Pyelogram
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| Pyelogram | |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 87.73, 87.74, 87.75 |
| MeSH | D014567 |
| OPS-301 code | 3-13d |
Pyelogram (or pyelography or urography) is a form of imaging of the renal pelvis and ureter.[1]
Types include:
- Intravenous pyelogram – In which a contrast solution is introduced through a vein into the circulatory system. This is a form of anterograde pyelogram.
- Retrograde pyelogram – Any pyelogram in which contrast medium is introduced from the lower urinary tract and flows toward the kidney (i.e. in a "retrograde" direction, against the normal flow of urine).
- Anterograde pyelogram (also antegrade pyelogram) – Any pyelogram where a contrast medium passes from the kidneys toward the bladder, mimicking the normal flow of urine.
- Gas pyelogram – A pyelogram that uses a gaseous rather than liquid contrast medium.[2] It may also form without the injection of a gas, when gas producing micro-organisms infect the most upper parts of urinary system.[3][4]
Anterograde pyelogram
| Antegrade pyelography, anterograde pyelography | |
|---|---|
 Antegrade pyelogram of grade III hydronephrosis with obstruction at the ureterovesical junction due to bladder endometriosis in a 29 year old female. The tip of the nephrostomy is located in an inferior calyx. | |
| Purpose | visualize the upper collecting system of the urinary tract |
Antegrade pyelography is the procedure used to visualize the upper collecting system of the urinary tract, i.e., kidney and ureter. It is done in cases where excretory or retrograde pyelography has failed or contraindicated, or when a nephrostomy tube is in place or delineation of upper tract is desired. It is commonly used to diagnose upper tract obstruction, hydronephrosis, and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. In this, radiocontrast dye is injected into the renal pelvis and X-rays are taken. It provides detailed anatomy of the upper collecting system. As it is an invasive procedure, it is chosen when other non-invasive tests are non confirmatory or contraindicated and patient monitoring is required prior and after the procedure.[5][6]
References
- ^ "pyelography" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Urology Secrets, 2nd Ed.,; Resnick, MD, Novick, MD; Hanley & Belfus, Inc., 1999, esp Chapt. 13, Evaluation of Hydronephrosis in Children by Kay, MD.
- ^ Wein, Kavoussi, Novick, Partin, Peters, Campbell-Walsh Urology, 9th edition, 2007.
- ^ Emil A, Tnagho, Jack W. McAninch, Smith’s General Urology, 17th edition, 2008, Lange Medical Book, New York.
- ^ "Antegrade Pyelogram". Retrieved 17 January 2015.
- ^ "Antegrade Pyelography". Urology Care Foundation. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
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