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{{dablink|This article is about the Atlantic hurricane in 2002. For other storms of the same name, see [[Hurricane Lili (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Dieser Artikel|beschreibt die Person Ferdinand Verbiest, der Asteroid wird unter [[Verbiest (Asteroid)]] erklärt.}}
{{Infobox Hurricane
[[Image:VerbiestAtWork.jpg|thumb|210px|Ferdinand Verbiest bei der Arbeit]]
| Name=Hurricane Lili
[[Image:Le Pere Ferdinand Verbiest.gif|thumb|210px|Vater Ferdinand Verbiest, 1736<ref>http://content.wsulibs.wsu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/mexico&CISOPTR=18</ref>]]
| Type=hurricane
[[Image:SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg|thumb|210px|Bild der möglicherweise selbstfahrenden kleinen Dampfmaschine, die Verbiest als seine Konstruktion beschreibt.]]
| Year=2002
'''Ferdinand Verbiest''' (* [[9. Oktober]] [[1623]] in [[Pittem]]; † [[28. Januar]] [[1688]] in [[Peking]]) war ein belgischer [[Jesuiten]]missionar.
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Hurricane Lili 02 oct 2002 1645Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Lili at peak intensity
| Formed=[[September 21]], [[2002]]
| Dissipated=[[October 6]], [[2002]]
| 1-min winds=125
| Pressure=938
| Damages=882
| Inflated=2
| Fatalities=14 direct, 2 indirect
| Areas=[[Windward Islands]], [[Cuba]], [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], [[Louisiana]]
| Hurricane season=[[2002 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}


'''Hurricane Lili''' was the twelfth named storm, fourth [[hurricane]], and second major hurricane of the [[2002 Atlantic hurricane season]]. The storm developed from a tropical disturbance in the open Atlantic on [[September 21]]. It continued westward, affecting the [[Lesser Antilles]] as a tropical storm, then entered the [[Carribean Sea]]. As it moved west, the storm dissipated and then regenerated while being impacted by [[wind shear]] south of [[Cuba]]. It turned to the northwest and strengthened up to [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category Two]] strength on [[October 1]]. Lili made two [[landfall|landfalls]] in Western Cuba later that day, and then entered the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The hurricane rapidly strengthened on [[October 2]], reaching Category Four strength that afternoon. It weakened rapidly thereafter, and hit [[Louisiana]] as a Category One hurricane on [[October 3]]. It moved inland and dissipated on [[October 6]].<ref name="TCR"/>
Er erreichte 1660 China und wirkte am Hof des Mandschu-Kaisers [[Kangxi]], zu dem er eine freundschaftliche Beziehung entwickelte. Nach 1669 übernahm er von den jesuitischen Astronomen [[Johann Schreck]] und [[Adam Schall von Bell]] die Leitung des kaiserlichen Kalenderamtes.


Lili caused extensive damage through the Carribean, particuarly to crops and poorly built homes.<ref name="Jamaicaobserver">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Lil leaves trail of destruction in Eastern Carribean|publisher=Jamaica Observer|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-23|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20020925T200000-0500_32586_OBS_LILI_LEAVES_TRAIL_OF_DESTRUCTION_IN_EASTERN_CARIBBEAN.asp}}</ref> Mudslides were common on the more mountainous islands.<ref name="USAtoday1">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Lili killed 4 in Haiti;deaths unreported for a week|publisher=USA Today|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-23|url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2002/2002-10-05-lili-haiti.htm}}</ref> In the [[United States]], the storm cut off production of oil in the Gulf of Mexico, and caused severe damage in parts of Louisiana. was also responsible for severe damage to the barrier islands and marshes in the southern portion of the state. Total damage amounted to $860 million (2002 USD; $1.1 billion 2007 USD), and the storm killed 16 people during its lifetime.<ref name="TCR"/>
Gegen 1670 hat Verbiest möglicherweise das erste aus eigener Kraft selbstfahrende (= automobile) Fahrzeugmodell der Welt erfunden. Neben seinen astronomischen Studien experimentierte er mit Dampfantrieb und baute ein kleines Dreirad mit Dampfkessel, das über eine Düse, eine kleine Turbine und ein Reduktionsgetriebe seine eigene Hinterachse antrieb.


== Literatur ==
* {{ADB|39|612|613|Verbiest, Ferdinand|Moritz Cantor}}
* R.A. Blondeeau: ''Mandariin en astronoom aan het hof van de Chinese Keizer'', Bruges, 1970.
* V. Ickx: ''Ainsi naquit l'automobile'', [[Lausanne]], 1961.
* J.W. Witk(Hrsg.): ''F.Verbiest, Jesuit Missionary, Scientist, Engineer and Diplomat'', [[Nettetal]], 1994.
* N. Golvers(Hrsg): ''The Christian Mission in China in the Verbiest era'', [[Louvain]], 1999.


== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>


== Weblinks ==
==Storm History==
{{storm path|Lili 2002 track.png}}
{{PND|118862928}}
{{VD17|004303687}}
* {{BBKL|v/verbiest_f}}


