Volkskunde und Liste lateinischer und griechischer Wörter in der biologischen Systematik: Unterschied zwischen den Seiten
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This '''list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names''' is intended to help those unfamiliar with classical languages understand and remember the scientific names of organisms. The [[binomial nomenclature]] used for animals and plants is largely derived from [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]], as are some of the names used for higher [[taxon|taxa]] such as [[order (biology)|orders]] and above. At the time when [[Carolus Linnaeus]] (1707–1778) published the books that are now accepted as the starting point of binomial nomenclature, Latin was used in Western Europe as the language of science, and scientific names were in Latin or Greek: Linnaeus continued this practice. |
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'''Volkskunde''' (an Hochschulen im deutschen Sprachraum auch unter den Namen '''Europäische Ethnologie''', '''Populäre Kulturen''', '''Empirische''' bzw. '''Vergleichende Kulturwissenschaft''' oder '''[[Kulturanthropologie]]''' geführt) ist ein [[akademisch]]es Fach, welches sich vorwiegend mit alltagskulturellen Phänomenen popularer Bevölkerungskreise beschäftigt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei im [[Europa|europäischen]] Raum, wobei Prozesse wie [[Globalisierung]] oder [[Transnationalisierung]], den Blick über die Grenzen Europas hinweg notwendig gemacht haben. |
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Although Latin is now largely unused except by [[classical scholar]]s and for certain purposes by [[botany|botanists]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church]], Latin can still be found in scientific names. It is helpful to be able to understand the source of scientific names. While the 'Latin names' do not always correspond to the current English common names, they are often related, and if their meanings are understood they are easier to recall. |
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== Gegenstandsbereich == |
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Die Volkskunde untersucht [[kultur]]elle [[Phänomene]] der materiellen Kultur (wie z. B. [[Arbeitsmittel|Arbeitsgeräte]], [[Brauch|Bräuche]], [[Volkslied]]er) sowie die [[subjektiv]]en Einstellungen der Menschen zu diesen. Die Arbeitsfelder des so genannten Traditionellen Kanons (z. B. [[Brauch]], [[Volkslied]], [[Sage]], Hausforschung etc.) mit ihrem Fokus auf ländliche Bevölkerungsschichten standen lange als Art Theorieersatz im Mittelpunkt volkskundlicher Forschung. Seit ihrer Neuorientierung in den 1960er- und 1970er-Jahren versteht sich die Volkskunde als eine [[Kulturwissenschaft]], die Kultur in einem weiten und dynamischen Sinn als den gesamten Lebenszusammenhang einer bestimmten (sozialen, religiösen oder ethnischen) Gesellschaft oder gesellschaftlichen Gruppe versteht. Durch ihre Quellenvielfalt ([[Empirie|empirische]] Methoden, Bildanalyse, Objektanalyse, schriftliche Quellen) kann so der räumliche, [[sozial]]e und/oder [[historisch]]en Kontext stets mitberücksichtigt werden. |
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Often a [[genus]] name or [[species|specific]] descriptor is simply the Latin or Greek name for the animal (e.g. ''Canis'' is Latin for a dog). These words are not included in the table below, because they will only occur for one or two taxa. The words listed below are the common adjectives and other modifiers that repeatedly occur in the scientific names of many organisms. |
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Aufgrund der Fülle an Kulturphänomenen gibt es eine große Anzahl volkskundlicher Arbeitsfelder: ''[[Arbeiterforschung|Arbeiter]]-'', ''[[Bildforschung|Bild]]-'', ''Brauchforschung'', ''[[Erzählforschung|Erzähl]]-'', ''[[Familienforschung|Familien]]-'', ''Gemeinde- und Stadt(teil-)forschung'', ''Geräte-'', ''[[gender Studies|Geschlechter-]]'' (bzw. ''[[Frauenforschung]]''), ''Interethnische Forschung'', ''Kleidungs-'' (ursprünglich ''Trachtenforschung''), ''Leser- und Lesestoff-Forschung'', ''Lied- und Musikforschung'', ''[[Medienforschung|Medien]]-'', ''Medialkultur-'', ''[[Nahrungsforschung]]'', ''Reise- und Tourismusforschung'', ''[[Volksfrömmigkeit]]s-'' sowie ''Volksschauspielforschung''. Weitere Schwerpunkte sind u. a. ''[[Bodylore]]'', ''[[Interkulturelle Kommunikation]]'', ''[[Museumswesen]]'', ''Rechtliche Volkskunde'' sowie ''Wohnen und Wirtschaften''. In Bezug auf [[Museen]], nach wie vor eines der wichtigsten volkskundlicher Arbeitsfelder, haben die ''Geräte-'', die ''Handwerks-'', und ''Hausforschung'' einen wichtigen Stellenwert. Zahlreiche sozial- und wirtschaftsgeschichtliche ([[Freilichtmuseum|Freilicht]]- und [[Industrie]]-) [[museum|Museen]] wären ohne deren Ergebnisse kaum denkbar. |
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The list also includes a collection of scientific words and common prefixes used in English. Words that are very similar to their English forms are not included. |
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Meist von Problemen der Gegenwart ausgehend, ohne sich jedoch auf diese zu beschränken, thematisiert sie Kulturkontakte, -entwicklungen oder -strömungen und geht dabei sowohl [[Empirie|empirisch]] als auch [[Hermeneutik|hermeneutisch]] vor. Die Beschäftigung mit Fragen des beschleunigten Wissenstransfers, der gesellschaftlichen Mobilität, der Multikulturalität und des Kulturtransfer sowie der Migration, Integration und Ausgrenzung sind einige Beispiel für moderne Forschungsthemen. |
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==Usage of Latin and Greek== |
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Wichtige Nachbardisziplinen der Volkskunde sind: im gegenständlichen Bereich [[Literaturwissenschaft|Literatur-]], [[Kunstgeschichte|Kunst-]] und [[Musikwissenschaft]]; bezüglich der Betrachtungsweise [[Alltagsgeschichte|Alltags-]], [[Sozialgeschichte|Sozial-]], [[Wirtschaftsgeschichte]], [[Geographie]], [[Kultursoziologie]] und [[Sozialpsychologie]]; hinsichtlich des Forschungsziels [[Ethnologie]] und [[Kulturanthropologie]]. |
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The two languages used in the creation of scientific names, in accordance with the conventions established by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], are [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek]] (also known as ''Classical Greek'' in some circles). The usage of ''Ancient Greek'' as opposed to ''Modern Greek'' (a living language that has evolved from, but is also distinct from, Ancient Greek) is of importance and should be noted to avoid confusion where the ancient and modern languages differ. |
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== Methoden == |
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Mit der Vielfalt der Forschungsfelder geht ein methodenpluralistischer Ansatz einher. Dieser beinhaltet die archivalische Quellenforschung und die Analyse materieller Kultur ebenso wie die [[Bildforschung]], die [[Fotoanalyse|Foto-]] und [[Filmanalyse]] sowie die [[Diskursanalyse|Diskurs-]] und die [[Medienanalyse]]. Als Wissenschaft mit vor allem [[Empirie|empirischer]] Vorgehensweise, verwendet sie außerdem qualitative Methoden, wie die [[Feldforschung]] und die [[Teilnehmende Beobachtung]] sowie wissenschaftliche Interviews, wie das [[Narratives Interview|narrative Interview]] oder [[Oral History]]. |
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While Latin is mostly found in use with biological studies, the remaining sciences and arts depend on an almost exclusively Greek lexicon. Medicine, for example, has an 80% Greek lexicon, although when biological studies are included the rate drops to 65%. |
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== Fachgeschichte == |
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=== Anfänge in der Moderne === |
