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{{Infobox Gemeinde in Italien
The '''Dolaucothi Gold Mines''' ({{gbmapping|SN662399}}), also known as the '''Ogofau Gold Mine''', are [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] surface and deep [[mining|mines]] located in the valley of the [[River Cothi]], near [[Pumsaint]], [[Carmarthenshire]], [[Wales]].
| nomeComune = Buonconvento
| linkStemma = Buonconvento-Stemma.png
| siglaRegione = TOS
| siglaProvincia = SI
| regione = Toskana
| provincia = Siena
| latitudineGradi = 43
| latitudineMinuti = 8
| latitudineSecondi = 0
| longitudineGradi = 11
| longitudineMinuti = 29
| longitudineSecondi = 0
| mappaX = 121
| mappaY = 132
| altitudine = 147
| superficie = 64
| frazioni = Bibbiano, Percenna
| comuniLimitrofi = [[Asciano]], [[Montalcino]], [[Monteroni d'Arbia]], [[Murlo]], [[San Giovanni d'Asso]]
| cap = 53022
| prefisso = 0577
| istat = 052003
| fiscale = B269
| nomeAbitanti = Buonconventini
| patrono = [[Simon Petrus|San Pietro]] und San [[Paulus von Tarsus|San Paolo]] (29. Juni)
| festivo = [[29 giugno]]
| sito = [http://www.comune.buonconvento.si.it/ Gemeinde Buonconvento]
}}


'''Buonconvento''' ist eine [[Italien|italienische]] Gemeinde mit {{EWZ|IT|052003}} Einwohnern (Stand {{EWD|IT|052003}}) in der [[Provinz Siena]] in der [[Toskana]].
They are the only mines for [[Welsh gold]] outside those of the [[Dolgellau]] gold-belt, and are a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]]. They are also the only known Roman gold mines in Britain, although it does not exclude the likelihood that they exploited other known sources in [[Devon]] and [[Scotland]] for example. The site is important for showing advanced Roman technology.


==Roman mining methods==
== Geografie ==
Die Kleinstadt Buonconvento liegt in der Landschaft [[Crete Senesi]] an der Mündung des [[Arbia]] in den [[Ombrone]], in der Nachbarschaft der bekannten Weinstadt [[Montalcino]] in einer Höhe von 147 m über dem Meeresspiegel.


Der Ort erstreckt sich über 64 [[km²]], die Einwohnerdichte beträgt etwa 49 Einwohner/km². Er liegt etwa 30 km südöstlich von [[Siena]] und ca. 70 km südostlich von [[Florenz]]. Zu seinen Ortsteilen zählen Bibbiano und Percenna. Die Nachbargemeinden sind [[Asciano]], [[Montalcino]], [[Monteroni d'Arbia]], [[Murlo]] und [[San Giovanni d'Asso]].
[[Image:the_golden_wheel_from_Dolaucothi.png|right|The Dolaucothi Golden Wheel]]
[[Archaeology]] suggests that gold extraction on this site may have started sometime in the [[Bronze Age]], probably by washing of the gold-bearing gravels of the river Cothi. [[Frontinus]] was sent into Roman Britain in 74 AD to succeed [[Quintus Petillius Cerialis]] as governor of that island. He subdued the [[Silures]] and other hostile tribes of Wales, establishing a new base at [[Caerleon]] for Legio II Augusta and a network of smaller forts fifteen to twenty kilometres apart for his auxiliary units. During his tenure, he probably established the fort at Pumsaint in west Wales, largely to exploit the gold deposits at Dolaucothi. Evidence from the [[fortification|fort]] (known as [[Luentinum]] from details given by [[Ptolemy]]) and [[town|settlement]] show that the [[Roman Britain|Romans]] worked the mine during the [[1st century|first]] and [[2nd century|second]] centuries AD (from circa AD 78 until around AD 140). They made extensive use of water carried by several aqueducts (the longest of which is about 7 miles from its source in a gorge of the river) to prospect for the gold veins hidden beneath the soil on the hillsides above the modern village of Pumsaint. A small stream high above the site, the Annell, was used initially to provide water for prospecting, and there are large tanks for holding the water still visible above an isolated opencast pit carved in the side of the hill. The larger aqueduct from the Cothi crosses this opencast, proving it to be later.