The hurricane originated with a [[tropical cyclone|tropical wave]] that moved off the west coast of [[Africa]] on [[September 16]]. A low level center of circulation developed in the disturbance midway between the African coast and the [[Carribean Sea]] on [[September 20]]. The next day, the system gained sufficient organization to become a [[Tropical Cyclone|tropical depression]].<ref name="TCR">{{Cite web|author=Lawrence|title=NHC Tropical Cyclone Report|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002lili.shtml}}</ref><ref name="nhcadv#1">{{Cite web|author=Avila/Blake|title=NHC Public Advisory #1|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.001.html}}</ref> The depression moved westward in excess of {{convert|20|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, and reached [[tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] strength as it passed through the [[Windward Islands]].<ref name="nhcadv#2">{{Cite web|author=Stewart|title=NHC Public Advisory #9A|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public_a.009.html}}</ref> The cyclone continued to intensify as it moved west through the Carribean Sea, reaching a peak strength of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on the morning of [[September 24]].<ref name="nhcadv#13">{{Cite web|author=Stewart|title=NHC Public Advisory #13|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.013.html}}</ref> This was immediately followed by an abrupt weakening, and the storm's maximum sustained winds dropped to {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in just 12 hours.<ref name="nhcadv#15">{{Cite web|author=Jarvinen/Molleda|title=NHC Public Advisory #15|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.015.html}}</ref> The sudden weakening was attributed to strong southerly [[wind shear|shear]].<ref name="nhcdis#15">{{Cite web|author=Jarvinen/Molleda|title=NHC Forecast Discussion #15|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al132002.discus.015.html}}</ref> The system degenerated in to an open wave the next morning, and remained in that state for nearly two days.
=== Das Observatorium für den chinesischem Kaiser ===
[[Image:VerbiestBeijingObservatory.jpg|thumb|270px|Verbiests Observatorium in Peking]]
Das Observatorium das Verbiest in Peking für den chinesischen Kaiser [[Kangxi]] baute, umfasste
*ein [[Altazimut]] zur Bestimmung der Höhenwinkel und Horizontalwinkel eines Himmelsobjekte: [http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0030Altazimuth6489.html]
*einen [[Himmelsglobus]], auf dem man Himmelsobjekte finden und ihre Lage zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt ablesen kann: [http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0031CelestialGlobe_6484w.html]
*eine ekliptische [[Armillarsphäre]]: [http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0032EclipticArmilla6517bbbw.html]
*eine äquitoriale [[Armillarsphäre]]: [http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0034EquatorialArmilla6499w.html]
*ein [[Quadrant (Astronomie)|Quadrant]]: [http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0035Quadrant6490w.html]
*ein [[Sextant]]: [http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/astronomy/tianpage/0036Sextant5431w.html]


Lili regenerated near [[Jamaica]] on the evening of [[September 26]] and gradually turned more to the west-northwest while strengthening.<ref name="TCR"/> The system became a hurricane on [[September 30]], just after passing through the [[Cayman Islands]].<ref name="nhcadv#36">{{Cite web|author=Franklin|title=NHC Public Advisory #36|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.036.html}}</ref> The storm continued on its course, still intensifying, and made [[landfall]] twice the next day, on the [[Isle of Youth]] and near [[Pinar Del Rio]], as a Category 2 hurricane.<ref name="nhcadv#40A">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Public Advisory #40A|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public_a.040.html}}</ref> Lili emerged over the Gulf of Mexico later that day, having lost little strength during its overland passage.<ref name="nhcadv#41">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Public Advisory #41|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.041.html}}</ref><ref name="TCR"/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Verbiest, Ferdinand}}
[[Kategorie:Missionar (China)]]
[[Kategorie:Belgier]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1623]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1688]]
[[Kategorie:Jesuit]]
[[Kategorie:Dreirädriges Kraftfahrzeug]]


The system turned to the northwest and sped up, becoming a major hurricane on [[October 2]] while {{convert|365|mi|km}} south-southeast of [[New Orleans]].<ref name="nhcadv#44">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Public Advisory #44|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.044.html}}</ref> This intensification continued, aided by warm [[Sea Surface Temperature|sea surface temperatures]] in the Gulf of Mexico and good outflow.<ref name="nhcdisc#44">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Forecast Discussion #44|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al132002.discus.044.html}}</ref> The system reached its peak strength of Category Four intensity, with winds of {{convert|145|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, during the afternoon later that day.<ref name="nhcadv#45">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Public Advisory #45|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.045.html}}</ref>
{{Personendaten

|NAME=Verbiest, Ferdinand
This strength was not maintained for long. The storm began weakening quickly in the early morning hours of [[October 3]],<ref name="nhcadv#48">{{Cite web|author=Pasch|title=NHC Public Advisory #48|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.048.html}}</ref> and this rapid weakening continued until the hurricane's final landfall near [[Intracoastal City, Louisiana]]. By this time maximum sustained winds had dropped to {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="nhcadv#49">{{Cite web|author=Avila|title=NHC Public Advisory #49|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.049.html}}</ref>. The weakening was accompanied by, and possibly a result of, a collapse of the inner [[eye|eyewall]] before landfall.<ref name="TCR"/> The system continued inland, curving to the northeast, and dissipated when absorbed by an [[extratropical low]] near the [[Arkansas]]/[[Tennessee]] border on [[October 6]].<ref name="TCR"/>
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Nan Huairen Duanbei; Verbiest, Ferdinandus

|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=Belgischer Missionar und Astronom
==Preparations==
|GEBURTSDATUM=9. Oktober 1623

|GEBURTSORT=[[Pittem]] (Belgien)
Tropical storm watches were issued in parts of the Lesser Antilles on September 22. These were upgraded to warnings the next afternoon, and all advisories were dropped later that night once the storm had passed.<ref name="TCR"/> Over the next week, the islands of [[Hispaniola]], Jamaica, Cuba, the Caymans, and the [[Yucatan Peninsula]] were all under advisories of some kind at different times.<ref name="TCR"/> Hurricane and tropical storm watches were issued for the Gulf Coast on October 1, and were upgraded to warnings the next morning.<ref name="TCR"/> They were discontinued after the storm moved past the following day.<ref name="nhcadv#49B">{{Cite web|author=Avila|title=NHC Public Advisory #49B|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public_b.049.html}}</ref>
|STERBEDATUM=28. Januar 1688

|STERBEORT=[[Peking]]
Because the cyclone affected the islands as a weak tropical storm, preparations were lax. 200 people evacuated their homes in advance of the storm on the islands of St. Vincent and Grenadine.<ref name="caribmud"/>In Jamaica, all schools and universities were closed in advance of the storm, and 17 public shelters were opened on the island.<ref name="jamaicamon">{{Cite web|author=Horace Helps|title=News: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Lili - Sep 2002, Hurricane Lili belts Caymans, 4 dead in Jamaica|publisher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BEV8?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili}}</ref>
}}

Preparations were extensive in Cuba. Military officials at [[Guantanamo Bay, Cuba]] prepared for the possibility of evacuating their [[Al Qaida]] and [[Taliban]] prisoners.<ref name="guantanamo">{{Cite web|author=Reuters|title=US to move Cuba base detainees if storm nears|publisher=The Guardian|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/sep/25/1}}</ref> 130,000 Cuban citizens, mainly in western portions of the island, evacuated their homes prior to the storm.<ref name="cubaevac">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Gulf Coast under Lili watch|publisher=The St. PEtersburg Times|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/10/02/Weather/Gulf_Coast_under_Lili.shtml}}</ref>