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Als zur Zeit des [[Humanismus]] in Deutschland [[Tacitus]]’ ''[[Germania (Tacitus)|Germania]]'' von [[Wissenschaftler|Gelehrten]] wiederentdeckt wurde, begann man sich für die Lebensumstände des "einfachen Volkes" zu interessieren, indem man die Inhalte seines Werkes mit der Gegenwart verglich. Wie viele andere geisteswissenschaftliche Fächer, wuchs auch die Volkskunde letztendlich aus den am Beginn der [[Moderne]] wesentlichen Strömungen [[Zeitalter der Aufklärung|Aufklärung]] und [[Romantik]]. Im Zusammenhang mit der [[Zeitalter der Aufklärung|Aufklärung]] entstand um [[1750]] die aufklärerische [[Statistik]] oder [[Staatenkunde]]. Sie sah ihre Aufgabe in einer umfassenden Landesbeschreibung, welche dem absolutistischen Herrscher detailliertes Wissen über dessen Länder und Bevölkerung im Sinne der bestmöglichen Regierbarkeit und Optimierung der Wirtschaftlichkeit liefern sollte. Im Umkreise der [[Statistik]] kam um [[1780]] die Bezeichnung Volks- und Völkerkunde erstmals auf - beide Begriffe wurden anfangs als Synonym verwendet. Nachhaltig prägender wirkte die [[Romantik]], deren Suche nach Natürlichem, Authentischem und Nationalem eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der eigenen Geschichte und Vergangenheit forderte. Hierin fußt das frühe Interesse beispielsweise an [[Mythologie]], [[Poesie]], [[Märchen]], [[Sage]]n oder [[Volkslied]]ern, wobei [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] theoretische Grundlagen und Konzepte lieferte. Wichtige Vertreter dieser Phase sind beispielsweise [[Achim von Arnim]], [[Clemens Brentano]] oder die [[Brüder Grimm]]. |
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Where a scientific name is derived from a Greek word, rules and conventions exist for transforming the original Greek spelling (which uses a different alphabet from Latin and modern European languages) into a 'Latinised' form. An excellent and detailed explanation of the rules for 'Latinising' Greek words for use in a scientific name can be found in ''The Scientific Names Of The British Lepidoptera : Their History And Meaning'' by [[A. Maitland Emmet]] (published by Harley Books, ISBN 0-946589-35-6). |
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So verstanden ist die Volkskunde sowohl ein Produkt als auch ein Symptom der [[Moderne]]: Die durch die Industrialisierung beschleunigten und nicht selten als Bedrohung empfundenen gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Veränderungen führten zu einer Beschäftigung mit scheinbar stabilen Elementen in der Kultur, welche man hauptsächlich im ländlichen Milieu zu finden glaubte. |
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Scientific names of more modern vintage may also integrate words from other languages: an example being that of the Siamese Fighting Fish, ''Betta splendens'': the generic name ''Betta'' is derived from a local native name for the fish, ''Ikan bettah'' (this and many other scientific name derivations for fishes can be found in ''Exotic Aquarium Fishes'' by Dr [[William T. Innes]], published by TFH publications, ISBN 0-87666-090-1). |
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Ab der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts begann sich das Fach zu institutionalisieren: [[1852]] rief [[Hans von und zu Aufseß]] das [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum|Germanische Nationalmuseum]] in [[Nürnberg]] für kulturgeschichtliche Sammlungen des [[Mittelalter]]s sowie der [[Frühe Neuzeit|frühen Neuzeit]] ins Leben. Sechs Jahre später ([[1858]]) begann [[Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl]] sich für eine „Volkskunde als Wissenschaft“ stark zu machen. Gut drei Jahrzehnte darauf ([[1889]]) gründet [[Rudolf Virchow]] in [[Berlin]] das (spätere) ''Museum für Deutsche Volkskunde'', das heute [[Museum Europäischer Kulturen]] heißt; im Jahr darauf richtet [[Karl Weinhold]] (ebenfalls in Berlin) den ersten [[Verein]] für Volkskunde ein, welcher ab [[1891]] eine [[Fachzeitschrift]] herausgibt. Weitere Vereine und Museen entstanden in [[Österreich]], [[Bayern]] oder der [[Schweiz]], im 20. Jahrhundert wurde die Volkskunde schließlich universitär verankert. |
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Additionally, a species may be named after a person of note, be that person a scientist who has worked with the organisms in question, or a person notable for some other reason. When a species is named thus in honour of a person, the person's name is converted in accordance with established rules into a 'Latinised' form, most typically by the appending of a Latin genitive ending. For a male person, the suffix ''-i'' is added (as in ''Spheniscus humboldti'', the scientific name for Humboldt's Penguin), while for a female person, the ending -ae is added (as in ''Labeotropheus trewavasae'', a species of Cichlid fish from Lake Malawi, named in honour of Dr Ethelwynn Trewavas, whose life work centred upon these fishes). Even though such species descriptors are derived from the proper names of persons, they are still written beginning with a small letter, in conformity with the conventions for naming species. Examples of organisms named after persons other than scientists working in the field are ''Mirolabrichthys imeldae'' (a species of Anthiid coral reef fish named after [[Imelda Marcos]]) and ''Tanichthys albonubes'' (another fish species, the generic name ''Tanichthys'' translating as "Tan's Fish", after the Chinese boy who brought the fish to the attention of collectors). |
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=== Entwicklungen im 20. Jahrhundert === |
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Grundsätzliche Fragen – z. B. nach einer [[Definition]] für ''Volk'' oder nach der Entstehung volkstümlicher Kulturgüter – wurden erstmals [[1900]] in [[Basel]] von [[Eduard Hoffmann Krayer]], [[John Meier]] u. a. erläutert. Anfang der [[1920er]] Jahre formulierte [[Hans Naumann]] seine darauf aufbauende [[Theorie]] vom ''gesunkenen Kulturgut'' und ''primitiven Gemeinschaftsgut''. Wie [[Eduard Hoffmann Krayer|Hoffmann-Krayer]] vertrat Naumann eine Zweischichtentheorie – er glaubte, dass wesentliche Erscheinungsformen kulturellen Lebens stets von gehobenen [[Sozialschicht]]en geschaffen und von niedrigeren lediglich übernommen werden. |
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The list includes personal names only where their Latin form is markedly different from their English or other original language form. Words that are very similar to their English forms are not included. |
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Auf dem Feld der [[Erzählforschung]] war die [[Finnische Schule]] für die erste Jahrhunderthälfte tonangebend. Die [[Kulturraum]]forschung konnte sich ab [[1926]] vom [[Rheinland]] aus in großen Teilen des deutschen Sprachraums etablieren. Ende der 1920-er Jahre bereicherte die [[Schwietering-Schule]] mit ihrer [[soziologisch]]-[[funktionalistisch]]en Betrachtungsweise die Volkskunde. Eine eher [[psychologisch]]e Herangehensweise vermittelte [[Adolf Spamer]] von [[1936]] an in Berlin. |
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Note that not all the attributions to languages in this table are authoritative. |
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In der [[Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] wurde eine [[rassistisch]] und volkserzieherische Volkskunde, die ihren Anspruch auf [[Wissenschaftlichkeit]] völlig verlor, zur dominierten Lehre. Ältere Vorstellungen eines dauerhaften, in Rasse und Lebensraum wurzelnden National- und Stammescharakters, wie sie u.a. von [[Martin Wähler]] vertreten wurden, kamen dieser Instrumentalisierung entgegen. Nach Ende des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkriegs]] wurde vor allem von [[soziologisch]]er Seite die Forderung laut, dem Fach seine Eigenständigkeit abzuerkennen. |
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==See also== |
