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Attock

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Vorlage:About

Vorlage:Infobox settlement Attock (Punjabi, Urdu: Vorlage:Nastaliq), formerly Campbellpur or Campbellpore (Vorlage:Nq),[1] is a city located in northern part of Punjab province of Pakistan near the capital of Islamabad in the Panjistan region, and is the headquarters of Attock District. Attock was founded in 1908 several miles southeast of the older city of Attock Khurd,[2] which had been established by the Emperor Akbar in the 16th century,[3] and was initially named in honour of Sir Colin Campbell.[4] The city’s population was 69,588 in the 1998 census with contemporary estimates approaching 100,000.[5][6]

Etymology

The city was initially named Campbellpur, also spelt Campbellpore, in 1908 in honour of Sir Colin Campbell.[4] The name was changed in 1978 to Attock, which literally means "Foot of the Mountain."[3] The city's original name survives in the name of some local businesses, such as the Campbellpur Milk.

History

Background

Attock is located in a historically significant region. Gandhara was an ancient kingdom extending to the Swat valley and the Potohar plateau regions of Pakistan as well as the Jalalabad district of northeastern Afghanistan. Situated astride the middle Indus River, the region had Takshashila and Peshawar as its chief cities. The place is of both political and commercial importance, as the Indus is here crossed by the military and trade route through the Khyber Pass into Afghanistan. Alexander the Great, Timur and Nader Shah crossed the Indus at or about this spot in their respective invasions of India.[7]

The Attock fort was completed in 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi, a minister of Emperor Akbar.[8] The Battle of Attock took place at Attock Khurd on 28 April 1758 between Indian Maratha Kingdom and the Durrani Empire. The Marathas under Raghunathrao Ballal Peshwa and Maharaja Tukojirao Holkar Bahadur were victorious in the battle and Attock was captured[9]. On 8 May 1758, the Marathas defeated Durrani forces in the Battle of Peshawar and captured the city of Peshawar. Marathas had now reached the Afghanistan border. Ahmad Shah Durrani got alarmed with this success of Marathas and started planning to recapture his lost territories. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Sikhs invaded and occupied Attock District. The Sikhs established religious freedom and respected the native Muslims. The Sikh Kingdom (1799–1849) under Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) captured the fortress of Attock in 1813 from the Afghan Kingdom.

In 1849, Attock Khurd (Old Attock) was conquered by the British who created Campbellpur District. Following the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857, the region's strategic value was appreciated by the British, who established the Campbellpur Cantonment in 1857-58.[2]

Founding

The city's foundations were laid in 1908 by Sir Colin Campbell, the British soldier for whom the city is named.[2] The new city was established near the 16th century Attock fort that had guarded the major routes between Central Asia and South Asia. The district was organised earlier in 1904,[2] by the division of Talagang Tehsil in the Jhelum District with the Pindigheb, Fateh Jang and Attock tehsils from Rawalpindi District.Attock's first oil well was drilled in Khaur in 1915.[10] It has an oil and gas field Dakhini near Jand. Dhurnal & Sadkal in Tehsil Fateh Jang.

Modern

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs emigrated to India, while Muslim refugees from India settled in Attock. The Pakistani Government renamed Campbellpur as Attock in 1978.[11] The city and surrounding area are known for their high representation among soldiers of the Pakistani Military.[12] The New Islamabad International Airport is being built near Attock, and it is scheduled to open in 2018.

Geography

Attock is located near the Haro River, a tributary of the Indus River, Vorlage:Convert from Rawalpindi, Vorlage:Convert from Peshawar, and Vorlage:Convert from the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Kamra.

Education

According to the Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings 2014, Attock is ranked 3 out of 146 districts in Pakistan in terms of the quality of education. For facilities and infrastructure, the district is ranked 17 out of 146.[13] A detailed picture of the district's education performance is also available online.[14] Army Public School & College, Government Polytechnic Institute, Noble Grammar, The City School, The Smart School System, Beaconhouse are few of the many educational institutes in Attock.

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:EB1911 Vorlage:PakistanCities Vorlage:Pakistan topics

  1. ↑ Christopher Shackle: Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar. In: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 1980, ISSN 0041-977X, S. 482, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401 (cambridge.org).
  2. ↑ a b c d John Pike: Attock Cantonment. In: www.globalsecurity.org. Abgerufen am 9. März 2018 (englisch).
  3. ↑ a b John Everett-Heath: The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 978-0-19-255646-2 (englisch, google.com).
  4. ↑ a b John Everett-Heath: The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 978-0-19-255646-2 (englisch, google.com).
  5. ↑ Haryana (India). Gazetteers Organisation: Haryana District Gazetteers: Imperial gazetteer of India (provincial series), Punjab, 1908 (v. 2). Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Dept., Haryana, 2000 (google.com [abgerufen am 18. Juli 2011]).
  6. ↑ Attock. World Gazeteer, archiviert vom Original am 13. Mai 2012; abgerufen am 18. Juli 2011.
  7. ↑ Vorlage:EB1911
  8. ↑ Shaikh Khurshid Hasan: Historical forts in Pakistan. National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University, 2005, ISBN 978-969-415-069-7, S. 37 (google.com [abgerufen am 17. Juli 2011]).
  9. ↑ Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir In: The Economic Times, June 27, 2017 
  10. ↑ World oil. Gulf Publishing Company., März 1947, S. 12 (google.com [abgerufen am 17. Juli 2011]).
  11. ↑ John Everett-Heath: The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 978-0-19-255646-2 (englisch, google.com).
  12. ↑ Christophe Jaffrelot: The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience. Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0-19-061330-3 (englisch, google.com).
  13. ↑ Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings, 2014. Alif Ailaan, abgerufen am 6. Mai 2014.
  14. ↑ Individual district profile link, 2014. Alif Ailaan, abgerufen am 6. Mai 2014.
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