Benutzer:Tristram/Additive manufacturing file format und KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden: Unterschied zwischen den Seiten
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{{Infobox Krankenhaus |
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{{Redirect|AMF}} |
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{{Infobox file format |
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| extension = .amf |
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application/amf |
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| Breitengrad = <!-- Numerisch (45.123456) oder Grad/Minuten/Sekunden (55/44/33.22/N) --> |
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| Längengrad = <!-- Numerisch (-12.123456) oder Grad/Minuten/Sekunden (11/22/33.44/W) --> |
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| Nebenbox = <!-- Flag, falls gesetzt, wird die Artikelkoordinate unterdrückt, Wert egal --> |
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| owner = [[ASTM International]] |
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| Bundesland = <!-- Immer angeben und verlinken --> |
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| released = {{Start date|2011|05|02}} |
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| Kanton = <!-- Alternativ zu dem Parameter Bundesland. --> |
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| latest release version = 1.0 |
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| standard = ASTM F2915<ref name="ASTM F2915"></ref> |
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[[File:KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden 6579.jpg|mini|KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden]] |
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[[File:Gehrden Krankenhaus Eingang.jpg|mini|Eingang]] |
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Das '''KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden''' ist ein [[Krankenhaus]] im niedersächsischen [[Gehrden]]. Es gehört zum kommunalen Krankenhausverbund Klinikum Region Hannover der [[Region Hannover]] und dient auch als akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Heidi Rabenhorst |url=https://www.haz.de/lokales/umland/gehrden/klinikum-robert-koch-in-gehrden-als-akademisches-lehrkrankenhaus-erfolgreich-IHYF2CFQ7NBQ7HRNXOLUVIKKMQ.html |titel=Klinikum Robert Koch in Gehrden als akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus erfolgreich |datum=2025-04-18 |sprache=de |abruf=2025-04-21}}</ref> |
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== Geschichte == |
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'''[[Additive manufacturing | Additive Manufacturing]] [[file format | File Format]]''' (AMF) is an [[open standard]] for describing objects for [[Additive manufacturing | layered manufacturing]] processes such as [[3D Printing]]. The official ASTM F2915<ref name="ASTM F2915"></ref>[[International standard | standard]] is an [[XML]]-based format designed to allow any [[Computer-aided design | design software]] to describe the shape and composition of any [[Three-dimensional space | 3D]] object to be fabricated on any [[3D printer]]. Unlike its predecessor [[STL (file format) | STL]] format, AMF has native support for color, multiple materials, and constellations. |
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Die „Kuhweide“ und das Teichfeld in Gehrden gingen 1961, teils durch Schenkung, in Besitz des [[Landkreis Hannover|Landkreises Hannover]] über. Es handelte sich um eine Fläche von 2500 m² vom früheren [[Rittergut Franzburg]] von Ottomar [[Reden (Adelsgeschlecht)|von Reden]]. 1962 war das Schwesternhaus im Rohbau fertig. Weiterhin erfolgte der Ausbau des Straßenverkehrsnetzes rings um das Krankenhaus. 1963 wurden die ersten 16 Patienten aus Empelde nach Gehrden verlegt. Das Krankenhaus wurde am 9. September 1964 offiziell eröffnet. 1977 war das Robert Koch Krankenhaus mit 427 Betten das größte der sechs im Landkreis. 2013 erfolgt der Erweiterungsbau des Krankenhauses. 2014 feierte das Krankenhaus das 50-jährige Bestehen. 2015 erfolgte die Fertigstellung einer neuen Notaufnahme, einer Intensivstation mit 25 Betten sowie zwei Pflegestationen.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://gehrden.krh.de/ueber-uns/geschichte |titel=Geschichte |abruf=2025-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung |url=https://www.haz.de/lokales/umland/gehrden/in-gehrden-entsteht-das-modernste-krankenhaus-in-niedersachsen-4V4J5WLP7KNDIVSIZWD7KR3BMU.html |titel=Gehrden: Neubau des Krankenhauses wird der modernste in Niedersachsen |datum=2025-04-18 |sprache=de |abruf=2025-04-21}}</ref> |
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== Aufbau == |
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Das Haus verfügt über verschiedene interdisziplinäre Einrichtungen, wie zum Beispiel das Darmkrebszentrum, das Pankreaskarzinomzentrum und das kooperative Brustkrebszentrum einschließlich Tumorboards, eine Intensivstation, ein Bauchzentrum, ein Gefäßzentrum und ein Schilddrüsenzentrum. Ebenso bestehen die Zentrale Notaufnahme, Aufnahme- und Untersuchungszentrum, die Brustschmerzeinheit (Chest Pain Unit), 24 Std. Herzkatheterlabor, der Kreißsaal, das Sportmedizinische Institut und eine interventionelle Radiologie. Eine Station für Geriatrie und eine Stroke Unit (Schlaganfall-Zentrum) sind organisatorische Spezialeinheiten im Haus.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.gehrden.de/info/poi/krh-klinikum-robert-koch-gehrden-905000528-22850.html |titel=KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden |abruf=2025-04-21}}</ref> |