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Eine neue Hoffnung brachte jedoch bereits [[1946]] [[Richard Weiss]]’ ''Volkskunde der Schweiz'' mit sich, und zwar aufgrund seiner (für die damalige Zeit überaus beispielhaften) psychologisch-[[funktionell]]en Sichtweise. In der [[Bundesrepublik Deutschland]] und ebenso in [[Österreich]] tat man sich in der Folgezeit ungeachtet dessen äußerst schwer, die Instrumentalisierung des eigenen Faches durch die [[Nationalsozialismus|Nationalsozialisten]] kritisch zu reflektieren. Nicht zuletzt deshalb erschien es einzelnen [[Institut]]en wichtiger, den Gegenstandsbereich der Volkskunde neu zu definieren bzw. zu ergänzen. [[1970]] diskutierte man auf der so genannten [[Königstein im Taunus|Falkensteiner]] [[Tagung]] die verschiedenen Ideen mit dem Ergebnis eines [[Paradigmenwechsel]]s: Man lehnte das damalige Verständnis von Volkskultur ab und wollte stattdessen stärker gegenwartsbezogen forschen und sich [[soziokulturell]]en Problemen widmen. Manifestiert hat sich diese Diskussion in der (im Übrigen bis heute andauernden) Debatte darüber, wie das Fach neu zu benennen sei, um solchermaßen auch nach außen hin ein Signal der selbst verordneten Neuorientierung zu setzen. Institutsumbenennungen waren die Konsequenz: [[Berlin]], [[Kiel]], [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]] und [[Marburg]] entschieden sich für ''Europäische Ethnologie'', [[Frankfurt am Main]] und [[Göttingen]] für ''Kulturanthropologie'', [[Tübingen]] für ''Empirische Kulturwissenschaft'', [[Regensburg]] für ''Vergleichende Kulturwissenschaft''. Andernorts beließ man es bei dem alten Namen oder wählte eine Doppelbezeichnung, z. B. ''Volkskunde/Europäische Ethnologie'' in [[München]] und [[Würzburg]], ''Volkskunde/Kulturgeschichte'' in [[Jena]], ''Europäische Ethnologie/Volkskunde'' in [[Innsbruck]] sowie ''Volkskunde und Kulturanthropologie'' in [[Graz]]. Derzeit gibt es 28 Universitätsinstitute im deutschsprachigen Raum (Stand: 2005). Anders als die Bezeichnung ''Europäische Ethnologie'' vermuten lässt, ist das Fach bis heute ausschließlich im deutschsprachigen Raum verankert. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Forschungsansätzen oder Fallbeispielen aus anderen Ländern findet nur in geringem Maße statt. |
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*[[List of Greek words with English derivatives]] |
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*[[List of Latin words with English derivatives]] |
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==List of words== |
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An der Universität Bonn hat sich die Lage für die Volkskunde zugespitzt, sie ist das erste Fach das durch die Kürzungen im Finanzhaushalt der Philosophischen Fakultät von der Schließung bedroht ist. |
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In this table L = Latin, G = Greek, and LG = similar in both languages. |
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===A=== |
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Die [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Volkskunde]] (''DGV''), die [[1963]] in der [[Kontinuität]] der Volkstumsforschung in Marburg gegründet wurde, führt nach eigenen Angaben die Arbeit des ''Verbandes der Vereine für Volkskunde'' (gegründet [[1904]]) fort. |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
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|albus || L || White || [[American White Ibis]], ''Eudocimus albus'' |
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|anthropos || G {{polytonic|ἄνθρωπος}} || Man, Human Being || [[Philanthropist]], [[Anthropic principle]], [[Anthropoidea]] |
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|archaeos, archaeo- || G {{polytonic|ἀρχαῖος, ἀρχαιο-}} || Ancient || ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' |
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|arctos || G {{polytonic|ἄρκτος}} || Bear || [[Grizzly Bear]], ''Ursus arctos'', [[Arctic]] |
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|astron, astro- || G {{polytonic|ἄστρον, ἀστρο-}} || Star || [[Astronomy]], [[Asteroidea]] |
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|argentatus || L || Silvery || [[Herring Gull]], ''Larus argentatus'' |
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|arvensis || L || From the field || [[Skylark]], ''Alauda arvensis'' |
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|australis || L || Southern || [[Australia]] [[Kauri]], ''Agathis australis'' |
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===B=== |
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=== Allgemein einführende Literatur === |
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*[[Hermann Bausinger]], [[Utz Jeggle]], [[Gottfried Korff]], [[Martin Scharfe]]: ''Grundzüge der Volkskunde.'' 4. Auflage. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1999, ISBN 3-534-14230-6 |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
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*[[Rolf Wilhelm Brednich]] (Hrsg.): ''Grundriss der Volkskunde. Einführung in die Forschungsfelder der Europäischen Ethnologie.'' 3. Auflage. Reimer, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-496-02705-3 |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
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*[[Helge Gerndt]]: ''Studienskript Volkskunde. Eine Handreichung für Studierende''. (= Münchner Beiträge zur Volkskunde; Bd. 20). 3. Auflage. Waxmann, Münster u. a. 1997, ISBN 3-89325-508-7 |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
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*[[Silke Göttsch]], [[Albrecht Lehmann]] (Hrsg.): ''Methoden der Volkskunde. Positionen, Quellen, Arbeitsweisen der Europäischen Ethnologie''. Reimer, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-496-02704-5 |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
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*[[Wolfgang Jacobeit]] (Hrsg.): ''Völkische Wissenschaft. Gestalten und Tendenzen der deutschen und österreichischen Volkskunde in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts''. Böhlau, Wien u. a. 1994, ISBN 3-205-98208-8 |
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*[[Wolfgang Kaschuba]]: ''Einführung in die Europäische Ethnologie.'' 2. Auflage. Beck, München 2003, ISBN 3-406-50462-0 |
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|baccata || L ''bacca'', berry || Berry-bearing || [[Common yew]], ''Taxus baccata'' |
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*[[Ingeborg Weber-Kellermann]], [[Andreas C. Bimmer]], Siegfried Becker: ''Einführung in die Volkskunde/Europäische Ethnologie. Eine Wissenschaftsgeschichte''. (= Sammlung Metzler; Band 79). 3. Auflage. Metzler, Stuttgart und Weimar 2003, ISBN 3-476-13079-7 |
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* Günter Wiegelmann u.a. (Hg.): Volkskunde. Eine Einführung. Berlin 1977. |
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|borealis || L || Northern || [[Northern Right Whale Dolphin]], ''Lissodelphis borealis'' |
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*Harm-Peer Zimmermann (Hrsg.): ''Empirische Kulturwissenschaft, europäische Ethnologie, Kulturanthropologie, Volkskunde. Leitfaden für das Studium einer Kulturwissenschaft an deutschsprachigen Universitäten. Deutschland - Österreich - Schweiz''. Jonas, Marburg 2005, ISBN 3-89445-351-6 |
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|brachys, brachy- || G {{polytonic|βραχῦς, βραχυ-}}|| Short || [[Smallhead Rush]], ''Juncus brachycephalus'' |
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|bradys, brady- || G {{polytonic|βραδῦς, βραδυ-}}|| Slow || [[Three-toed sloth]], ''Bradypus'' |
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|brevis || L || Short || [[Silvery-cheeked Hornbill]], ''Ceratogymna brevis'' |
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===C=== |
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=== Aktuelle Diskussionen zur Orientierung des Faches === |
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*[[Peter Niedermüller]]: Europäische Ethnologie. Deutungen, Optionen, Alternativen. In: [[Konrad Köstlin]], [[Peter Niedermüller]], [[Herbert Nikitsch]] (Hrsg.): Die Wende als Wende? Orientierungen Europäischer Ethnologen nach 1989. Wien 2002, S. 27-62. |
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* [[Helge Gerndt]]: Kulturwissenschaft im Zeitalter der Globalisierung. Volkskundliche Markierungen.(= Münchner Beiträge zur Volkskunde, Bd. 31). New York/München/Berlin 2002. |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
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|canadensis || L || From Canada || [[Bighorn Sheep]], ''Ovis canadensis'' |
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|cauda || L || Tail || [[Long-tailed Bush Warbler]], ''Bradypterus caudatus'' |
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|caulos || G || Stem, stalk || [[Gentiana acaulis|Stemless Gentian]], ''Gentiana acaulis'' |
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|cephale || G {{polytonic|κεφαλή}}|| Head || [[Mediterranean Gull]], ''Larus melanocephalus'' |
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|chilensis || L || From Chile || [[Paradise Tanager]], ''Tangara chilensis'' |
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|chlorοs || G {{polytonic|χλωρός}}|| Green || [[Common Moorhen]], ''Gallinula chloropus'' |