Significant action was taken along the Gulf Coast as the threat the storm posed became clearer. Over a half million people evacuated their homes in [[Texas]] and Louisiana, including everyone in [[Iberia Parish]].<ref name="latxevac">{{Cite web|Jeffrey Gettleman|title=Thousands Seek Safety as Hurricane Nears Gulf Coast|publisher=The New York Times|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EFDA1E38F930A35753C1A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1}}</ref> 200,000 people evacuated in Louisiana, significantly less than those actually advised to do so.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web|author=CNN|title=Red Cross shelters thousands from the storm|publisher=CNN|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WEATHER/10/03/lili.states/index.html}}</ref><ref name="latxevac"/> 2,000 volunteers staffed 115 Red Cross shelters in Louisiana, Texas, [[Mississippi]], and [[Alabama]].<ref name="redcross2000">{{Cite web|author=Bonnie Gillepsie|title=Team Louisiana Weathers Hurricane Lili|year=2002|publisher=The Red Cross|accessdate=2008-04-03|url=http://www.redcross.org/news/ds/hurricanes/021008lili.html}}</ref> More than 20,000 people stayed in those shelters.<ref name="cnn"/> The Red Cross also sent over 160,000 meals to the area.<ref name="redcross2000"/> 3,000 prison inmates in Texas were evacuated to safer inland locations.<ref name="latxevac"/> The launch of [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] was delayed for 5 days when the [[Kennedy Space Center]] was threatened by the storm, the first time a launch in [[Florida]] had been delayed because of weather in [[Houston, Texas]].<ref name="atlantis">{{Cite web|author=Jim Banke|title=Mission Atlantis:Hurricane Lili Delays Launch to Monday|publisher=SPACE|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-28|url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/sts112_delay_021002.html}}</ref> Stores across the area were very busy in advance of the storm. In [[New Iberia, Louisiana]], hardware stores ran out of stock,<ref name="hardwareIb">{{Cite web|author=KXAS|title=Hurricane Lili Makes Landfall Into Louisiana Coast|publisher=NBC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-28|url=http://www.nbc5i.com/news/1698445/detail.html}}</ref> and businesses in [[Lafayette, Louisiana]] reported similar shortages.<ref name="lafprep">{{Cite web|author=Mike Brassfield|title=Hurricane Lili runs out of steam|publisher=The St. Petersburg Times|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-28|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/10/04/Worldandnation/Hurricane_Lili_runs_o.shtml}}</ref>

Collegiate activities were also affected by the storm. [[Southern University]] cancelled four days of classes because of Lili,<ref name="SU">{{Cite web|author=Gabrielle Maple|title=Back to Back|publisher=The Southern Digest|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://media.www.southerndigest.com/media/storage/paper950/news/2002/10/08/News/Back-To.Back-2233030.shtml}}</ref> and 20 [[Texas A&M University]] [[Galveston, Texas]] students evacuated to the school's [[College Station]] location.<ref name="A@M">{{Cite web|author=Jeremy Osborne|title=Texas Task Force Sent to Galveston|publisher=The Batt|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2002/10/03/FrontPage/Texas.Task.Force.Sent.To.Galveston-515455.shtml}}</ref> The [[University of South Alabama]] cancelled two athletic events in advance of the storm.<ref name="USA">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Roper|title=Hurricane Lili cancels two games|publisher=The Vanguard|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://media.www.usavanguard.com/media/storage/paper973/news/2002/10/07/Sports/Hurricane.Lili.Cancels.Two.Games-2618639.shtml}}</ref>

==Impact==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|+ '''Death toll by area'''
|-
! State/country
! Deaths
|-
| [[St. Vincent]]
| 4
|-
| [[Jamaica]]
| 4
|-
| [[Haiti]]
| 4
|-
| [[Cuba]]
| 1
|-
| [[United States]]
| 2
|-
! Total
! 15
|}

Hurricane Lili was easily both the deadliest and most devastating hurricane of the season.<Ref name="nhcyearly">{{Cite web|author=AVILA/BEVEN/FRANKLIN/LAWRENCE/PASCH/STEWART
|title=Summary of Tropical Cyclone Activity of 2002|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-02|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/tws/MIATWSAT_nov.html}}</ref> 13 people died in the Carribean Islands, and 2 more were killed in the United States.<ref name="TCR"/> Severe damage to crops and livestock occured through the Lesser Antilles, and damage to buildings and other infrastructure was reported in other Carribean nations and the United States. <ref name="TCR"/>

===Lesser Antilles===

Lili affected the islands as a budding tropical storm. Winds in the area were generally below hurricane force, although some gusts exceeded {{convert|74|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TCR"/> Rainfall of up to {{convert|4|in|mm}} caused deadly mudslides.<ref name="caribmud">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Lili leaves trail of destruction in Eastern Carribean|publisher=Jamaica Observer|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-02|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20020925T200000-0500_32586_OBS_LILI_LEAVES_TRAIL_OF_DESTRUCTION_IN_EASTERN_CARIBBEAN.asp}}</ref> The winds, exacerbated by shoddy construction, ripped the roofs off of many homes and buildings, but the majority of the damage was dealt to crops, particuarly bananas.<ref name="relief1"/>

[[St. Lucia]] lost at least 75% of its banana crop, and hundreds of homes were damaged by the strong winds.<ref name="caribmud"/> Near total loss of electricity, water, and telephone services occured, and utility systems were heavily damaged.<ref name="relief1"/> Four people were killed on the island, and total damage was estimated at $20 million (2002 USD, $23.5 million 2007 USD)<ref name="relief1"/><ref name="TCR"/>

Over 400 homes were damaged in [[Barbados]], and nearly 50 trees were knocked down in the wind. As in St. Lucia, there was significant damage to the island nation's banana crop.<ref name="relief1">{{Cite web|author=CEDRA|title=Situation Reports:Carribean:Tropical Storm Lili|publisher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-04|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64CU4B?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili%20caribbean}}</ref> Extensive loss of electricity and telephone service also occured. Damage totaled at nearly $200,000 (2002 USD, $235,000 2007 USD)

[[Grenada]] also experienced moderate damage. 14 homes' roofs
were damaged, and one was completely destroyed. The island's Medical Centre's roof was also damaged, and 12 landslides were reported.<ref name="relief1"/> There was also mild damage to infrastructure, particuarly in [[St. Patrick's Parish]]. Three bridges were damaged or destroyed, along with seven utility poles and a water main. All of the island was without power at some point, but it was quickly restored in the southern part of the island, where damage to the poles themselves was less significant.<ref name="relief1"/>