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The AMF file begins with the XML declaration line specifying the XML version and encoding. The remainder of the file is enclosed between an opening <amf> element and a closing </amf> element. The unit system can also be specified (mm, inch, ft, meters or micrometers). In absence of a units specification, millimeters are assumed. |
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== Weblinks == |
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Within the AMF brackets, there are five top level elements. Only a single object element is required for a fully functional AMF file. |
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{{Commonscat|KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden}} |
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== Einzelnachweise == |
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# '''<object>''' The object element defines a volume or volumes of material, each of which are associated with a material ID for printing. At least one object element must be present in the file. Additional objects are optional. |
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<references /> |
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# '''<material>''' The optional material element defines one or more materials for printing with an associated material ID. If no material element is included, a single default material is assumed. |
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# '''<texture>''' The optional texture element defines one or more images or textures for color or texture mapping, each with an associated texture ID. |
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# '''<constellation>''' The optional constellation element hierarchically combines objects and other constellations into a relative pattern for printing. If no constellation elements are specified, each object element will be imported with no relative position data. The parsing program can determine the relative positioning of the objects if more than one object is specified in the file. |
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# '''<metadata>''' The optional metadata element specifies additional information about the object(s) and elements contained in the file. |
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[[Kategorie:Krankenhaus in Niedersachsen]] |
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== Geometry specification == |
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[[Kategorie:Bauwerk in Gehrden]] |
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The top level <object> element specifies a unique id, and contains two child elements: <vertices> and <volume>. The <object> element can optionally specify a material. The required <vertices> element lists all vertices that are used in this object. Each vertex is implicitly assigned a number in the order in which it was declared, starting at zero. The required child element <coordinates> gives the position of the point in 3D space using the <x>, <y> and <z> elements. |
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After the vertex information, at least one <volume> element must be included. Each volume encapsulates a closed volume of the object, Multiple volumes can be specified in a single object. Volumes may share vertices at interfaces but may not have any overlapping volume. |
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Within each volume, the child element <triangle> is used to define triangles that tesselate the surface of the volume. Each <triangle> element will list three vertices from the set of indices of the previously defined vertices. The indices of the three vertices of the triangles are specified using the <v1>, <v2> and <v3> elements. The order of the vertices must be according to the right-hand rule, such that vertices are listed in counter-clockwise order as viewed from the outside. Each triangle is implicitly assigned a number in the order in which it was declared, starting at zero. |
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> |
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<amf unit="millimeter"> |
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<object id="0"> |
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<mesh> |
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<vertices> |
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<vertex> |
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<coordinates> |
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<x>0</x> |
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<y>1.32</y> |
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<z>3.715</z> |
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</coordinates> |
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</vertex> |
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... |
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</vertices> |
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<volume> |
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<triangle> |
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<v1>0</v1> |