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|cola || L || Dweller || [[Eurasian Woodcock]], ''Scolopax rusticola'' |
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|corax || G {{polytonic|κόραξ}}|| Crow, raven || [[Common Raven]], ''Corvus corax'' |
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|crass- || L || Thick || [[Creeping blueberry]], ''Vaccinium crassifolium'' |
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|cristatus || L || Crested || [[Aardwolf]], ''Proteles cristatus'' |
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|cyanos || G {{polytonic|κυανός}}|| Blue-green || [[Azure-winged Magpie]], ''Cyanopica cyana'' |
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== |
===D=== |
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* [[Kulturanthropologie]] |
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* [[Cultural Studies]] |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
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* [[Folklore]], [[Folkloristik]] |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
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* [[Freilichtmuseum]] |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
* [[Popkultur]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
*{{Portal|Volkskunde}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|dactylοs || G {{polytonic|δάκτυλος}}|| Finger or toe || [[Black-legged Kittiwake]], ''Rissa tridactyla'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|deca || G {{polytonic|δέκα}} || Ten || [[Lesser African threadfin]], ''Galeoides decadactylus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|decem || L || Ten || [[Colorado potato beetle]], ''Leptinotarsa decemlineata'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|derma || G {{polytonic|δέρμα}}|| Skin || [[Yellow Staining Mushroom]], ''Agaricus xanthodermus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|di- || G {{polytonic|δι-}} || Two || [[Diptera]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|dino-, deino- || G {{polytonic|δεινο-}} || Terrible || [[dinosaur]], ''[[Deinotherium]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|diplo- || G {{polytonic|διπλο-}}|| Double || ''[[Diplodocus]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|dodeca || G {{polytonic|δώδεκα}}|| Twelve || ''[[Dodecahedron]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|dolicho- || G {{polytonic|δολιχο-}}|| Elongated || [[Caribbean Anole]], ''Anolis dolichocephalus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|domesticus || L || From the house, domestic || [[House Sparrow]], ''Passer domesticus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|dorsum || L || Back || [[Black-striped Weasel]], ''Mustela strigidorsa'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|dulcis || L || Sweet || [[Almond]], ''Prunus dulcis'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|dynam- || G {{polytonic|δύναμις}}|| Power, Force || [[Dynamics]], [[Thermodynamics]] |
|||
|} |
|||
== |
===E=== |
||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
*{{SWD|040789373}} |
|||
|- |
|||
*[http://www.unibas.ch/volkskunde/volo/index.html Volo - Volkskunde Online] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
*[http://www.kultur.uni-hamburg.de/dgv/ DGV - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Volkskunde] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
*[http://www.volkskunde.org Österreichischer Fachverband für Volkskunde] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
*[http://www.volkskunde.ch Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Volkskunde] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
*[http://www.evifa.de Virtuelle Fachbibliothek Ethnologie (Fachinformationen zur Volks- und Völkerkunde)] |
|||
|- |
|||
*[http://www.uibk.ac.at/volkskunde/links/institute.html Fachinstitute an Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen] |
|||
|echinus || G {{polytonic|ἐχῖνος}}|| Hedgehog, sea-urchin || Sea-urchin cactus, ''[[Echinopsis]]'' |
|||
*[Rettet die Volkskunde!|http://www.rettet-die-volkskunde.de/index.html] |
|||
|- |
|||
|electr- || G {{polytonic|ἤλεκτρον}}|| Amber || [[Electricity]], [[Electron]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|enanti || G {{polytonic|ἔναντι}}|| Opposite || [[Enantiornithes]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|ennea || G {{polytonic|ἐννέα}}|| Nine || [[Scurvy-grass Sorrel]], ''Oxalis enneaphylla'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|erectus || L || Upright || [[extinct]] [[subspecies]] of [[human]]s: ''[[Homo erectus]]'' ("upright man") |
|||
|- |
|||
|erythros || G {{polytonic|ἐρυθρός}}|| Red || [[Spotted Redshank]], ''Tringa erythropus'' |
|||
|} |
|||
===F=== |
|||
[[Kategorie:Volkskunde| ]] |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
[[Kategorie:Geisteswissenschaft]] |
|||
|- |
|||
[[Kategorie:Studienfach]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|familiaris || L || Common || [[Dog]], ''Canis familiaris'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|flor- || L ''flos'', ''floris'' || Flower || [[Southern magnolia]], ''Magnolia grandiflora'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|folium || L || Leaf || [[American Beech]], ''Fagus grandifolia'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|fuscus || L || Dark brown || [[Sooty Tern]], ''Sterna fuscata'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|fulvus || L || Yellow || [[Pacific Golden Plover]], ''Pluvialis fulva'' |
|||
|} |
|||
===G=== |
|||
[[ar:فلكلور]] |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
[[bg:Народно творчество]] |
|||
|- |
|||
[[ca:Cultura popular]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
[[da:Folkeminde]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
[[el:Λαογραφία]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
[[en:European Ethnology]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
[[es:Folclore]] |
|||
|- |
|||
[[et:Folkloor]] |
|||
|gaster || G {{polytonic|γαστήρ}}|| Belly || Common fruit fly, ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' |
|||
[[fi:Kansanperinne]] |
|||
|- |
|||
[[fr:Folklore]] |
|||
|geo- || G {{polytonic|γαία, γῆ}}|| Earth || [[Geography]], [[Geology]] |
|||
[[fur:Folclôr]] |
|||
|- |
|||
[[he:פולקלור]] |
|||
|glabra || L ''glaber'' || Smooth<ref name="botanary">{{cite web | url=http://davesgarden.com/botanary/ | title=The Botanary}}</ref>; hairless || ''[[Omphiscola glabra]]'' (a snail), ''[[Rhus glabra]]'' (a sumac) |
|||
[[hr:Folklor]] |
|||
|- |
|||
[[it:Folklore]] |
|||
|glycys || G {{polytonic|γλυκύς}}|| Sweet || [[Soybean]], ''Glycine max'' |
|||
[[ja:民俗学]] |
|||
|- |
|||
[[mk:Фолклор]] |
|||
|gyrinos || G {{polytonic|γυρίνος}}|| Tadpole || as "[[Labyrinthodont]] amphibian", e.g. ''[[Crassigyrinus]]'', ''[[Proterogyrinus]]'' |
|||
[[nl:Folklore]] |
|||
|} |
|||
[[pl:Folklor]] |
|||
[[pt:Folclore]] |
|||
===H=== |
|||
[[ru:Фольклор]] |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
[[sk:Folklór]] |
|||
|- |
|||
[[sv:Folklore]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
[[ta:நாட்டார் பாடல்]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
[[tr:Folklor]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
[[uk:Фольклор]] |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
[[zh:民俗学]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|h(a)ema- || G {{polytonic|αἷμα}}|| Blood || [[Hemoglobin]], [[Anemia]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|hedra- || G {{polytonic|ἕδρα}}|| facet || [[Polyhedron]], [[Tetrahedron]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|helio- || G {{polytonic|Ἥλιος}}|| Sun || [[Heliosphere]], [[Heliophysics]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|hexa- || G {{polytonic|ἕξα-}}|| Six || [[Water Primrose]], ''Ludwigia hexapetala'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|hirsuta || L || Hairy || ''[[Kiwa hirsuta]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|homo || L || [[mannaz|Man]] || [[genus]] [[Homo (genus)|''Homo'']] of recent and extinct [[human]]s: ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', ''[[Homo erectus]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|hortensis || L || From the garden || [[Orphean Warbler]], ''Sylvia hortensis'' |
|||
|} |
|||
===I=== |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|indicus || L || Indian || [[Malaysian Tapir]], ''Tapirus indicus'' |
|||
|} |
|||