[[St. Vincent]] and the [[Grenadines]] were heavily impacted, especially compared other islands in the area. Several hundred homes and two schools were damaged, and the Rose Hall Police Station's roof was lost.<ref name="relief1"/> Still, the majority of damage was dealt to the agricultural industry. The banana crop was decimated, although some plantations suffered worse than others.<ref name="relief1"/> Combined, damage to the islands totaled $40 million (2002 USD, $47 million 2007 USD).<ref name="relief1"/>

===Haiti===

Lili passed offshore of [[Haiti]] as a dissipating tropical storm.<ref name="TCR"/> As such, the storm's major impact was extremely heavy rainfall, in excess of {{convert|16|in|mm}} near the town of [[Camp-Perrin, Haiti]].<ref name="camp-perrin">{{Cite web|author=ORE|title=Hurricane Lili Was Accompanied by Torrential Rains As it Passed Over Haiti|publisher=ORE|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-05|url=http://www.oreworld.org/flood/flood.htm}}</ref> This caused the Ravine du Sud River to overflow, and submerge buildings in the town. Two people died in the mudslides these rains triggered, and two more drowned in the flooding around Camp-Perrin.<ref name="USAToday3">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Lili killed 4 in Haiti; deaths unreported for a week|publisher=USA Today|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-05|url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2002/2002-10-05-lili-haiti.htm}}</ref> The floods also seriously damaged crops and infrastructure; over 1700 homes were damaged and 240 were destroyed.<ref name="USAToday3"/>

===Jamaica===

Lili affected Jamaica as a strengthening tropical storm. Wind gusts in excess of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and rainfall over {{convert|2|ft|m}} resulted in damage to homes, crops, and utility systems.<ref name="TCR"/><ref name="jamaicamon"/>

Extremely heavy rainfall inundated the island. Cedar Valley recorded the most rainfall, {{convert|23.1|in|mm}}. This led to prolific flooding that triggered mudslides across the island and killed four people. These floods decimated the island's sugar cane crop, one of the island's principal exports.<ref name="jamaicamon"/> The prolific rainfall caused widespread problems with the infrastructure of the island. All of the island's hospitals had flood damage, and three were also dealt structural damage by the strong winds.<ref name="jamaica2">{{Cite web|author=POH|title=Hurricane Lili in the Caribbean
|publisher=WHO|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PED/lili-hur.htm}}</ref> The flooding caused latrines and other sewage sources to overflow into the intake sources for the water supply, leading to fear of disease.<ref name="jamaica2"/>

===Cuba===

Lili made landfall as a Category Two hurricane twice in Cuba, on the [[Isle of Youth]] and in the [[Pinar Del Rio Province]], on October 1. Wind gusts up to {{convert|112|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and rainfall amounts reaching {{convert|6|in|mm}} in some places caused damage to homes, businesses and crops. One person was killed.<ref name="TCR"/><ref name="Cuba1">{{Cite web|author=IFRC|title=Press Releases: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Isidore - Sep 2002, Cuban community left reeling by Isidore and Lili|publisher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64D86L?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili}}</ref>

Damage to buildings and other infrastructure was particuarly bad. By far the most severely impacted provinces were Pinar Del Rio and La Habana. 48,000 homes were damaged, 16,000 of them lost their roofs. The province Sancti Spiritus was not affected nearly as bad, only 945 homes were damaged, and 500 lost their roofs. The provinces in Eastern Cuba, including Guantanamo, suffered similar damage.<ref name="Cuba2">{{Cite web|author=IFRC|title=Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Isidore - Sep 2002, Caribbean: Hurricane Lili Information Bulletin No. 03/02|publisher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64C2L6?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili}}</ref> Electricity outages for whole towns lasted weeks in parts of the western provinces. This also led to loss of running water due to unpowered pumps, and deliveries of fresh water had to be made to remote villages.<ref name="Cuba1"/> The tobacco and rice crops were badly depleted, but it was difficult to differentiate which damage was caused by Lili and which had been caused by Isidore just a week earlier.<ref name="Cuba1"/><ref name="Cuba4">{{Cite web|author=OCHA|title=Caribbean - Tropical Storm Lili OCHA Situation Report No. 8|publsher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64C9GJ?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili}}</ref>

===Louisiana===

Lili made landfall on the morning of October 3 near Intracoastal City, as a weakening Category One hurricane.<ref name="TCR"/> Wind gusts reaching {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, coupled with over {{convert|6|in|mm}} of rainfall and a storm surge of {{convert|12|ft|m}} caused over $860 million (2002 USD; $1 billion 2007 USD) in damage. 237,000 people lost power, and oil rigs offshore were shut down for up to a week.<ref name="Lili2"/> Crops were badly affected, particuarly the sugar cane, damage totaled nearly $175 million (2002 USD; $205 million 2007 USD). No direct deaths were reported; early warnings and the compact nature of the storm were credited with circumventing major loss of life.<ref name="Lili02">{{Cite web|author=Kent Kuyper, Marty Mayeaux, Montra Lockwood, Donovan Landreneau, Joe Rua, Lance Escud and Roger Erickson|title=Lili '02|publisher=NWS WFO Lake Charles, Louisiana|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-08|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021226160502/www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/tropical/lili/lili_rpt.htm}}</ref>

[[Vermillion Parish, Louisiana|Vermillion Parish]], the landfall point, was hardest hit. Wind gusts in excess of {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, along with a storm surge of {{convert|12|ft|m}} dealt major damage to nearly 4000 homes.<ref name="Lili2"/> The worst storm surge flooding occured in Intracoastal City, destroying 20 buildings owned by a helicopter company. One person died after the storm, and 20 were hospitalized for carbon monoxide poisoning.<ref name="Lili2"/>

[[Acadia Parish, Louisiana|Acadia Parish]] was also hard hit, recording wind gusts exceeding {{convert|110|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, and 5 tornadoes touched down in the parish.<ref name="Lili2">{{Cite web|author=NWS Lake Charles|title=LILI|publisher=NWS|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-8|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030417141302/www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/tropical/lili/lili_psh.htm}}</ref> Thousands of homes were damaged, over 2,500 severely. Power across the parish was knocked out, 2 people were injured and one was killed after the storm. Schools in the parish also sustained $1.6 million (2002 USD; $1.9 million 2007 USD) in damage.<ref name="Lili2"/>