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<v2>1</v2> |
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<v3>3</v3> |
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</triangle> |
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... |
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</volume> |
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</mesh> |
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</object> |
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</amf> |
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===Curved triangles=== |
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By default, all triangles are assumed to be flat and all triangle edges are assumed to be straight lines connecting their two vertices. However, curved triangles and curved edges can optionally be specified in order to reduce the number of mesh elements required to describe a curved surface. The curvature information has been shown to reduce the error of a spherical surface by a factor of 1000 for the same number of triangles. |
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To specify curvature, a vertex can optionally contain a child element <normal> to specify desired surface normal at the location of the vertex. The normal should be unit length and pointing outwards. If this normal is specified, all triangle edges meeting at that vertex are curved so that they are perpendicular to that normal and in the plane defined by the normal and the original straight edge. When the curvature of a surface at a vertex is undefined (for example at a cusp, corner or edge), an <edge> element can be used to specify the curvature of a single non-linear edge joining two vertices. The curvature is specified using the tangent direction vectors at the beginning and end of that edge. The <edge> element will take precedence in case of a conflict with the curvature implied by a <normal> element. |
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==Color specification== |
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Colors are introduced using the <color> element by specifying the red, green, blue and alpha (transparency) values in a specified color space. The <color> element can be inserted at the material, object, volume, triangle or vertex levels. A color can also be specified by referring to a formula that can use a variety of coordinate-dependent functions, including a texture map. |
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===Texture maps=== |
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The <texture> element can be used to associate a textureid with particular texture data. The texture map size will be specified and both 2D and 3D maps are supported. The data is encoded string of bytes in Base64 encoding, one byte per pixel specifying the grayscale level in the 0-255 range. |
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==Material specification== |
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Materials are introduced using the <material> element. \Each material is assigned a unique id. Geometric volumes are associated with materials by specifying a materialid within the <volume> element. |
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===Mixed, graded, and porus materials=== |
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New materials can be defined as compositions of other materials. The element <composite> is used to specify the proportions of the composition, as a constant or as a formula dependent of the x, y, and z coordinates. A constant mixing proportion will lead to a homogenous material. A coordinate-dependent composition can lead to a graded material. More complex coordinate-dependent proportions can lead to nonlinear material gradients as well as periodic and non-periodic substructure. The proportion formula can also refer to a texture map using the tex(textureid,x,y,z)function. Reference to materialid "0" (void) can be used to specify porous structures. Reference to the rand(x,y,z) function can be used to specify pseudo-random materials. |
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==Print constellations== |
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Multiple objects can be arranged together using the <constellation> element. A constellation can specify the position and orientation of objects to increase packing efficiency and to describe large arrays of identical objects. The <instance> element specifies the displacement and rotation an existing objects needs to undergo into its position in the constellation. The displacement and rotation are always defined relatively to the original position and orientation in which the object was originally defined. A constellation can refer to another constellation as long as cylic references are avoided. |
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==Meta-data== |
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The <metadata> element can optionally be used to specify additional information about the objects, geometries and materials being defined. For example, this information can specify a name, textual description, authorship, copyright information and special instructions. The <metadata> element can be included at the top level to specify attributes of the entire file, or within objects, volumes and materials to specify attributes local to that entity. |
