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'''Luigi Cornaro''' (* [[1467]] in [[Venedig]]; † [[1565]] in [[Padua]]) war ein italienischer [[Philosoph]]. |
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'''Glozel''' ({{Coord|46|02|N|3|36|E|}}) is a hamlet in central [[France]], part of the [[commune in France|commune]] of [[Ferrières-sur-Sichon]], [[Canton of Le Mayet-de-Montagne]], [[Allier]], some 17 km from [[Vichy]]. |
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== Leben und Werk == |
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Glozel is probably best known as the place where, from 1924 to 1930, over 3,000 artifacts were discovered, including clay tablets, sculptures and vases, some of which were inscribed with symbols or letters. |
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Luigi Cornaro gehört zu den Musterbeispielen von [[Individualismus|Individualisten]] in der Epoche der [[Renaissance]] und machte durch seinen [[Traktat]] ''Vom mäßigen Leben'' (''Discorsi della vita sobria'') von sich Reden. In dieser [[Autobiographie]], die er 83-jährig verfasste, pries er die Freuden seines Alters gegenüber jenen, die ein weit geringeres Lebensalter verschmähten. Die gesundheitliche Voraussetzung für das Erreichen eines hohen Alters sah er in der Befolgung einer strengen [[Diät]], zu der er sich im Erleiden früherer Krankheiten, und sie überwindend, entschloss. In seinen Besitzungen engagierte er sich durch das Trockenlegen von Sümpfen und der Gewinnung von Kulturland und setzte sich für die Erhaltung der Lagunenlandschaft ein. In seinem Traktat führte er als Beweis für das Glück seines Alters an – und daran orientier(t)en sich Generationen von Nachahmern –, er könne trotz seines hohen Alters querfeldein laufen, reiten, jagen, singen wie nie zuvor, wäre heiter und kerngesund, umgäbe sich stets mit anregenden Zeitgenossen, wohne abwechselnd in zwei prächtigen Villen, passend entworfen für den Genuss der Jahreszeiten, reise viel, besuche Freunde und träfe dort Fachleute aller Wissenssparten, höre nicht auf, von Eindrücken und aus Begegnungen zu lernen, erfreue sich seiner elf gesunden und gebildeten Enkel und habe kürzlich sogar eine Komödie verfasst, was man alten Leuten nicht mehr zutraue ... Mit 95 Jahren konnte Cornaro die Freude über den Einfluss seines Traktates genießen. Cornaro starb fast 100-jährig in Padua. |
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== Leistungen == |
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Variously dated to [[Neolithic]], [[Iron Age]] and [[Medieval]] times, the finds initiated a series of claims, counterclaims and heated debates among French archaeologists. Initially, many experts argued in favor of a [[hoax]], but advanced testing from later decades confirmed that many of the Glozel artifacts were most likely of genuine antiquity. |
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Cornaro hat selbstbewusst das Leben eines agilen Hochbetagten wie kein anderer ausgelobt. In der Landschaftspflege hat er sich um die Erhaltung von Lagunen und die Gewinnung von Kulturland verdient gemacht. |
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== Literatur == |
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==Discovery and excavation== |
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The initial discovery was made on 1 March 1924 by 17-year old Émile Fradin (born August 8, 1906, died February 10, 2010 age 103 <ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/7370099/Emile-Fradin.html Émile Fradin obituary, Daily Telegraph, March 4, 2010]</ref>) and his grandfather Claude Fradin. Émile was guiding a [[cow]]-drawn [[plow]] when its foot became stuck in a cavity. Freeing the cow, the Fradins uncovered an underground chamber, with walls of clay bricks and 16 clay floor tiles, containing human bones and ceramic fragments. |
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*Jacob Burckhardt: ''Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien.'' 1860 (11. Auflage, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-520-05311-X, S. 245–247) |
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Adrienne Picandet, a local teacher, visited the Fradins' farm in March, and afterwards informed the Minister of Education about the site. On July 9, another teacher, Benoit Clément, visited the Fradins representing the [[Société d'émulation|Société d'Émulation du Bourbonnais]], later returning with a man called Viple. Clément and Viple used pickaxes to break down the chamber's remaining walls, which they took away with them. Later, Viple wrote to Émile Fradin identifying the site as Gallo-Roman, dating to between about A.D 100-400, and possibly of archeological importance. |
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{{Normdaten|PND=104317957|LCCN=n/79/063567|VIAF=2480646}} |
