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*[[Portal Diskussion:Comic/Archiv/2005]] und [[Portal:Comic/Kategorien|Diskussion zu Kategorien 2005]] |
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{{Infobox Former Country |
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*[[Portal Diskussion:Comic/Archiv/2006]] |
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|native_name = Псковская Республика<br>''Pskovskaya Respublika'' |
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*[[Portal Diskussion:Comic/Archiv/2007]] |
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|conventional_long_name = Pskov Republic |
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*[[Portal Diskussion:Comic/Archiv/2008]] |
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|common_name = Pskov Republic |
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*[[Portal Diskussion:Comic/Archiv/2009]] |
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|continent = Europe |
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*[[Portal Diskussion:Comic/Archiv/2010]] |
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|region = Europe |
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|year_start = 13th-century |
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|year_end = 16th-century |
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|date_start = |
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|date_end = |
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|event_start = |
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|event_end = |
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|p1 = Kievan Rus' |
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|image_p1 = [[Image:Yarthewise.png|30px]] |
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|p2 = |
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|flag_p2 = |
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|s1 = Grand Duchy of Moscow |
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|image_s1 = [[File:Russia01.gif|30px]] |
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|image_flag = |
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|image_coat = |
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|coa_size = |
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|s2 = |
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|flag_s2 = |
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|image_flag = |
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|image_coat = |
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|coa_size = |
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|image_map = |
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|image_map_caption = |
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|religion = |
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|capital = [[Pskov]] |
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|government_type = [[Mixed government|Mixed]] |
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|legislature = |
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|title_leader = |
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|leader1 = |
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|year_leader1 = |
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|year_deputy1 = |
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|common_languages = [[Old East Slavic]] |
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|currency = |
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}} |
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[[Image:Trinity Cathedral in Pskov 2.JPG|thumb|300px|In the medieval [[kremlin]] of Pskov.]] |
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'''Pskov Republic''' ({{lang-ru|'''Псковская Республика''', ''Pskovskaya Respublika''}} in [[Russian language|Russian]]) was a [[medieval]] state between the second half of the 13th century and early 16th century. |
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==Origin== |
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After the disintegration of [[Kievan Rus']] in the 12th century, the city of [[Pskov]] with its surrounding territories along the [[Velikaya River]], [[Lake Peipus]], [[Pskovskoye Lake]] and [[Narva River]] became a part of the [[Novgorod Republic]]. It kept its special autonomous rights, including the right for independent construction of suburbs ([[Izborsk]] is the most ancient among them). Due to Pskov's leading role in the struggle against the [[Livonian Order]], its influence spread significantly. The long reign of [[Daumantas of Pskov|Daumantas]] (1266-99) and especially his victory in the [[Battle of Rakvere]] (1268) ushered in the period of Pskov's actual independence. The Novgorod [[boyar]]s formally recognized Pskov's independence in the [[Treaty of Bolotovo]] (1348), relinquising their right to appoint the [[posadnik]]s of Pskov. The city of Pskov remained dependent on Novgorod only in [[ecclesiastic]]al matters until 1589, when a separate bishopric of Pskov was created and the archbishops of Novgorod dropped Pskov from their title and were created "Archbishops of Novgorod the Great and Velikie Luki". |
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==Internal organization== |
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[[Image:Pskov Veche Vasnetsov.jpg|thumb|275px|''[[Veche]] in [[Pskov]]'', painting by [[Viktor Vasnetsov]]]] |
