | 𖬠𖬰 | * | |
| ʰn̥ | 𖬩 | * | |
| ɲ̥ | 𖬣𖬰 | * | |
| kʰ | 𖬩𖬰 | cake | |
| l | 𖬞 | life | |
| m | 𖬦 | map | |
| ml | 𖬠 | Similar to hmlet | |
| n | 𖬬 | As in near | |
| ɲɟ | 𖬤𖬰 | * | |
| ɲɟɦ | 𖬨 | * | |
| ndl | 𖬭𖬰 | In Green Hmong only; * similar to candle | |
| ndɮ | 𖬭𖬵 | In Green Hmong only; * similar to mantle | |
| ŋg | 𖬢 | * similar to finger | |
| ŋgɦ | 𖬫𖬵 | * similar to incomplete | |
| mb | 𖬨𖬵 | * similar to combine | |
| mbɦ | 𖬡𖬰 | * similar to computer | |
| mbɮ | 𖬡𖬵 | * similar to complain | |
| mpl | 𖬫𖬰 | * similar to emblem | |
| NG | 𖬬𖬰 | * | |
| NGɦ | 𖬬𖬵 | * | |
| nɖ | 𖬜𖬰 | * similar to can drink | |
| ɳth | 𖬨𖬰 | * similar to control | |
| nd | 𖬩𖬵 | * similar to endanger | |
| ndɦ | 𖬫 | * similar to contend | |
| [ɳɖʐ | 𖬝 | * similar to and Zaza | |
| ɳɖʐɦ | 𖬯𖬰 | * similar to can cheat | |
| ndz | 𖬢𖬰 | * similar to and Xerox | |
| ndzɦ | 𖬥𖬵 | * similar to ants here | |
| ɲ | 𖬮𖬵 | * similar to canyon, onion | |
| p | 𖬪𖬵 | * similar to spin | |
| pʰ | 𖬝𖬵 | As in peace | |
| pl | 𖬟𖬵 | * | |
| pl̥ | 𖬪 | * similar to play | |
| q | 𖬦𖬵 | * similar to sky | |
| qʰ | 𖬣 | * similar to car | |
| ʈ | 𖬡 | * | |
| ʈʰ | 𖬢𖬵 | * similar to trough | |
| ʂ | 𖬤𖬵 | shoe | |
| t | 𖬧𖬵 | * similar to stay | |
| tʰ | 𖬟𖬰 | ttime | |
| ʈʂ | 𖬝𖬰 | * similar to June | |
| ʈʂʰ | 𖬪𖬰 | chair, church | |
| ts | 𖬯𖬵 | * similar to beds | |
| tsʰ | 𖬦𖬰 | * similar to tsongas | |
| v | 𖬜 | very, visa | |
| s | 𖬮 | see | |
| ç | 𖬧𖬰 | Roughly similar to mash your | |
| ʝ | 𖬤 | Similar to yes | |
| ʐ | 𖬥𖬰 | Similar to pleasure, vision | |
| Vowels | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Pahawh | English approximation |
| monophthongs | ||
| i | 𖬂, 𖬃 | see |
| ɨ | 𖬘, 𖬙 | * similar to houses |
| u | 𖬆, 𖬇 | As in soon |
| e | 𖬈, 𖬉 | * similar to play |
| Nasalized | ||
| ẽ~eŋ | 𖬀, 𖬁 | * roughly similar to sang |
| a | 𖬖, 𖬗 | As in father |
| ã~aŋ | 𖬚, 𖬛 | * Only in Green Hmong |
| o | 𖬒, 𖬓 | * similar to lawn |
| ɒ̃~ɒŋ | 𖬌, 𖬍 | * roughly similar to song |
| diphthongs | ||
| ai | 𖬊, 𖬋 | As in hi and bye |
| iə | 𖬔, 𖬕 | * roughly similar to see a |
| aɨ | 𖬎, 𖬏 | * |
| lau | 𖬄, 𖬅 | As in outhouse |
| uə | 𖬐, 𖬑 | * roughly similar to sue a |
| IPA | Tone | Orthographic Spelling (Example) |
|---|---|---|
| pɔ́ | High | pob (ball) |
| pɔ̰ | Creaky | pom (to see) |
| pɔ̂ | High falling | poj (female) |
| pɔ̌ | Mid rising | pov (to throw) |
| Error: {{IPA}}: unrecognized language tag: pɔ | Mid | po (spleen) |
| pɔ̀ | Low | pos (thorn) |
| pɔ̤ | Low falling breathy | pog (grandmother) |
Notes and references
^* No equivalent to English