===L=== |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|lateralis || L || Side || [[Black-footed Rock Wallaby]], ''Petrogale lateralis'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|leucοs || G {{polytonic|λευκός}}|| White || [[White-winged Tern]], ''Chlidonias leucopterus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|lineatus || L || Lined or striped || [[Colorado potato beetle]], ''Leptinotarsa decemlineata'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|lutea || L || Yellow || [[Red-billed Leiothrix]], ''Leiothrix lutea'' |
|||
|} |
|||
===M=== |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|maculatus || L || Spotted || [[Spotted Sandpiper]], ''Actitis macularius'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|major || L || Greater || [[Great Tit]], ''Parus major'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|malabaricus || L || From Malabar|| [[Sturnus malabaricus]], ''Chestnut-tailed Starling'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|maximus || L || Largest || [[Royal Tern]], ''Sterna maxima'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|megas || G {{polytonic|μέγας}}|| Large, great || [[Megalodon]] shark, prefix [[Mega]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|melano- || G {{polytonic|μελανο-}}|| Black|| [[Black-browed Albatross]], ''Thalassarche melanophris'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|micro || G {{polytonic|μικρόν}}|| small || [[Microscope]], prefix [[micro]] with symbol μ |
|||
|- |
|||
|minimus || L || Smallest || [[Least Flycatcher]], ''Empidonax minimus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|minor || L || Smaller || [[Great Frigatebird]], ''Fregata minor'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|mono- || G {{polytonic|μονο-}}|| Single || [[Swinhoe's Storm-petrel]], ''Oceanodroma monorhis'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|montanus || L || Mountains || [[Tree Sparrow]], ''Passer montanus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|morpho- || G {{polytonic|μορφο-}}|| Shape || [[Lagomorpha]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|mauro- || G {{polytonic|μαυρο-}}|| Dark, Black || [[Dark Shrew]], ''Crocidura maurisca'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|mys || G {{polytonic|μῦς}} || Mouse || As [[rodent]], e.g. ''[[Phoberomys]]'', ''[[Telicomys]]''. |
|||
|} |
|||
===N=== |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|nanοs || G {{polytonic|νάνος}}|| Dwarf || [[Brown-capped Woodpecker]], ''Dendrocopos nanus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
|nona || L ''nonus, nona, nonum'' || Ninth || [[Honey fungus]] ''Armillaria nabsnona'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|nothos || G {{polytonic|νόθος}}|| False, bastard || ''[[Nothofagus]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|notos || G {{polytonic|νότος}}|| Southern || [[Hopping mouse]], ''Notomys'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|novem || L || Nine || [[Nine-banded Armadillo]], ''Dasypus novemcinctus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|novaehollandiae || L || From [[New Holland (Australia)]] || [[Emu]], ''Dromaius novaehollandiae'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|novaeseelandiae || L || From New Zealand || [[Southern Boobook]] ''Ninox novaeseelandiae'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|noveboracensis || L || From New York || [[Northern Waterthrush]], ''Seiurus noveboracensis'' |
|||
|} |
|||
===O=== |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|obscurus || L || Dark || [[Dusky Dolphin]], ''Lagenorhynchus obscurus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|occidentalis || L || Western || [[Eastern Arborvitae]], ''Thuja occidentalis'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|octo-, octa- || G {{polytonic|ὀκτο-}}|| Eight || [[Octopus]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|ocean || G {{polytonic|Ὠκεανός}}|| Ocean || [[Ocean]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| -odon, -odus || G {{polytonic|οδων}}, {{polytonic|οδους}} || Tooth || ''[[Dimetrodon]]'', ''[[Rhizodus]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|oeos- || G || Tubular |
|||
|- |
|||
|officinalis || L || For the workshop; medicinal || [[Rosemary]], ''Rosmarinus officinalis'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|oleum || L || Oil || [[Jack o'lantern mushroom|Jack O'Lantern]], ''Omphalotus olearius'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|opsis || G {{polytonic|ὄψις}}|| Face, appearance || [[Carolina Parakeet]], ''Conuropsis carolinensis'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|orientalis || L || Eastern || [[Oriental cockroach]], ''Blatta orientalis'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|ortho- || G {{polytonic|ὀρθο-}}|| Straight || [[Orthoptera]] |
|||
|} |
|||
===P=== |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|pachy- || G {{polytonic|παχύς, παχυ-}}|| Thick, stout || ''[[Pachycephalosaurus]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|palustris || L || Of the marsh || [[Mugger Crocodile]], ''Crocodylus palustris'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|pan- panto-|| G {{polytonic|πάν, genitive παντός}}|| All || [[Pandemic]], [[Panorama]], [[Pantomime]], [[Pantotheria]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|parvus || L || Small || [[Mountain Pygmy Possum]], ''Burramys parvus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|pedi- || L ''pes'', ''pedis'' || Foot || [[Showy lady slipper]], ''Cypripedium reginae'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|pelag- || G {{polytonic|πέλαγος}}|| Open sea || [[Pelagic Cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax pelagicus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|penn- || L ''penna'' || Feather (specifically [[remiges|remex]]) || [[Great Auk]], ''Pinguinus impennis'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|pennatus || L || Winged || [[Booted Eagle]], ''Aquila pennata'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|penta- || G {{polytonic|πέντα-}}|| Five || ''[[Chalcides pentadactylus]]'', a type of [[skink]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|petra || G {{polytonic|πέτρα}}|| Rock, stone |
|||
|- |
|||
|phobia || G {{polytonic|φοβία}} || fear || [[Arachnophobia]], [[Agoraphobia]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|phyllo- || G {{polytonic|φύλλον}} || Leaf || [[Garden Lupin]], ''Lupinus polyphyllus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|physi- || G {{polytonic|φύσις}}|| Nature || [[Physics]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|phyto- || G {{polytonic|φυτόν}}|| Plant || [[Phytoplankton]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|platy- || G {{polytonic|πλατύς, πλατυ-}}|| Flat or broad || [[Flathead trout]], ''Salmo platycephalus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|poly- || G {{polytonic|πολύς, πολυ-}}|| Many || [[Polymer]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|pratensis || L || From the meadow || [[Meadow Foxtail]], ''Alopecurus pratensis'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|protos || G {{polytonic|πρῶτος}}|| First || [[Proton]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|pter- || G {{polytonic|πτερόν}}|| Wing or [[remiges|remix]] || [[White-winged Tern]], ''Chlidonias leucopterus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[pubescens]] || L || Downy || [[Downy oak]], ''Quercus pubescens'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|punctatus || L || Spotted || [[Thirteen-spotted lady beetle]], ''Hippodamia tredecimpunctata'' |
|||
|} |
|||
===R=== |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|rhiza || G {{polytonic|ῥίζα}}|| Root || [[Bushy seedbox]], ''Ludwigia helminthorrhiza'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|rhynchos || G {{polytonic|ῥύγχος}}|| Beak or snout || [[Mallard]], ''Anas platyrhynchos'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|rhytis || G {{polytonic|ῥυτῖς}}|| Wrinkled |
|||
|- |
|||
|rubra || L || Red || [[Summer Tanager]], ''Piranga rubra'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|rostra || L || Beak || [[Common Crossbill]], ''Loxia curvirostra'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|rufus || L || Red || [[Red Wolf]], ''Canis rufus'' |
|||
|} |
|||
===S=== |
|||
{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
|||