== Geschichte ==
===Hydraulic mining===
Der Name des Ortes stammt vom lateinischen ''Bonus conventus'', der Ort ist also römischen Ursprungs, wird allerdings erst um 1100 urkundlich erwähnt. In Buonconvento starb am 24. August 1313 an einer fiebrigen Erkrankung der römisch-deutsche Kaiser [[Heinrich VII. (HRR)|Heinrich VII.]], der 1310 nach Italien gereist war, um hier die kaiserliche Autorität wiederherzustellen. 1371 wurde mit dem Bau der Stadtmauern begonnen, der 1383 abgeschlossen wurde. Buonconvento stieg zum wichtigsten Zentrum des Arbiatales auf, gehörte politisch jedoch zur Republik Siena bzw. ab 1557 mit diesem zum [[Großherzogtum Toskana]] der [[Medici]].
[[Image:Dolaucothimap2.jpg|thumb|320px|Map of the gold mine]]
The water was stored in the tanks and then released suddenly, the wave of water sweeping away the soil to reveal the bedrock and any gold-bearing veins beneath. [[Pliny the Elder]] gives a dramatic account in his [[Naturalis Historia]] of the method, possibly derived from his experiences in Spain. The method is known as "hushing" and survived in use until the seventeenth century in Britain. A not dissimilar method is used today in exploiting alluvial tin deposits, and is known as [[hydraulic mining]]. The same water supply was used for washing crushed gold ore, and also possibly driving stamping mills for comminution of the ore (Lewis and Jones, 1969). The first [[aqueduct]] was built at a high level on the east slope of Allt Cwmhenog and tapping a small stream about two miles away. There is a large tank at its end, where it sweeps aroung the brow of the hill onto the west side of the ridge. A gold vein must have been discovered here, because there is a large opencast below the tank. Yet the larger and longer aqueduct taps the river Cothi about 7 miles to the north-east and traverses the same opencast, so must be later in date. [[Image:Dolaucothimap4.jpg|thumb|320px|Development of mine]]
Prospecting was successful and several opencasts are visible below the large tanks built along its length. The only exception is the final and very large tank, below which are two reservoirs. It is likely that this complex was used for washing powdered ore to collect the gold dust. More leets and tanks can be found below the line of the main aqueduct, some of which are shown on the map of the site. They surround the lip of the very large opencast at the base of the hill, and down to the road and the Carreg Pumsaint erected in the space beside a large mound, now thought to be a dump of waste material from crushing activities.
The existing ponds above and below the minor road from Pumsaint to Caio, were possibly part of a cascade for washing ore, the upper tank having yielded large quantities of Roman pottery from ca 78 to 140 AD (Lewis, 1977). The upper pool is known as Melin-y-Milwyr, or the soldier's mill, an intriguing name that implies that [[watermills]] may have been used here during the Roman period. A large-scale mill complex is known from [[Barbegal]] in southern [[France]], where no less than 16 mills (in two lines of 8 each) were built into the side of a hill and supplied with water from a single aqueduct, that same aqueduct which features in the famous [[Pont du Gard]]. There were two lines of parallel overshot mills, the outflow from one feeding the next below. The mill supplied flour to the region.


== Wirtschaft ==
This site yields some of the earliest evidence anywhere for the Roman use of water-powered trip-hammers to crush ore (Burnham 1997).
Die Wirtschaft der Stadt basiert traditionell auf der Landwirtschaft, insbesondere dem Weinanbau. Daneben hat sich in der pittoresken Gemeinde der Tourismus entwickelt, wobei Gäste hauptsächlich in vermieteten Landhäusern im Umfeld der Stadt untergebracht werden.


[[Bild:Buonconvento (SI) torre.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Torre campanaria]]
===Deep mining===
[[Datei:Buonconvento1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Ehemaliger Brunnen]]
== Sehenswürdigkeiten ==
They followed the veins with shafts and tunnels underground, some of which still exist on the site. The remains of Roman dewatering machines were found during the 1930's when the mines were re-opened briefly. The most interesting discovery included part of a reverse overshot [[water wheel]] which is now in the [[National Museum of Wales]]. A similar but larger example was rediscovered during mine operations at [[Rio Tinto]] in [[Spain]], and is now in the [[British Museum]], which also possesses most of the gold artefacts found in the last century at the site. [[Gold mining]] was sophisticated and technologically advanced, suggesting that the Roman army itself pioneered exploitation at the site.
Die Altstadt stammt weitgehend aus dem 14. Jahrhundert und ist gut erhalten. Hier befindet sich an der Hauptstraße des Ortes das Museum für sakrale Kunst, wo vor allem Werke aus den Kirchen des Arbiatales ausgestellt werden, die von Meistern der [[Schule von Siena|Sienenser Malerschule]] gefertigt wurden, wie [[Duccio]], [[Pietro Lorenzetti]], [[Andrea di Bartolo]], [[Matteo di Giovanni]], [[Simondio Salimbeni]] und andere.
In der „Tinaia del Taja“ befindet sich das Museo della Mezzadria, das sich mit dem Leben und der Geschichte der Pächter beschäftigt. Sehenswert sind auch die Palazzi der Stadt, sowie das beeindruckende Stadttor innerhalb der Stadtmauer, die in den letzten Jahren renoviert wurde.