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==Compression== |
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An AMF cann be stored either in plain text or as compressed text. A compressed AMF file is typically about half the size of an equivalent compressed binary STL file. If compressed, the compression is in [[ZIP (file format) | ZIP archive]] format. The compression can be done manually or automatically by the exporting software at write time. Both the compressed and uncompressed files have the AMF extension and it is the responsibility of the parsing program to determine whether or not the file is compressed, and if so to perform decompression during import. |
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==History== |
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Since the mid-1980s, the [[STL (file format) | STL]] file format has been the de-facto industry standard for transferring information between design programs and additive manufacturing equipment. The STL format only contained information about a surface mesh, and had no provisions for representing color, texture, material, substructure, and other properties of the fabricated target object. As additive manufacturing technology evolved from producing primarily single-material, homogenous shapes to producing multi-material geometries in full color with functionally graded materials and microstructures, there was a growing need for a standard interchange file format that could support these features. A second factor that ushered the development of the standard is the improving resolution of additive manufacturing technologies. As the fidelity of printing processes approached micron scale resolution, the number of triangles required to describe smooth curved surfaces resulted in unacceptably large file sizes. |
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During the 1990s and 2000s, a number of proprietary file formats have been defined and used by various companies to support specific features of their printing equipment, but the lack of a industry-wide standard prevented widespread adoption. |
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In January 2009, a new [[ASTM International | ASTM]] Committee F42 on Additive Manufacturing Technologies was established, and a design subcommittee was formed to develop a new standard. The first revision of the AMF standard became official on May 2, 2011. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Additive manufacturing]] |
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* [[3D Printing]] |
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* [[STL (file format)]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="ASTM F2915">[http://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/WORKITEMS/WK27506.htm ASTM WK27506 - New Specification for Data Exchange Format for Additive Manufacturing]</ref> |
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}} |
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Version vom 22. April 2025, 10:45 Uhr
| KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden | |
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| Ort | |
| Website | |
Das KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden ist ein Krankenhaus im niedersächsischen Gehrden. Es gehört zum kommunalen Krankenhausverbund Klinikum Region Hannover der Region Hannover und dient auch als akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus.[1]
Geschichte
Die „Kuhweide“ und das Teichfeld in Gehrden gingen 1961, teils durch Schenkung, in Besitz des Landkreises Hannover über. Es handelte sich um eine Fläche von 2500 m² vom früheren Rittergut Franzburg von Ottomar von Reden. 1962 war das Schwesternhaus im Rohbau fertig. Weiterhin erfolgte der Ausbau des Straßenverkehrsnetzes rings um das Krankenhaus. 1963 wurden die ersten 16 Patienten aus Empelde nach Gehrden verlegt. Das Krankenhaus wurde am 9. September 1964 offiziell eröffnet. 1977 war das Robert Koch Krankenhaus mit 427 Betten das größte der sechs im Landkreis. 2013 erfolgt der Erweiterungsbau des Krankenhauses. 2014 feierte das Krankenhaus das 50-jährige Bestehen. 2015 erfolgte die Fertigstellung einer neuen Notaufnahme, einer Intensivstation mit 25 Betten sowie zwei Pflegestationen.[2][3]
Aufbau
Das Haus verfügt über verschiedene interdisziplinäre Einrichtungen, wie zum Beispiel das Darmkrebszentrum, das Pankreaskarzinomzentrum und das kooperative Brustkrebszentrum einschließlich Tumorboards, eine Intensivstation, ein Bauchzentrum, ein Gefäßzentrum und ein Schilddrüsenzentrum. Ebenso bestehen die Zentrale Notaufnahme, Aufnahme- und Untersuchungszentrum, die Brustschmerzeinheit (Chest Pain Unit), 24 Std. Herzkatheterlabor, der Kreißsaal, das Sportmedizinische Institut und eine interventionelle Radiologie. Eine Station für Geriatrie und eine Stroke Unit (Schlaganfall-Zentrum) sind organisatorische Spezialeinheiten im Haus.[4]
Weblinks
Commons: KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ Heidi Rabenhorst: Klinikum Robert Koch in Gehrden als akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus erfolgreich. 18. April 2025, abgerufen am 21. April 2025.
- ↑ Geschichte. Abgerufen am 21. April 2025.
- ↑ Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung: Gehrden: Neubau des Krankenhauses wird der modernste in Niedersachsen. 18. April 2025, abgerufen am 21. April 2025.
- ↑ KRH Klinikum Robert Koch Gehrden. Abgerufen am 21. April 2025.