|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|sapiens || L || Wise || recent [[subspecies]] of [[human]]s: ''[[Homo sapiens sapiens]]'' ("very wise man") |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[sativus]] || L || Sown, cultivated || [[Pea]], ''Pisum sativum'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|saura || G {{polytonic|σαύρα}}|| Lizard || [[Lancetfish]], ''Alepisaurus'', [[dinosaur]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|sinensis || L || From China || [[Tea]], ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|specios- || L || showy || ''[[Lagerstroemia speciosa]]'', ''[[Lilium speciosum]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|sperma || G {{polytonic|σπέρμα}} || Seed || African daisies, ''[[Osteospermum]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|sphen- || G {{polytonic|σφήν-}}|| Wedge || [[Tuatara]], ''Sphenodon punctatus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|stoichion || G {{polytonic|στοιχεῖον}}|| Element || [[Stoichiometry]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|stoma || G {{polytonic|στόμα}}|| Mouth, opening || Stomate, [[Gnathostomata]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|striatus || L || Striped || [[Striated Heron]], ''Butorides striatus'' |
|||
|- |
|||
|silvestris || L || Of the wood; wild || [[Wild Cat]], ''Felis silvestris'' |
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|- |
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|suchοs || G || Crocodile (from [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]]) || [[Eusuchia]], [[Koolasuchus]] |
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|} |
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===T=== |
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{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
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|- |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
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|- |
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|tele- || G τηλε- || far || [[Telephone]], [[Telescope]] |
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|- |
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|tetra- || G τετρα- || four times || ''[[Tetrapanax]]'' |
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|- |
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|tinctorius || L || For [[dye]]ing || [[Woad]], ''Isatis tinctoria'' |
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|- |
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|tomentosus || L || Furry || [[Fuzzy Mock-orange]], ''Philadelphus tomentosus'' |
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|- |
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|tres, tris, tri- || LG || Three || [[Black-legged Kittiwake]], ''Rissa tridactyla'' |
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|- |
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|trich-, thrix || G || Hair || [[Cloud ear fungus]], ''Auricularia polytricha'' |
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|} |
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===U=== |
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{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
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|- |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
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|- |
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|-ura || G || Of the tail || [[Mourning Dove]], ''Zenaida macroura'' |
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|- |
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|unus || L || One || ''[[Monotropa uniflora]]'' |
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|} |
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===V=== |
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{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
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|- |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
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|- |
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|variabilis || L || Variable || [[Grey Bunting]], ''Emberiza variabilis'' |
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|- |
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|variegatus || L || Variegated || [[Variegated Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax variegatus'' |
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|- |
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|velocis || L || Swift || ''[[Velociraptor]]'' |
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|- |
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|ventrus || L || Belly |
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|- |
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|verrucosus || L || Rough skinned || [[Warty Pig]], ''Sus verrucosus'' |
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|- |
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|viridis || L || Green || [[Green Alder]], ''Alnus viridis'' |
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|- |
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|virosus || L || Poisonous || ''[[Cicuta virosa]]'' |
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|- |
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|volans || L || Flying || [[Southern flying squirrel]], ''Glaucomys volans'' |
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|- |
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|vulgaris || L || Common || [[Beet]], ''Beta vulgaris'' |
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|} |
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===W, X, Y, Z=== |
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{| border=1 border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |
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|- |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Latin/Greek''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Language''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''English''' |
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|style="background:#f3f3f3;"|'''Example''' |
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|- |
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|xanthos || G {{polytonic|ξανθός}}|| Yellow || [[Yellow Staining Mushroom]], ''Agaricus xanthodermus'' |
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|- |
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|zygos || G {{polytonic|ζυγός}}|| Joined || [[Zygoptera]] |
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|} |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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==External links== |
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* [http://davesgarden.com/botanary/ "The Botanary" at "Dave's Garden"]. |
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* [http://www.winternet.com/~chuckg/dictionary.html Dictionary of botanical epithets] |
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* [http://www.phthiraptera.org/Classical%20Roots/Classic_frame.html Classical word roots and combining forms] |
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* [http://www.finitesite.com/dandelion/Linnaeus.HTML European Species Names in Linnaean, Czech, English, German and French] |
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[[Category:Glossaries|Systematic]] |
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[[Category:Lists of words|Systematic]] |
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[[Category:Latin words and phrases| Systematic]] |
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[[ca:Llista de paraules llatines i gregues sovint usades en taxonomia]] |
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[[nl:Lijst van Griekse en Latijnse begrippen in de biologie]] |
Version vom 21. September 2007, 19:52 Uhr
This list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names is intended to help those unfamiliar with classical languages understand and remember the scientific names of organisms. The binomial nomenclature used for animals and plants is largely derived from Latin and Greek, as are some of the names used for higher taxa such as orders and above. At the time when Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) published the books that are now accepted as the starting point of binomial nomenclature, Latin was used in Western Europe as the language of science, and scientific names were in Latin or Greek: Linnaeus continued this practice.