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The January issue of the ''Bulletin de la Société d'Émulation du Bourbonnais'' mentioned the finds, intriguing Antonin Morlet, a [[Vichy]] physician and amateur archaeologist. Morlet visited the farm on 26 April, offering 200 francs to be allowed to complete the excavation. Morlet began his excavations on 24 May, 1925, discovering tablets, idols, bone and flint tools and engraved stones. Morlet identified the site as [[Neolithic]] in a report entitled ''Nouvelle Station Néolithique'' published in September 1925, with Émile Fradin listed as co-author. |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cornaro, Luigi}} |
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Two other tombs were uncovered in 1927. More excavations were performed in April 1928. After 1941, a new law outlawed private excavations, and the site remained untouched until the Ministry of Culture re-opened excavations in 1983. The full report was never published, but a 13-page summary appeared in 1995. The authors suggest that the site is [[medieval]] (roughly A.D. 500–1500), possibly containing some earlier [[Iron Age]] objects, but was likely enriched by forgeries. |
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[[Kategorie:Philosoph (15. Jahrhundert)]] |
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[[Kategorie:Philosoph (16. Jahrhundert)]] |
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[[Kategorie:Italiener]] |
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[[Kategorie:Geboren 1467]] |
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[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1565]] |
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[[Kategorie:Mann]] |
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{{Personendaten |
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Since 1999, a group of scholars organized by [[René Germain]] has held an annual [[colloquium]] about Glozel in Vichy. |
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|NAME=Cornaro, Luigi |
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|ALTERNATIVNAMEN= |
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|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=italienischer Philosoph |
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|GEBURTSDATUM=1467 |
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|GEBURTSORT=[[Padua]] |
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|STERBEDATUM=1565 |
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|STERBEORT=[[Padua]] |
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}} |
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[[en:Luigi Cornaro]] |
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===Glozel affair and controversy=== |
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[[fr:Luigi Cornaro]] |
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French archaeological academia was dismissive of Morlet's 1925 report, published by an amateur and a peasant boy. Morlet invited a number of archaeologists to visit the site during 1926, including [[Salomon Reinach]], curator of the National Museum of [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], who spent three days excavating. Reinach confirmed the authenticity of the site in a communication to the [[Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres]]. Similarly, famous archaeologist [[Abbé Breuil]] excavated with Morlet and was impressed with the site, but on 2 October, Breuil wrote that "everything is false except the stoneware pottery." |
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[[it:Alvise Corner (scrittore)]] |
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[[la:Ludovicus Cornarus]] |
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At the meeting of the International Institute of Anthropology in Amsterdam, held in September 1927, Glozel was the subject of heated controversy. A commission was appointed for further investigation, arriving at Glozel on 5 November 1927. During their three day excavation campaign, the archaeologists were observed by spectators, who were by now flocking to the site, as finding various artifacts, but in their report of December 1927, the commission declared everything at Glozel with the exception of a few pieces of flint axes and stone were as a fake. [[René Dussaud]], curator at the [[Louvre]] and famous epigrapher, also accused Émile Fradin of forgery. On 8 January 1928, Fradin filed suit for defamation against Dussaud.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.museedeglozel.com/1928.htm |title = Glozel, l'année 1928 |publisher = Musée de Glozel |accessdate = January 17, 2009 |language = French}}</ref> |
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[[Felix Regnault]], the president of the French Prehistoric Society, visited Glozel on 24 February 1928. After briefly visiting the site's small museum, he filed a complaint of fraud. On 25 February, the police, under the direction of Regnault, searched the museum, destroyed glass display cases and confiscated three cases of artifacts. On February 28th the suit against Dussaud was postponed due to Regnault's pending indictment against Fradin. |