==Aftermath==

President Bush declared Louisiana a federal disaster area after the storm, making it eligible for assistance.<ref name="disdeclaration">{{Cite web|author=Mike Brassfield|title=Hurricane Lili Runs Out of Steam|publiser=St. Petersburg Times|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-09|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/10/04/Worldandnation/Hurricane_Lili_runs_o.shtml}}</ref> FEMA set up three locations to apply in Mississippi and Louisiana. Applications began pouring in, 153,000 by the time of the deadline.<ref name="153k">{{Cite web|author=FEMA|title=Louisiana Aid Deadline Looms, 153,000 Have Applied|publisher=FEMA|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=2751</ref><ref name="fema35k">{{Cite web|author=The New Orleans Channel|title=FEMA Fans Out After Storms|publisher=WDSU|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-08|url=http://www.wdsu.com/news/1706286/detail.html}}</ref> Over $311 million in aid was granted to Louisiana.<ref name="311mil">{{Cite web|author=FEMA|title=Lili Recovery at More Than a Quater Billion Dollars|publisher=FEMA|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=2762}}</ref> $50 million of that money was in the form of low interest loans, and not actual grants.

Over 1,000 power workers from eight different states went to the worst hit areas to help restore power.<ref name="power3">{{Cite web|author=WTVY|title=Hurricane Lili Aid|publisher=WTVY|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-09|url=http://www.wtvynews4.com/home/headlines/110161.html}}</ref><ref name="arkpower">{{Cite web|author=Melissa Simas|title=Utility Workers on Ready for Storm Damage|publisher=KAIT|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-08|url=http://www.kait8.com/Global/story.asp?S=959699&nav=0jshBbXu}}</ref> Seven states sent tree trimmers to help clear debris off of power lines and roads to speed the process.<ref name="cleco">{{Cite web|author=Cleco|title=Cleco Power|publisher=Cleco|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.cmsgis.com/main/services/featuredclients.htm}}</ref> In addition, FEMA gave SLEMCO, the state's power company, an $8.6 million grant, which paid for 75% of the damage to the electrical grid there.<ref name="power'sback">{{Cite web|author=FEMA|title=SWLA Electric Corp To Receive $8.6 million FEMA Public Assistance Grant|publisher=FEMA|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=2765}}</ref> It took up to four weeks to restore power to all costumers.<ref name="powerbackon">{{Cite web|author=Storm Work|title=Helping Costumers and Communities|publisher=Storm Work|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.asplundh.com/treemagpdfs/Holiday%202002%20PDF%20Files/Holiday%20Issue%202002%20Storm%20Work%20Pgs%202-3.pdf}}</ref>

Hurricane Lili caused great environmental damage to the marshes and barrier islands in Louisiana. Huge fish kills were observed in marshes near the landfall point, and in the [[Atchafalaya Swamp]]. The barrier islands to the east of the landfall point, those subjected to the highest surge, were severely eroded. Sand was also depositied behind them into the brackish marshes, burying vegetation. The freshwater marshes were severely damaged by the wind and surge, some of them completely destroyed. The severe erosion created new waterways connecting inland bodies of water with the Gulf of Mexico, which eventually led to further erosion of inland lagoons.<ref name="greennowbrown">{{Cite web|author=Gaye Farris|title=USGS scientists monitor coastal damage from Hurricane Lili|publisher=USGS|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-10/usgs-usm101102.php}}</ref>


===Retirement===
{{seealso|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}
The name Lili was retired in the spring of 2003 and will never again be used in the [[Atlantic basin]]. It was replaced with Laura for the [[2008 Atlantic hurricane season|2008 season]].<ref name="wmo1">{{cite web|author=World Meteorological Organization|year=2004|title=Final Report of the 2003 Hurricane Season|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/Reports/HC26-English.pdf}}</ref> The names Lucy and Lisette were also suggested as possible replacement names for Lili.<ref name="wmo2">{{cite web|author=World Meteorological Organization|year=2004|title=Replacement Names for 2003 Atlantic Hurricanes (Fabian, Isabel, and Juan) and 2002 Hurricane Lili|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/Meetings/HC-26/doc06add1.doc|format=DOC}}</ref>

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of retired Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Retired Atlantic hurricanes}}
{{2002 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2002 Atlantic hurricane season|Lili]]
[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Lili (2002)]]
[[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes|Lili]]
[[Category:Acadiana]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Lili]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Barbados|Lili]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Haiti|Lili]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Jamaica|Lili]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Cuba|Lili]]
[[Category:Louisiana hurricanes|Lili]]
[[Category:Arkansas hurricanes|Lili]]
[[Category:Mississippi hurricanes|Lili]]


[[en:Ferdinand Verbiest]]
[[pt:Furacão Lili]]
[[eo:Ferdinand Verbiest]]
[[fr:Ferdinand Verbiest]]
[[it:Ferdinand Verbiest]]
[[ja:フェルディナント・フェルビースト]]
[[ko:페르디난트 페르비스트]]
[[nl:Ferdinand Verbiest]]
[[no:Ferdinand Verbiest]]
[[pt:Ferdinand Verbiest]]
[[tr:Ferdinand Verbiest]]
[[vls:Ferdinand Verbiest]]
[[zh:南怀仁]]

Version vom 11. April 2008, 22:06 Uhr

Vorlage:Dablink Vorlage:Infobox Hurricane

Hurricane Lili was the twelfth named storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm developed from a tropical disturbance in the open Atlantic on September 21. It continued westward, affecting the Lesser Antilles as a tropical storm, then entered the Carribean Sea. As it moved west, the storm dissipated and then regenerated while being impacted by wind shear south of Cuba. It turned to the northwest and strengthened up to Category Two strength on October 1. Lili made two landfalls in Western Cuba later that day, and then entered the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane rapidly strengthened on October 2, reaching Category Four strength that afternoon. It weakened rapidly thereafter, and hit Louisiana as a Category One hurricane on October 3. It moved inland and dissipated on October 6.[1]

Lili caused extensive damage through the Carribean, particuarly to crops and poorly built homes.[2] Mudslides were common on the more mountainous islands.[3] In the United States, the storm cut off production of oil in the Gulf of Mexico, and caused severe damage in parts of Louisiana. was also responsible for severe damage to the barrier islands and marshes in the southern portion of the state. Total damage amounted to $860 million (2002 USD; $1.1 billion 2007 USD), and the storm killed 16 people during its lifetime.[1]


Storm History

Vorlage:Storm path

The hurricane originated with a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on September 16. A low level center of circulation developed in the disturbance midway between the African coast and the Carribean Sea on September 20. The next day, the system gained sufficient organization to become a tropical depression.[1][4] The depression moved westward in excess of Vorlage:Convert, and reached tropical storm strength as it passed through the Windward Islands.[5] The cyclone continued to intensify as it moved west through the Carribean Sea, reaching a peak strength of Vorlage:Convert on the morning of September 24.[6] This was immediately followed by an abrupt weakening, and the storm's maximum sustained winds dropped to Vorlage:Convert in just 12 hours.[7] The sudden weakening was attributed to strong southerly shear.[8] The system degenerated in to an open wave the next morning, and remained in that state for nearly two days.