Although Latin is now largely unused except by classical scholars and for certain purposes by botanists and the Roman Catholic Church, Latin can still be found in scientific names. It is helpful to be able to understand the source of scientific names. While the 'Latin names' do not always correspond to the current English common names, they are often related, and if their meanings are understood they are easier to recall.
Often a genus name or specific descriptor is simply the Latin or Greek name for the animal (e.g. Canis is Latin for a dog). These words are not included in the table below, because they will only occur for one or two taxa. The words listed below are the common adjectives and other modifiers that repeatedly occur in the scientific names of many organisms.
The list also includes a collection of scientific words and common prefixes used in English. Words that are very similar to their English forms are not included.
Usage of Latin and Greek
The two languages used in the creation of scientific names, in accordance with the conventions established by Linnaeus, are Latin and Ancient Greek (also known as Classical Greek in some circles). The usage of Ancient Greek as opposed to Modern Greek (a living language that has evolved from, but is also distinct from, Ancient Greek) is of importance and should be noted to avoid confusion where the ancient and modern languages differ.
While Latin is mostly found in use with biological studies, the remaining sciences and arts depend on an almost exclusively Greek lexicon. Medicine, for example, has an 80% Greek lexicon, although when biological studies are included the rate drops to 65%.
Where a scientific name is derived from a Greek word, rules and conventions exist for transforming the original Greek spelling (which uses a different alphabet from Latin and modern European languages) into a 'Latinised' form. An excellent and detailed explanation of the rules for 'Latinising' Greek words for use in a scientific name can be found in The Scientific Names Of The British Lepidoptera : Their History And Meaning by A. Maitland Emmet (published by Harley Books, ISBN 0-946589-35-6).
Scientific names of more modern vintage may also integrate words from other languages: an example being that of the Siamese Fighting Fish, Betta splendens: the generic name Betta is derived from a local native name for the fish, Ikan bettah (this and many other scientific name derivations for fishes can be found in Exotic Aquarium Fishes by Dr William T. Innes, published by TFH publications, ISBN 0-87666-090-1).
Additionally, a species may be named after a person of note, be that person a scientist who has worked with the organisms in question, or a person notable for some other reason. When a species is named thus in honour of a person, the person's name is converted in accordance with established rules into a 'Latinised' form, most typically by the appending of a Latin genitive ending. For a male person, the suffix -i is added (as in Spheniscus humboldti, the scientific name for Humboldt's Penguin), while for a female person, the ending -ae is added (as in Labeotropheus trewavasae, a species of Cichlid fish from Lake Malawi, named in honour of Dr Ethelwynn Trewavas, whose life work centred upon these fishes). Even though such species descriptors are derived from the proper names of persons, they are still written beginning with a small letter, in conformity with the conventions for naming species. Examples of organisms named after persons other than scientists working in the field are Mirolabrichthys imeldae (a species of Anthiid coral reef fish named after Imelda Marcos) and Tanichthys albonubes (another fish species, the generic name Tanichthys translating as "Tan's Fish", after the Chinese boy who brought the fish to the attention of collectors).
The list includes personal names only where their Latin form is markedly different from their English or other original language form. Words that are very similar to their English forms are not included.
Note that not all the attributions to languages in this table are authoritative.
See also
List of words
In this table L = Latin, G = Greek, and LG = similar in both languages.
A
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
albus | L | White | American White Ibis, Eudocimus albus |
anthropos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Man, Human Being | Philanthropist, Anthropic principle, Anthropoidea |
archaeos, archaeo- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Ancient | Archaeopteryx |
arctos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Bear | Grizzly Bear, Ursus arctos, Arctic |
astron, astro- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Star | Astronomy, Asteroidea |
argentatus | L | Silvery | Herring Gull, Larus argentatus |
arvensis | L | From the field | Skylark, Alauda arvensis |
australis | L | Southern | Australia Kauri, Agathis australis |
B
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
baccata | L bacca, berry | Berry-bearing | Common yew, Taxus baccata |
borealis | L | Northern | Northern Right Whale Dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis |
brachys, brachy- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Short | Smallhead Rush, Juncus brachycephalus |
bradys, brady- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Slow | Three-toed sloth, Bradypus |
brevis | L | Short | Silvery-cheeked Hornbill, Ceratogymna brevis |
C
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
canadensis | L | From Canada | Bighorn Sheep, Ovis canadensis |
cauda | L | Tail | Long-tailed Bush Warbler, Bradypterus caudatus |
caulos | G | Stem, stalk | Stemless Gentian, Gentiana acaulis |
cephale | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Head | Mediterranean Gull, Larus melanocephalus |
chilensis | L | From Chile | Paradise Tanager, Tangara chilensis |
chlorοs | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Green | Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus |
cola | L | Dweller | Eurasian Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola |
corax | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Crow, raven | Common Raven, Corvus corax |
crass- | L | Thick | Creeping blueberry, Vaccinium crassifolium |
cristatus | L | Crested | Aardwolf, Proteles cristatus |
cyanos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Blue-green | Azure-winged Magpie, Cyanopica cyana |
D
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
dactylοs | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Finger or toe | Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla |
deca | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Ten | Lesser African threadfin, Galeoides decadactylus |
decem | L | Ten | Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata |
derma | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Skin | Yellow Staining Mushroom, Agaricus xanthodermus |
di- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Two | Diptera |
dino-, deino- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Terrible | dinosaur, Deinotherium |
diplo- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Double | Diplodocus |
dodeca | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Twelve | Dodecahedron |
dolicho- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Elongated | Caribbean Anole, Anolis dolichocephalus |
domesticus | L | From the house, domestic | House Sparrow, Passer domesticus |
dorsum | L | Back | Black-striped Weasel, Mustela strigidorsa |
dulcis | L | Sweet | Almond, Prunus dulcis |
dynam- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Power, Force | Dynamics, Thermodynamics |
E
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
echinus | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Hedgehog, sea-urchin | Sea-urchin cactus, Echinopsis |
electr- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Amber | Electricity, Electron |
enanti | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Opposite | Enantiornithes |
ennea | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Nine | Scurvy-grass Sorrel, Oxalis enneaphylla |
erectus | L | Upright | extinct subspecies of humans: Homo erectus ("upright man") |
erythros | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Red | Spotted Redshank, Tringa erythropus |
F
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
familiaris | L | Common | Dog, Canis familiaris |
flor- | L flos, floris | Flower | Southern magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora |
folium | L | Leaf | American Beech, Fagus grandifolia |
fuscus | L | Dark brown | Sooty Tern, Sterna fuscata |
fulvus | L | Yellow | Pacific Golden Plover, Pluvialis fulva |
G
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
gaster | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Belly | Common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster |
geo- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Earth | Geography, Geology |
glabra | L glaber | Smooth[1]; hairless | Omphiscola glabra (a snail), Rhus glabra (a sumac) |