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A new group of neutral archaeologists, called the Committee of Studies, was appointed by scholars who were uncomfortable with the ongoing controversy. Excavating from 12 to 14 April 1928, they found more artifacts, and in their report asserted the authenticity of the site, which they identified as Neolithic. |
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Gaston-Edmond Bayle, chief of the Criminal Records Office in Paris, analyzed the confiscated artifacts. Bayle's report identified the artifacts as recent forgeries, and on 4 June 1929, Émile Fradin was indicted for fraud on the basis of Bayle's report. The verdict against Fradin was reverted by an appeal court in April 1931. The defamation charge against Dussaud came to trial in March 1932, and Dussaud was found guilty of defamation. |
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==Dating the artifacts== |
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Glass found at Glozel was dated [[spectrography|spectrographically]] in the 1920s, and again in the 1990s at the Slowpoke Reactor at the [[University of Toronto]] by [[neutron activation analysis]]. Both analyses place the glass fragments in the medieval period. Alice and Sam Gerard together with Robert Liris in 1995 managed to have two bone tubes found in Tomb II C-14 dated at the AMS C-14 laboratory at the [[University of Arizona]], finding a 13th century date. |
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[[Thermoluminescence dating]] of Glozel pottery in 1974 confirmed that the pottery was not produced recently. By 1979, 39 TL dates on 27 artifacts separated the artifacts into three groups: the first between 300 BC and 300 AD ([[Celtic Gaul|Celtic]] and [[Roman Gaul]]), the second medieval, centered on the 13th century, and the third recent. TL datings of 1983 performed in Oxford range from the 4th century to the medieval period. |
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[[Carbon-14]] datings of bone fragments range from the 13th to the 20th century. Three C-14 analyses performed in Oxford in 1984 dated a piece of charcoal to the 11th to 13th century, and a fragment of an ivory ring to the 15th century. A human [[femur]] was dated to the 5th century. |
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==Glozel tablets== |
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Some 100 [[ceramic]] tablets bearing inscriptions are among the artefacts found at Glozel. The inscriptions are, on average, on six or seven lines, mostly on a single side, although some specimens are inscribed on both faces. |
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The symbols on the tablets are reminiscent of the [[Phoenician alphabet]], but they have not been conclusively deciphered. There were numerous claims of decypherment, including identification of the language of the inscriptions as [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Urartian language|Chaldean]], [[Eteocretan language|Eteocretan]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Iberian language|Iberian]], [[Latin]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian]], [[Phoenician languages|Phoenician]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]].<ref>[http://www.museedeglozel.com/Trad2030.htm Traducteurs de Glozel de l'entre-deux-guerres<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.museedeglozel.com/Trad5090.htm Traducteurs de Glozel d'après-guerre<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.museedeglozel.com/Trad2000.htm Traducteurs actuels de Glozel<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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In 1982, Hans-Rudolf Hitz suggested a [[Celt]]ic origin for the inscriptions, and dated the inscriptions to between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD, suggesting a [[Gaulish]] dialect. He counts 25 signs, augmented by some 60 variations and ligatures. Hitz hypothesizes that the alphabet was influenced by the [[Lepontic]] [[alphabet of Lugano]], itself descended from the [[Etruscan alphabet]], reading some Lepontic proper names like ''Setu'' (Lepontic ''Setu-pokios''), ''Attec'' (Lepontic ''Ati'', ''Atecua''), ''Uenit'' (Lepontic ''Uenia''), ''Tepu'' (Lepontic ''Atepu''). Hitz even claims discovery of the toponym ''Glozel'' itself, as ''nemu chlausei'' "in the sacred place of Glozel" (comparing ''nemu'' to Gaulish ''nemeton'').<ref>{{cite web|last=Hitz|first=Hans-Rudolph|title=The Glozel Writing|url=http://www.glozel.net/writing.html}}</ref> |
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==Literature== |
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*André Cherpillod, ''Glozel et l'écriture préhistorique'' (1991), ISBN 2-906134-15-5 |
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*Émile Fradin, ''Glozel et ma vie (Les Énigmes de l'univers)'', R. Laffont (1979), ISBN 2-221-00284-9 |
