Trichoderma reesei
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Trichoderma reesei is a mesophilic and filamentous fungus. It is an anamorph of the fungus Hypocrea jecorina. T. reesei has the capacity to secrete large amounts of cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases and hemicellulases). Microbial cellulases have industrial application in the conversion of cellulose, a major component of plant biomass, into glucose.[1]
T. reesei isolate QM6a was originally isolated from the Solomon Islands during World War II because of its degradation of canvas and garments of the US army.[2] All strains currently used in biotechnology and basic research were derived from this one isolate.[2]
Recent advances in the biochemistry of cellulase enzymology, the mechanism of cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis), strain improvement, molecular cloning and process engineering are bringing T. reesei cellulases closer to being a commercially viable route to cellulose hydrolysis.[3] Several industrially useful strains have been developed and characterised, e.g. Rut-C30,[4] RL-P37 and MCG-80. The genome of this organism was released in 2008.[5] This organism also has a mating type dependent characterised sexual cycle.[2]
Sexual development
T. reesei QM6a has a MAT1-2 mating type locus. The opposite mating type MAT1-1, was recently found, thus proving that T. reesei is a heterothallic species.[2] After being regarded as asexual since its discovery more than 50 years ago, sexual reproduction can now be induced in T. reesei QM6a leading to formation of fertilized stromata and mature ascospores.[2]
Use in industry
T. reesei is an important commercial and industrial micro-organism due to its cellulase production ability. Many strains of T. reesei have been developed since its discovery, with heavy emphasis on increasing cellulase production. These "improvement programs" originally consisted of classical (ionising-radiation-based and chemical-based) mutagenesis, which led to strains capable of producing 20 times as much cellulase as the QM6a isolate.[6] The ultimate aim in the creation of hypercellulolytic strains was to obtain a carbon catabolite derepressed strain. This derepression would allow the T. reesei strain to produce cellulases under any set of growth conditions, even in the presence of glucose.
However, with the advent of modern genetic engineering tools such as targeted deletion, targeted knockout, and more, a new generation of strains dubbed "hyperproducers" has emerged. Some of the highest performing industrial strains produce up to 100 grams of cellulases per litre, more than 3 times as much as the RUT-C30 strain (which itself produces twice as much as the parent strain NG14 from which it was derived).[6]
See also
- Cellobiohydrolase (CBH)
- Cellulosic ethanol
- Endoglucanase (EG)
References
External links
- Risk Assessment Summary, CEPA 1999. Trichoderma reesei 1391A (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Juli 2015.)
- Risk Assessment Summary, CEPA 1999. Trichoderma reesei P59G
- Risk Assessment Summary, CEPA 1999. Trichoderma reesei P210A
- Risk Assessment Summary, CEPA 1999. Trichoderma reesei P345A
- http://web.archive.org/web/20061006145854/http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/progs/afdc/vwbs2.cgi?200
- Trichoderma spp. (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Juli 2015.)
- from genencor DNA sequence and Trichoderma reesei EST Database and Mitochondrial Genome. (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Juli 2015.)
- Nidetzky B, Steiner W, Claeyssens M: Cellulose hydrolysis by the cellulases from Trichoderma reesei: adsorptions of two cellobiohydrolases, two endocellulases and their core proteins on filter paper and their relation to hydrolysis. In: Biochem. J. 303. Jahrgang, Pt 3, November 1994, S. 817–23, PMID 7980450, PMC 1137620 (freier Volltext).
- Miettinen-Oinonen A, Suominen P: Enhanced production of Trichoderma reesei endoglucanases and use of the new cellulase preparations in producing the stonewashed effect on denim fabric. In: Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68. Jahrgang, Nr. 8, August 2002, S. 3956–64, doi:10.1128/AEM.68.8.3956-3964.2002, PMID 12147496, PMC 124001 (freier Volltext) – (asm.org).
- CBH I from Trichoderma sp.. (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Juli 2015.)
- CBH I from Trichoderma sp.. (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Juli 2015.)
- Medve J, Ståhlberg J, Tjerneld F: Adsorption and synergism of cellobiohydrolase I and II of Trichoderma reesei during hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose. In: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44. Jahrgang, Nr. 9, November 1994, S. 1064–73, doi:10.1002/bit.260440907, PMID 18623023.
- ↑ Kumar R, Singh S, Singh OV: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass: biochemical and molecular perspectives. In: J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, Mai 2008, S. 377–91, doi:10.1007/s10295-008-0327-8, PMID 18338189.
- ↑ a b c d e Seidl V, Seibel C, Kubicek CP, Schmoll M: Sexual development in the industrial workhorse Trichoderma reesei. In: PNAS. 106. Jahrgang, Nr. 33, 2009, S. 13909–13914, doi:10.1073/pnas.0904936106, PMID 19667182, PMC 2728994 (freier Volltext).
- ↑ Viikari L, Alapuranen M, Puranen T, Vehmaanperä J, Siika-Aho M: Thermostable enzymes in lignocellulose hydrolysis. In: Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 108. Jahrgang, 2007, S. 121–45, doi:10.1007/10_2007_065, PMID 17589813.
- ↑ Seidl V, Gamauf C, Druzhinina IS, Seiboth B, Hartl L, Kubicek CP: The Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) hypercellulolytic mutant RUT C30 lacks an 85 kb (29 gene-encoding) region of the wild-type genome. In: BMC Genomics. 9. Jahrgang, 2008, S. 327, doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-327, PMID 18620557, PMC 2483294 (freier Volltext) – (biomedcentral.com).
- ↑ Martinez D, Berka RM, Henrissat B, etal: Genome sequencing and analysis of the biomass-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina). In: Nat. Biotechnol. 26. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, Mai 2008, S. 553–60, doi:10.1038/nbt1403, PMID 18454138.
- ↑ a b Bernhard Seiboth, Christa Ivanova, Verena Seidl-Seiboth: Biofuel Production-Recent Developments and Prospects. Hrsg.: Marco Aurélio Dos Santos Bernardes. InTech, 2011, ISBN 978-953-307-478-8, Chapter 13: Trichoderma reesei: A Fungal Enzyme Producer for Cellulosic Biofuels, S. 321, doi:10.5772/16848.