Lili regenerated near Jamaica on the evening of September 26 and gradually turned more to the west-northwest while strengthening.[1] The system became a hurricane on September 30, just after passing through the Cayman Islands.[9] The storm continued on its course, still intensifying, and made landfall twice the next day, on the Isle of Youth and near Pinar Del Rio, as a Category 2 hurricane.[10] Lili emerged over the Gulf of Mexico later that day, having lost little strength during its overland passage.[11][1]

The system turned to the northwest and sped up, becoming a major hurricane on October 2 while Vorlage:Convert south-southeast of New Orleans.[12] This intensification continued, aided by warm sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico and good outflow.[13] The system reached its peak strength of Category Four intensity, with winds of Vorlage:Convert, during the afternoon later that day.[14]

This strength was not maintained for long. The storm began weakening quickly in the early morning hours of October 3,[15] and this rapid weakening continued until the hurricane's final landfall near Intracoastal City, Louisiana. By this time maximum sustained winds had dropped to Vorlage:Convert.[16]. The weakening was accompanied by, and possibly a result of, a collapse of the inner eyewall before landfall.[1] The system continued inland, curving to the northeast, and dissipated when absorbed by an extratropical low near the Arkansas/Tennessee border on October 6.[1]

Preparations

Tropical storm watches were issued in parts of the Lesser Antilles on September 22. These were upgraded to warnings the next afternoon, and all advisories were dropped later that night once the storm had passed.[1] Over the next week, the islands of Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, the Caymans, and the Yucatan Peninsula were all under advisories of some kind at different times.[1] Hurricane and tropical storm watches were issued for the Gulf Coast on October 1, and were upgraded to warnings the next morning.[1] They were discontinued after the storm moved past the following day.[17]

Because the cyclone affected the islands as a weak tropical storm, preparations were lax. 200 people evacuated their homes in advance of the storm on the islands of St. Vincent and Grenadine.[18]In Jamaica, all schools and universities were closed in advance of the storm, and 17 public shelters were opened on the island.[19]

Preparations were extensive in Cuba. Military officials at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba prepared for the possibility of evacuating their Al Qaida and Taliban prisoners.[20] 130,000 Cuban citizens, mainly in western portions of the island, evacuated their homes prior to the storm.[21]

Significant action was taken along the Gulf Coast as the threat the storm posed became clearer. Over a half million people evacuated their homes in Texas and Louisiana, including everyone in Iberia Parish.[22] 200,000 people evacuated in Louisiana, significantly less than those actually advised to do so.[23][22] 2,000 volunteers staffed 115 Red Cross shelters in Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, and Alabama.[24] More than 20,000 people stayed in those shelters.[23] The Red Cross also sent over 160,000 meals to the area.[24] 3,000 prison inmates in Texas were evacuated to safer inland locations.[22] The launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis was delayed for 5 days when the Kennedy Space Center was threatened by the storm, the first time a launch in Florida had been delayed because of weather in Houston, Texas.[25] Stores across the area were very busy in advance of the storm. In New Iberia, Louisiana, hardware stores ran out of stock,[26] and businesses in Lafayette, Louisiana reported similar shortages.[27]

Collegiate activities were also affected by the storm. Southern University cancelled four days of classes because of Lili,[28] and 20 Texas A&M University Galveston, Texas students evacuated to the school's College Station location.[29] The University of South Alabama cancelled two athletic events in advance of the storm.[30]

Impact

Death toll by area
State/country Deaths
St. Vincent 4
Jamaica 4
Haiti 4
Cuba 1
United States 2
Total 15

Hurricane Lili was easily both the deadliest and most devastating hurricane of the season.[31] 13 people died in the Carribean Islands, and 2 more were killed in the United States.[1] Severe damage to crops and livestock occured through the Lesser Antilles, and damage to buildings and other infrastructure was reported in other Carribean nations and the United States. [1]

Lesser Antilles

Lili affected the islands as a budding tropical storm. Winds in the area were generally below hurricane force, although some gusts exceeded Vorlage:Convert.[1] Rainfall of up to Vorlage:Convert caused deadly mudslides.[18] The winds, exacerbated by shoddy construction, ripped the roofs off of many homes and buildings, but the majority of the damage was dealt to crops, particuarly bananas.[32]

St. Lucia lost at least 75% of its banana crop, and hundreds of homes were damaged by the strong winds.[18] Near total loss of electricity, water, and telephone services occured, and utility systems were heavily damaged.[32] Four people were killed on the island, and total damage was estimated at $20 million (2002 USD, $23.5 million 2007 USD)[32][1]

Over 400 homes were damaged in Barbados, and nearly 50 trees were knocked down in the wind. As in St. Lucia, there was significant damage to the island nation's banana crop.[32] Extensive loss of electricity and telephone service also occured. Damage totaled at nearly $200,000 (2002 USD, $235,000 2007 USD)

Grenada also experienced moderate damage. 14 homes' roofs were damaged, and one was completely destroyed. The island's Medical Centre's roof was also damaged, and 12 landslides were reported.[32] There was also mild damage to infrastructure, particuarly in St. Patrick's Parish. Three bridges were damaged or destroyed, along with seven utility poles and a water main. All of the island was without power at some point, but it was quickly restored in the southern part of the island, where damage to the poles themselves was less significant.[32]