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*Alice Gerard, ''Glozel : Bones of Contention'' (2005), ISBN 0-595-67067-9 |
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*Alice Gerard, ''Glozel'' (2005) ASIN B0007QAAM0 |
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*Hans-Rudolf Hitz, ''Als man noch protokeltisch sprach: Versuch einer Entzifferung der Inschriften von Glozel'', Juris (1982), ISBN 3-260-04914-2 |
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*Marie Labarrère-Delorme, ''La Colombe de Glozel: Propositions pour une lecture des inscriptions de Glozel'', M. Labarrère-Delorme (1992) ISBN 2-9504632-1-5 |
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*Nicole Torchet , ''L'Affaire de Glozel'', Copernic (1978), ISBN 2-85984-021-4 |
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*Gigi Sanna, 'Conferenza di Parigi.I documenti oracolari in lingua greca arcaica di Glozel ed il culto di Apollo IEIOS in Delfi'; in Quaderni Oristanesi, 53/54, Aprile 2005. |
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*Gigi Sanna, 'Da Tzricotu (Sardegna) a Delfi (Grecia) percorrendo Glozel (Francia). I segni del Lossia Cacciatore. Le lettere ambigue di Apollo e l'alfabeto protogreco di Pito.'; S'Alvure ed. Oristano (2007) |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.museedeglozel.com/ Glozel Museum Website (in French)] |
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*[http://www.glozel.net/ Alice Gerard] |
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**[http://www.glozel.net/pdf/The_Glozel_Writing.pdf Inscription Corpus] |
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*[http://www.gerbeaud.com/glozel/ Glozel] |
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*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/adamcurtis/2010/05/a_few_weeks_ago_the.html La Vache Qui Rit (BBC/Adam Curtis)] |
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*[http://www.jornalinfinito.com.br/materias.asp?cod=105 Glozel and Lussac les Châteaux] (Journal Infinito) |
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[[Category:Allier]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in France]] |
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[[Category:Native populated places in ancient Gaul]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological forgery]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological forgeries]] |
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[[es:Glozel]] |
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[[fr:Glozel]] |
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[[nl:Glozel]] |
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Version vom 2. Dezember 2011, 13:33 Uhr
Luigi Cornaro (* 1467 in Venedig; † 1565 in Padua) war ein italienischer Philosoph.
Leben und Werk
Luigi Cornaro gehört zu den Musterbeispielen von Individualisten in der Epoche der Renaissance und machte durch seinen Traktat Vom mäßigen Leben (Discorsi della vita sobria) von sich Reden. In dieser Autobiographie, die er 83-jährig verfasste, pries er die Freuden seines Alters gegenüber jenen, die ein weit geringeres Lebensalter verschmähten. Die gesundheitliche Voraussetzung für das Erreichen eines hohen Alters sah er in der Befolgung einer strengen Diät, zu der er sich im Erleiden früherer Krankheiten, und sie überwindend, entschloss. In seinen Besitzungen engagierte er sich durch das Trockenlegen von Sümpfen und der Gewinnung von Kulturland und setzte sich für die Erhaltung der Lagunenlandschaft ein. In seinem Traktat führte er als Beweis für das Glück seines Alters an – und daran orientier(t)en sich Generationen von Nachahmern –, er könne trotz seines hohen Alters querfeldein laufen, reiten, jagen, singen wie nie zuvor, wäre heiter und kerngesund, umgäbe sich stets mit anregenden Zeitgenossen, wohne abwechselnd in zwei prächtigen Villen, passend entworfen für den Genuss der Jahreszeiten, reise viel, besuche Freunde und träfe dort Fachleute aller Wissenssparten, höre nicht auf, von Eindrücken und aus Begegnungen zu lernen, erfreue sich seiner elf gesunden und gebildeten Enkel und habe kürzlich sogar eine Komödie verfasst, was man alten Leuten nicht mehr zutraue ... Mit 95 Jahren konnte Cornaro die Freude über den Einfluss seines Traktates genießen. Cornaro starb fast 100-jährig in Padua.
Leistungen
Cornaro hat selbstbewusst das Leben eines agilen Hochbetagten wie kein anderer ausgelobt. In der Landschaftspflege hat er sich um die Erhaltung von Lagunen und die Gewinnung von Kulturland verdient gemacht.
Literatur
- Jacob Burckhardt: Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien. 1860 (11. Auflage, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-520-05311-X, S. 245–247)
| Personendaten | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Cornaro, Luigi |
| KURZBESCHREIBUNG | italienischer Philosoph |
| GEBURTSDATUM | 1467 |
| GEBURTSORT | Padua |
| STERBEDATUM | 1565 |
| STERBEORT | Padua |