glycys | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Sweet | Soybean, Glycine max |
gyrinos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Tadpole | as "Labyrinthodont amphibian", e.g. Crassigyrinus, Proterogyrinus |
H
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
h(a)ema- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Blood | Hemoglobin, Anemia |
hedra- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | facet | Polyhedron, Tetrahedron |
helio- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Sun | Heliosphere, Heliophysics |
hexa- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Six | Water Primrose, Ludwigia hexapetala |
hirsuta | L | Hairy | Kiwa hirsuta |
homo | L | Man | genus Homo of recent and extinct humans: Homo sapiens, Homo erectus |
hortensis | L | From the garden | Orphean Warbler, Sylvia hortensis |
I
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
indicus | L | Indian | Malaysian Tapir, Tapirus indicus |
L
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
lateralis | L | Side | Black-footed Rock Wallaby, Petrogale lateralis |
leucοs | G Vorlage:Polytonic | White | White-winged Tern, Chlidonias leucopterus |
lineatus | L | Lined or striped | Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata |
lutea | L | Yellow | Red-billed Leiothrix, Leiothrix lutea |
M
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
maculatus | L | Spotted | Spotted Sandpiper, Actitis macularius |
major | L | Greater | Great Tit, Parus major |
malabaricus | L | From Malabar | Sturnus malabaricus, Chestnut-tailed Starling |
maximus | L | Largest | Royal Tern, Sterna maxima |
megas | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Large, great | Megalodon shark, prefix Mega |
melano- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Black | Black-browed Albatross, Thalassarche melanophris |
micro | G Vorlage:Polytonic | small | Microscope, prefix micro with symbol μ |
minimus | L | Smallest | Least Flycatcher, Empidonax minimus |
minor | L | Smaller | Great Frigatebird, Fregata minor |
mono- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Single | Swinhoe's Storm-petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis |
montanus | L | Mountains | Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus |
morpho- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Shape | Lagomorpha |
mauro- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Dark, Black | Dark Shrew, Crocidura maurisca |
mys | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Mouse | As rodent, e.g. Phoberomys, Telicomys. |
N
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
nanοs | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Dwarf | Brown-capped Woodpecker, Dendrocopos nanus |
nona | L nonus, nona, nonum | Ninth | Honey fungus Armillaria nabsnona |
nothos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | False, bastard | Nothofagus |
notos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Southern | Hopping mouse, Notomys |
novem | L | Nine | Nine-banded Armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus |
novaehollandiae | L | From New Holland (Australia) | Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae |
novaeseelandiae | L | From New Zealand | Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae |
noveboracensis | L | From New York | Northern Waterthrush, Seiurus noveboracensis |
O
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
obscurus | L | Dark | Dusky Dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus |
occidentalis | L | Western | Eastern Arborvitae, Thuja occidentalis |
octo-, octa- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Eight | Octopus |
ocean | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Ocean | Ocean |
-odon, -odus | G Vorlage:Polytonic, Vorlage:Polytonic | Tooth | Dimetrodon, Rhizodus |
oeos- | G | Tubular | |
officinalis | L | For the workshop; medicinal | Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis |
oleum | L | Oil | Jack O'Lantern, Omphalotus olearius |
opsis | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Face, appearance | Carolina Parakeet, Conuropsis carolinensis |
orientalis | L | Eastern | Oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis |
ortho- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Straight | Orthoptera |
P
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
pachy- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Thick, stout | Pachycephalosaurus |
palustris | L | Of the marsh | Mugger Crocodile, Crocodylus palustris |
pan- panto- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | All | Pandemic, Panorama, Pantomime, Pantotheria |
parvus | L | Small | Mountain Pygmy Possum, Burramys parvus |
pedi- | L pes, pedis | Foot | Showy lady slipper, Cypripedium reginae |
pelag- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Open sea | Pelagic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pelagicus |
penn- | L penna | Feather (specifically remex) | Great Auk, Pinguinus impennis |
pennatus | L | Winged | Booted Eagle, Aquila pennata |
penta- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Five | Chalcides pentadactylus, a type of skink |
petra | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Rock, stone | |
phobia | G Vorlage:Polytonic | fear | Arachnophobia, Agoraphobia |
phyllo- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Leaf | Garden Lupin, Lupinus polyphyllus |
physi- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Nature | Physics |
phyto- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Plant | Phytoplankton |
platy- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Flat or broad | Flathead trout, Salmo platycephalus |
poly- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Many | Polymer |
pratensis | L | From the meadow | Meadow Foxtail, Alopecurus pratensis |
protos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | First | Proton |
pter- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Wing or remix | White-winged Tern, Chlidonias leucopterus |
pubescens | L | Downy | Downy oak, Quercus pubescens |
punctatus | L | Spotted | Thirteen-spotted lady beetle, Hippodamia tredecimpunctata |
R
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
rhiza | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Root | Bushy seedbox, Ludwigia helminthorrhiza |
rhynchos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Beak or snout | Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos |
rhytis | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Wrinkled | |
rubra | L | Red | Summer Tanager, Piranga rubra |
rostra | L | Beak | Common Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra |
rufus | L | Red | Red Wolf, Canis rufus |
S
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
sapiens | L | Wise | recent subspecies of humans: Homo sapiens sapiens ("very wise man") |
sativus | L | Sown, cultivated | Pea, Pisum sativum |
saura | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Lizard | Lancetfish, Alepisaurus, dinosaur |
sinensis | L | From China | Tea, Camellia sinensis |
specios- | L | showy | Lagerstroemia speciosa, Lilium speciosum |
sperma | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Seed | African daisies, Osteospermum |
sphen- | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Wedge | Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus |
stoichion | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Element | Stoichiometry |
stoma | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Mouth, opening | Stomate, Gnathostomata |
striatus | L | Striped | Striated Heron, Butorides striatus |
silvestris | L | Of the wood; wild | Wild Cat, Felis silvestris |
suchοs | G | Crocodile (from Egyptian) | Eusuchia, Koolasuchus |
T
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
tele- | G τηλε- | far | Telephone, Telescope |
tetra- | G τετρα- | four times | Tetrapanax |
tinctorius | L | For dyeing | Woad, Isatis tinctoria |
tomentosus | L | Furry | Fuzzy Mock-orange, Philadelphus tomentosus |
tres, tris, tri- | LG | Three | Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla |
trich-, thrix | G | Hair | Cloud ear fungus, Auricularia polytricha |
U
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
unus | L | One | Monotropa uniflora |
V
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
variabilis | L | Variable | Grey Bunting, Emberiza variabilis |
variegatus | L | Variegated | Variegated Laughingthrush, Garrulax variegatus |
velocis | L | Swift | Velociraptor |
ventrus | L | Belly | |
verrucosus | L | Rough skinned | Warty Pig, Sus verrucosus |
viridis | L | Green | Green Alder, Alnus viridis |
virosus | L | Poisonous | Cicuta virosa |
volans | L | Flying | Southern flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans |
vulgaris | L | Common | Beet, Beta vulgaris |
W, X, Y, Z
Latin/Greek | Language | English | Example |
xanthos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Yellow | Yellow Staining Mushroom, Agaricus xanthodermus |
zygos | G Vorlage:Polytonic | Joined | Zygoptera |