St. Vincent and the Grenadines were heavily impacted, especially compared other islands in the area. Several hundred homes and two schools were damaged, and the Rose Hall Police Station's roof was lost.[32] Still, the majority of damage was dealt to the agricultural industry. The banana crop was decimated, although some plantations suffered worse than others.[32] Combined, damage to the islands totaled $40 million (2002 USD, $47 million 2007 USD).[32]

Haiti

Lili passed offshore of Haiti as a dissipating tropical storm.[1] As such, the storm's major impact was extremely heavy rainfall, in excess of Vorlage:Convert near the town of Camp-Perrin, Haiti.[33] This caused the Ravine du Sud River to overflow, and submerge buildings in the town. Two people died in the mudslides these rains triggered, and two more drowned in the flooding around Camp-Perrin.[34] The floods also seriously damaged crops and infrastructure; over 1700 homes were damaged and 240 were destroyed.[34]

Jamaica

Lili affected Jamaica as a strengthening tropical storm. Wind gusts in excess of Vorlage:Convert and rainfall over Vorlage:Convert resulted in damage to homes, crops, and utility systems.[1][19]

Extremely heavy rainfall inundated the island. Cedar Valley recorded the most rainfall, Vorlage:Convert. This led to prolific flooding that triggered mudslides across the island and killed four people. These floods decimated the island's sugar cane crop, one of the island's principal exports.[19] The prolific rainfall caused widespread problems with the infrastructure of the island. All of the island's hospitals had flood damage, and three were also dealt structural damage by the strong winds.[35] The flooding caused latrines and other sewage sources to overflow into the intake sources for the water supply, leading to fear of disease.[35]

Cuba

Lili made landfall as a Category Two hurricane twice in Cuba, on the Isle of Youth and in the Pinar Del Rio Province, on October 1. Wind gusts up to Vorlage:Convert and rainfall amounts reaching Vorlage:Convert in some places caused damage to homes, businesses and crops. One person was killed.[1][36]

Damage to buildings and other infrastructure was particuarly bad. By far the most severely impacted provinces were Pinar Del Rio and La Habana. 48,000 homes were damaged, 16,000 of them lost their roofs. The province Sancti Spiritus was not affected nearly as bad, only 945 homes were damaged, and 500 lost their roofs. The provinces in Eastern Cuba, including Guantanamo, suffered similar damage.[37] Electricity outages for whole towns lasted weeks in parts of the western provinces. This also led to loss of running water due to unpowered pumps, and deliveries of fresh water had to be made to remote villages.[36] The tobacco and rice crops were badly depleted, but it was difficult to differentiate which damage was caused by Lili and which had been caused by Isidore just a week earlier.[36][38]

Louisiana

Lili made landfall on the morning of October 3 near Intracoastal City, as a weakening Category One hurricane.[1] Wind gusts reaching Vorlage:Convert, coupled with over Vorlage:Convert of rainfall and a storm surge of Vorlage:Convert caused over $860 million (2002 USD; $1 billion 2007 USD) in damage. 237,000 people lost power, and oil rigs offshore were shut down for up to a week.[39] Crops were badly affected, particuarly the sugar cane, damage totaled nearly $175 million (2002 USD; $205 million 2007 USD). No direct deaths were reported; early warnings and the compact nature of the storm were credited with circumventing major loss of life.[40]

Vermillion Parish, the landfall point, was hardest hit. Wind gusts in excess of Vorlage:Convert, along with a storm surge of Vorlage:Convert dealt major damage to nearly 4000 homes.[39] The worst storm surge flooding occured in Intracoastal City, destroying 20 buildings owned by a helicopter company. One person died after the storm, and 20 were hospitalized for carbon monoxide poisoning.[39]

Acadia Parish was also hard hit, recording wind gusts exceeding Vorlage:Convert, and 5 tornadoes touched down in the parish.[39] Thousands of homes were damaged, over 2,500 severely. Power across the parish was knocked out, 2 people were injured and one was killed after the storm. Schools in the parish also sustained $1.6 million (2002 USD; $1.9 million 2007 USD) in damage.[39]

Aftermath

President Bush declared Louisiana a federal disaster area after the storm, making it eligible for assistance.[41] FEMA set up three locations to apply in Mississippi and Louisiana. Applications began pouring in, 153,000 by the time of the deadline.[42][43] Over $311 million in aid was granted to Louisiana.[44] $50 million of that money was in the form of low interest loans, and not actual grants.

Over 1,000 power workers from eight different states went to the worst hit areas to help restore power.[45][46] Seven states sent tree trimmers to help clear debris off of power lines and roads to speed the process.[47] In addition, FEMA gave SLEMCO, the state's power company, an $8.6 million grant, which paid for 75% of the damage to the electrical grid there.[48] It took up to four weeks to restore power to all costumers.[49]

Hurricane Lili caused great environmental damage to the marshes and barrier islands in Louisiana. Huge fish kills were observed in marshes near the landfall point, and in the Atchafalaya Swamp. The barrier islands to the east of the landfall point, those subjected to the highest surge, were severely eroded. Sand was also depositied behind them into the brackish marshes, burying vegetation. The freshwater marshes were severely damaged by the wind and surge, some of them completely destroyed. The severe erosion created new waterways connecting inland bodies of water with the Gulf of Mexico, which eventually led to further erosion of inland lagoons.[50]


Retirement

Vorlage:Seealso The name Lili was retired in the spring of 2003 and will never again be used in the Atlantic basin. It was replaced with Laura for the 2008 season.[51] The names Lucy and Lisette were also suggested as possible replacement names for Lili.[52]

See also

Vorlage:Tcportal

References

Vorlage:Reflist


Vorlage:Retired Atlantic hurricanes Vorlage:2002 Atlantic hurricane season buttons