Unweit von Buonconvento befindet sich die sehenswerte Olivetanerabtei [[Monte Oliveto Maggiore]].
==Similar sites==


== Söhne und Töchter der Stadt ==
These workings are comparable with those in the [[Carpathian mountains]] of [[Transylvania]] in modern [[Romania]], at [[Rosia Montana]], and with the Roman gold mines in north-west [[Spain]], such as [[Las Medulas]]. The Romans may have used [[slavery in antiquity#Slavery_in_Rome |slave labour]] taken from the local area to work the mine, although the army itself was probably most directly involved, especially for their engineering skills in surveying and building [[aqueducts]] and water [[reservoirs]]. No evidence of the Roman [[minting]] process exists on or near the site, so the [[gold]] may then have been sent as far away as [[Rome]] to be minted. After the military occupation the mine may have been taken over by [[Romano-British]] civilian contractors.
* [[Mauro Bellugi]] (* 1950), Fußballspieler


==Later history==
== Weblinks ==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.comune.buonconvento.si.it/ Gemeinde Buonconvento]


== Einzelnachweise ==
Following the [[Roman departure from Britain]] in the [[5th century]], the mine lay abandoned for centuries. There was a short revival in Elizabethan times and in the [[19th century]]; in the 1930s a shaft was sunk to 430 [[Foot (unit of length)|feet]] in an attempt to locate new seams. Falling into disrepair and unsafe due to flooding at its lower levels, the mine finally closed in 1938. It was during this period that ancient workings were found, and a dewatering mill discovered within. The remains are now in the [[British Museum]].
<references />


{{Navigationsleiste Gemeinden Provinz Siena}}
The [[United Kingdom]]'s [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] has owned and run the site since 1941. Manchester and Cardiff Universities were active in exploring the extensive remains in the 1960s and 70s. The National Trust organises guided tours for visitors, showing them the mine and the Roman archaeology.


[[Kategorie:Ort in der Toskana]]
==References==


[[bcl:Buonconvento]]
*Oliver Davies, "Roman Mines in Europe", Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1935.
[[en:Buonconvento]]

[[eo:Buonconvento]]
*Jones G. D. B., I. J. Blakey, and E. C. F. MacPherson, "Dolaucothi: the Roman aqueduct," ''Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies'' 19 (1960): 71-84 and plates III-V.
[[es:Buonconvento]]

[[fi:Buonconvento]]
*Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, "The Dolaucothi gold mines, I: the surface evidence," ''The Antiquaries Journal'', 49, no. 2 (1969): 244-72.
[[fr:Buonconvento]]

[[it:Buonconvento]]
*Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, "Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain," ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 60 (1970): 169-85.
[[ja:ブオンコンヴェント]]

[[la:Bonus Conventus]]
*Lewis, P. R., "The Ogofau Roman gold mines at Dolaucothi," The National Trust Year Book 1976-77 (1977).
[[lmo:Buonconvento]]

[[nap:Buonconvento]]
*Barry C. Burnham, "Roman Mining at Dolaucothi: the Implications of the 1991-3 Excavations near the Carreg Pumsaint", ''Britannia'' 28 (1997), 325-336
[[nl:Buonconvento]]

[[pl:Buonconvento]]
==See also==
[[pms:Buonconvento]]
* [[Mining in Roman Britain]]
[[pt:Buonconvento]]
* [[Roman aqueducts]]
[[roa-tara:Buonconvento]]
* [[Roman technology]]
[[ru:Буонконвенто]]
* [[Roman army]]
[[uk:Буонконвенто]]

[[vi:Buonconvento]]
==External links==
[[vo:Buonconvento]]
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-dolaucothigoldmines/ Dolaucothi Gold Mines information at the National Trust]
*[http://resourcesforhistory.com/goldmine.htm An interactive quiz relating to Dolaucothi Gold Mine. Includes an animation of a water wheel used to empty the Dolaucothi Gold Mine of water.]
*[http://www.cambria.org.uk/HLC/Dolaucothi/area/area243.htm Description of site by Cadw]
*[http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tlysau.org.uk/storage/Components/520/52066_1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.tlysau.org.uk/en/item10/28951&h=300&w=300&sz=19&hl=en&start=38&tbnid=v-06Uz_CibkyxM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddolaucothi%2Bgold%2Bmines%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN Cultural jewels of Wales]
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hrs1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=%22melin+y+milwyr%22&source=web&ots=ZiD9IwCFhO&sig=CB9r6gsFrM8UITptqY6e2oRuJMg&hl=en#PPA301,M1 Early reference]