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The Pskov Republic had well-developed [[farming]], [[fishing]], [[blacksmith]]ing, jeweler’s art, and construction industry. Exchange of commodities within the republic itself and its [[trade]] with Novgorod and other Russian cities, the [[Baltic region]], and [[Western Europe]]an cities made Pskov one of the biggest [[handicraft]] and trade centers of Rus. As opposed to Novgorod Republic, Pskov never had big feudal [[landowner]]s, whose [[estate (land)|estates]] were smaller and even more scattered than of those in Novgorod. The estates of Pskovian monasteries and churches were much smaller, as well. The social relations that had taken shape in the Pskov Republic were reflected in the [[Legal Code of Pskov]]. Peculiarities of the [[economy]], centuries-old ties with Novgorod, [[frontier]] status, and military threats led to the development of the [[veche]] system in the Pskov Republic. The [[knyaz]]s played a subordinate role. The veche elected posadniks and [[sotskiy]]s (''сотский'' - initially, an official who represented a hundred households) and regulated the relations between [[feudal]]s, [[posad]] people, [[izbornik]]s (''изборник'' - elected officials), and [[smerd]]s (peasants). The boyar council had a special influence on the decisions of the veche, which gathered at the Trinity Cathedral. |
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The latter also held the [[archive]]s of the veche and important private papers and state documents. The elective offices became a privilege of several noble families. During the most dramatic moments in the history of Pskov, however, the so called "molodshiye" posad people (''молодшие посадские люди'', or low-ranking posad officials) played an important and, at times, decisive role in the veche. The struggle between the boyars and smerds, "molodshiye" and "bolshiye" posad people (high-ranking posad officials) was reflected in the [[heresy]] of the [[Strigolniki]] in the 14th century and veche debates of the 1470s-1490s, which often ended with bloody clashes. |
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==Final years== |
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[[Image:nevsky2.jpg|thumb|275px|The Teutonic knights in Pskov, screenshot from ''[[Alexander Nevsky (film)|Alexander Nevsky]]''.]] |
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The strengthening of ties with [[Moscow]], caused by economic development and [[foreign policy]] objectives, Pskov’s participation in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]] in 1380, and successful joint struggle against the [[Teutonic Knights]] and [[Lithuania]]ns offered conditions for elimination of the independence of the Pskov Republic.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Since 1399 Pskov with its adjacent lands became a [[viceroy|vice-royalty]] of [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] with their own [[namestnik]] ([[viceroy]]) [[knyaz]] appointed by the [[Moscow]]'s royalty. |
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In 1510, [[Grand Prince]] of Moscow [[Vasili III]] arrived in Pskov and pronounced it his [[votchina]], thus, putting an end to the Pskov Republic and autonomous rights. The city's ruling body, [[Pskov Veche]], was dissolved and some 300 families of rich Pskovians were deported from the city. Their estates were distributed among the [[Moscow|Muscovite]] [[service class people]]. From that time on, the city of Pskov and the lands around it continued to develop as a part the centralized Russian state, preserving some of its economic and cultural traditions. |
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The downfall of Pskov is recounted in the Muscovite ''Story of the Taking of Pskov'' (1510), which was lauded by [[D.S. Mirsky]] as "one of the most beautiful short stories of Old Russia. The history of the Muscovites' leisurely perseverance is told with admirable simplicity and art. An atmosphere of descending gloom pervades the whole narrative: all is useless, and whatever the Pskovites can do, the Muscovite cat will take its time and eat the mouse when and how it pleases".<ref>[[D.S. Mirsky]]. ''A History of Russian Literature''. Northwestern University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8101-1679-0. Page 23.</ref>. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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*The Chronicles of Pskov, vol. 1-2. Moscow-Leningrad, 1941-55. |
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*Масленникова Н. Н. "Присоединения Пскова к Русскому централизованному государству". Leningrad, 1955. |
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*Валеров А.В. "Новгород и Псков: Очерки политической истории Северо-Западной Руси XI-XIV вв.'' Moscow: Aleteia, 2004. ISBN 5-89329-668-0. |
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[[Category:13th-century establishments]] |
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[[Category:East Slavic history]] |
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[[Category:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League]] |
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[[Category:History of Russia]] |
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[[Category:Former countries in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Former Slavic countries]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in the 13th century]] |
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[[be:Пскоўская рэспубліка]] |
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[[be-x-old:Пскоўская рэспубліка]] |
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[[da:Republikken Pihkva]] |
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[[et:Pihkva vürstiriik]] |
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[[fr:République de Pskov]] |
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[[it:Repubblica di Pskov]] |
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[[ka:ფსკოვის რესპუბლიკა]] |
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[[lt:Pskovo respublika]] |
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[[pl:Republika Pskowska]] |
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[[ru:Псковская республика]] |
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