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Lawrence: NHC Tropical Cyclone Report. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  2. ↑ AP: Lil leaves trail of destruction in Eastern Carribean. Jamaica Observer, 2002, abgerufen am 23. März 2008.
  3. ↑ AP: Lili killed 4 in Haiti;deaths unreported for a week. USA Today, 2002, abgerufen am 23. März 2008.
  4. ↑ Avila/Blake: NHC Public Advisory #1. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  5. ↑ Stewart: NHC Public Advisory #9A. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  6. ↑ Stewart: NHC Public Advisory #13. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  7. ↑ Jarvinen/Molleda: NHC Public Advisory #15. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  8. ↑ Jarvinen/Molleda: NHC Forecast Discussion #15. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  9. ↑ Franklin: NHC Public Advisory #36. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  10. ↑ Beven: NHC Public Advisory #40A. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  11. ↑ Beven: NHC Public Advisory #41. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  12. ↑ Beven: NHC Public Advisory #44. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  13. ↑ Beven: NHC Forecast Discussion #44. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  14. ↑ Beven: NHC Public Advisory #45. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  15. ↑ Pasch: NHC Public Advisory #48. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  16. ↑ Avila: NHC Public Advisory #49. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 22. März 2008.
  17. ↑ Avila: NHC Public Advisory #49B. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 27. März 2008.
  18. ↑ a b c AP: Lili leaves trail of destruction in Eastern Carribean. Jamaica Observer, 2002, abgerufen am 2. April 2008.
  19. ↑ a b c Horace Helps: News: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Lili - Sep 2002, Hurricane Lili belts Caymans, 4 dead in Jamaica. Relief Web, 2002, abgerufen am 6. April 2008.
  20. ↑ Reuters: US to move Cuba base detainees if storm nears. The Guardian, 2002, abgerufen am 27. März 2008.
  21. ↑ AP: Gulf Coast under Lili watch. The St. PEtersburg Times, 2002, abgerufen am 27. März 2008.
  22. ↑ a b c Thousands Seek Safety as Hurricane Nears Gulf Coast. The New York Times, 2002, abgerufen am 27. März 2008.
  23. ↑ a b CNN: Red Cross shelters thousands from the storm. CNN, 2002, abgerufen am 27. März 2008.
  24. ↑ a b Bonnie Gillepsie: Team Louisiana Weathers Hurricane Lili. The Red Cross, 2002, abgerufen am 3. April 2008.
  25. ↑ Jim Banke: Mission Atlantis:Hurricane Lili Delays Launch to Monday. SPACE, 2002, abgerufen am 28. März 2008.
  26. ↑ KXAS: Hurricane Lili Makes Landfall Into Louisiana Coast. NBC, 2002, abgerufen am 28. März 2008.
  27. ↑ Mike Brassfield: Hurricane Lili runs out of steam. The St. Petersburg Times, 2002, abgerufen am 28. März 2008.
  28. ↑ Gabrielle Maple: Back to Back. The Southern Digest, 2002, abgerufen am 27. März 2008.
  29. ↑ Jeremy Osborne: Texas Task Force Sent to Galveston. The Batt, 2002, abgerufen am 27. März 2008.
  30. ↑ Jeff Roper: Hurricane Lili cancels two games. The Vanguard, 2002, abgerufen am 27. März 2008.
  31. ↑ AVILA/BEVEN/FRANKLIN/LAWRENCE/PASCH/STEWART: Summary of Tropical Cyclone Activity of 2002. NHC, 2002, abgerufen am 2. April 2008.
  32. ↑ a b c d e f g h i CEDRA: Situation Reports:Carribean:Tropical Storm Lili. Relief Web, 2002, abgerufen am 4. April 2008.
  33. ↑ ORE: Hurricane Lili Was Accompanied by Torrential Rains As it Passed Over Haiti. ORE, 2002, abgerufen am 5. April 2008.
  34. ↑ a b AP: Lili killed 4 in Haiti; deaths unreported for a week. USA Today, 2002, abgerufen am 5. April 2008.
  35. ↑ a b POH: Hurricane Lili in the Caribbean. WHO, 2002, abgerufen am 6. April 2008.
  36. ↑ a b c IFRC: Press Releases: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Isidore - Sep 2002, Cuban community left reeling by Isidore and Lili. Relief Web, 2002, abgerufen am 6. April 2008.
  37. ↑ IFRC: Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Isidore - Sep 2002, Caribbean: Hurricane Lili Information Bulletin No. 03/02. Relief Web, 2002, abgerufen am 6. April 2008.
  38. ↑ OCHA: Caribbean - Tropical Storm Lili OCHA Situation Report No. 8. 2002, abgerufen am 6. April 2008.
  39. ↑ a b c d e NWS Lake Charles: LILI. NWS, 2002, abgerufen am 8. April 2008. Fehler beim Aufruf der Vorlage:Cite web: Archiv im Parameter URL erkannt. Archive müssen im Parameter Archiv-URL angegeben werden.
  40. ↑ Kent Kuyper, Marty Mayeaux, Montra Lockwood, Donovan Landreneau, Joe Rua, Lance Escud and Roger Erickson: Lili '02. NWS WFO Lake Charles, Louisiana, 2002, abgerufen am 8. April 2008. Fehler beim Aufruf der Vorlage:Cite web: Archiv im Parameter URL erkannt. Archive müssen im Parameter Archiv-URL angegeben werden.
  41. ↑ Mike Brassfield: Hurricane Lili Runs Out of Steam. 2002, abgerufen am 9. April 2008.
  42. ↑ {{Cite web|author=FEMA|title=Louisiana Aid Deadline Looms, 153,000 Have Applied|publisher=FEMA|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=2751
  43. ↑ The New Orleans Channel: FEMA Fans Out After Storms. WDSU, 2002, abgerufen am 8. April 2008.
  44. ↑ FEMA: Lili Recovery at More Than a Quater Billion Dollars. FEMA, 2002, abgerufen am 10. April 2008.
  45. ↑ WTVY: Hurricane Lili Aid. WTVY, 2002, abgerufen am 9. April 2008.
  46. ↑ Melissa Simas: Utility Workers on Ready for Storm Damage. KAIT, 2002, abgerufen am 8. April 2008.
  47. ↑ Cleco: Cleco Power. Cleco, 2002, abgerufen am 10. April 2008.
  48. ↑ FEMA: SWLA Electric Corp To Receive $8.6 million FEMA Public Assistance Grant. FEMA, 2002, abgerufen am 10. April 2008.
  49. ↑ Storm Work: Helping Costumers and Communities. Storm Work, 2002, abgerufen am 10. April 2008.
  50. ↑ Gaye Farris: USGS scientists monitor coastal damage from Hurricane Lili. USGS, 2002, abgerufen am 10. April 2008.
  51. ↑ World Meteorological Organization: Final Report of the 2003 Hurricane Season. 2004, abgerufen am 11. Februar 2007.
  52. ↑ World Meteorological Organization: Replacement Names for 2003 Atlantic Hurricanes (Fabian, Isabel, and Juan) and 2002 Hurricane Lili. (DOC) 2004, abgerufen am 11. Februar 2007.
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