{{coor title d|52.04130|N|3.95224|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SN662399)}}<!-- Note: WGS84 lat/long, converted from OSGB36 grid ref -->

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Carmarthenshire]]
[[Category:Gold mines in Wales]]
[[Category:Gold mines in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Wales]]
[[Category:Roman sites in Wales]]
[[Category:Prehistoric sites in Wales]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Wales]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Carmarthen & Dinefwr]]
[[Category:Roman Britain]]
[[cy:Mwynfeydd aur Dolaucothi]]
[[no:Dolaucothi gullgruve]]

Version vom 5. April 2010, 03:19 Uhr

Buonconvento
Buonconvento (Italien)
Buonconvento (Italien)
Staat Italien
Region Toskana
Provinz Siena (SI)
Koordinaten 43° 8′ N, 11° 29′ OKoordinaten: 43° 8′ 0″ N, 11° 29′ 0″ O
Höhe 147 m s.l.m.
Fläche 64 km²
Einwohner 2.984 (31. Dez. 2023)[1]
Postleitzahl 53022
Vorwahl 0577
ISTAT-Nummer 052003
Bezeichnung der Bewohner Buonconventini
Schutzpatron San Pietro und San San Paolo (29. Juni)
Website Gemeinde Buonconvento

Buonconvento ist eine italienische Gemeinde mit 2984 Einwohnern (Stand 31. Dezember 2023) in der Provinz Siena in der Toskana.

Geografie

Die Kleinstadt Buonconvento liegt in der Landschaft Crete Senesi an der Mündung des Arbia in den Ombrone, in der Nachbarschaft der bekannten Weinstadt Montalcino in einer Höhe von 147 m über dem Meeresspiegel.

Der Ort erstreckt sich über 64 km², die Einwohnerdichte beträgt etwa 49 Einwohner/km². Er liegt etwa 30 km südöstlich von Siena und ca. 70 km südostlich von Florenz. Zu seinen Ortsteilen zählen Bibbiano und Percenna. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Asciano, Montalcino, Monteroni d'Arbia, Murlo und San Giovanni d'Asso.

Geschichte

Der Name des Ortes stammt vom lateinischen Bonus conventus, der Ort ist also römischen Ursprungs, wird allerdings erst um 1100 urkundlich erwähnt. In Buonconvento starb am 24. August 1313 an einer fiebrigen Erkrankung der römisch-deutsche Kaiser Heinrich VII., der 1310 nach Italien gereist war, um hier die kaiserliche Autorität wiederherzustellen. 1371 wurde mit dem Bau der Stadtmauern begonnen, der 1383 abgeschlossen wurde. Buonconvento stieg zum wichtigsten Zentrum des Arbiatales auf, gehörte politisch jedoch zur Republik Siena bzw. ab 1557 mit diesem zum Großherzogtum Toskana der Medici.

Wirtschaft

Die Wirtschaft der Stadt basiert traditionell auf der Landwirtschaft, insbesondere dem Weinanbau. Daneben hat sich in der pittoresken Gemeinde der Tourismus entwickelt, wobei Gäste hauptsächlich in vermieteten Landhäusern im Umfeld der Stadt untergebracht werden.

Torre campanaria
Ehemaliger Brunnen

Sehenswürdigkeiten

Die Altstadt stammt weitgehend aus dem 14. Jahrhundert und ist gut erhalten. Hier befindet sich an der Hauptstraße des Ortes das Museum für sakrale Kunst, wo vor allem Werke aus den Kirchen des Arbiatales ausgestellt werden, die von Meistern der Sienenser Malerschule gefertigt wurden, wie Duccio, Pietro Lorenzetti, Andrea di Bartolo, Matteo di Giovanni, Simondio Salimbeni und andere. In der „Tinaia del Taja“ befindet sich das Museo della Mezzadria, das sich mit dem Leben und der Geschichte der Pächter beschäftigt. Sehenswert sind auch die Palazzi der Stadt, sowie das beeindruckende Stadttor innerhalb der Stadtmauer, die in den letzten Jahren renoviert wurde.

Unweit von Buonconvento befindet sich die sehenswerte Olivetanerabtei Monte Oliveto Maggiore.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt

Commons: Buonconvento – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Bilancio demografico e popolazione residente per sesso al 31 dicembre 2023. ISTAT. (Bevölkerungsstatistiken des Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, Stand 31. Dezember 2023).
Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolaucothi-Goldminen&oldid=72759332“