Totenmaske des Tutanchamun und St. Josef (Reutin): Unterschied zwischen den Seiten
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[[Bild:Reutin-St-Josef-02.jpg|mini|St. Josef (Reutin)]] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}} |
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Die [[Denkmalschutz|denkmalgeschützte]] [[römisch-katholische Kirche|römisch-katholische]] [[Pfarrkirche]] '''St. Josef''' steht in [[Reutin (Lindau)|Reutin]], einem Stadtteil der [[Große Kreisstadt|Großen Kreisstadt]] [[Lindau (Bodensee)]] im [[Landkreis Lindau (Bodensee)]] von [[Bayern]]. Das Bauwerk ist beim [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege|Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege]] in der [[Liste der Baudenkmäler in Lindau (Bodensee)]] als [[Baudenkmal]] unter der Nr. D-7-76-116-448 eingetragen. Die Pfarrei gehört zum [[Dekanat Lindau]] des [[Bistum Augsburg|Bistums Augsburg]]. |
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{{Infobox artifact |
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| name = Mask of Tutankhamun |
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| image = [[File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg|220px]] |
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| image2 = [[File:Tutankamón qwelk.jpg|220px]] |
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| image_caption = The mask, showing front and back |
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| material = Gold |
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| size = 54 × 39.3 × 49 cm |
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| writing = Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs |
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| created = {{circa}}. 1323 BC |
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| discovered = 28 October 1925<ref name="Desroches-Noblecourt1965">{{cite book|author=Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt|title=Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWZNAAAAYAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Doubleday|page=55|isbn=978-0-1400-2351-0}}</ref> |
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| location = [[Egyptian Museum]], Cairo |
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| id = Carter no. 256a; Journal d'Entrée no. 60672; Exhibition no. 220<ref name=Carternotes>{{cite web|url=http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/perl/gi-ca-qmakesumm.pl?sid=109.152.215.177-1279532502&qno=1&curr=256a|website=The Griffith Institute|publisher=University of Oxford|title=Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an excavation, the Howard Carter archives|accessdate=28 November 2015}}</ref> |
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}} |
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== Beschreibung == |
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The '''Mask of Tutankhamun''' is a [[death mask]] of the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th-dynasty]] [[ancient Egypt]]ian Pharaoh [[Tutankhamun]] (reigned 1332–1323 BC). It was discovered by [[Howard Carter]] in 1925<!-- the burial chamber was opened in 1923 and the sarcophagus in 1925 --> in tomb [[KV62]] and is now housed in the [[Egyptian Museum]] in Cairo.<ref>Reeves, p. 511.</ref> The mask is one of the most well known works of art in the world.<ref name="Reeves522">Reeves, p. 522.</ref> |
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Der [[Moderner Kirchenbau|Moderne Kirchenbau]] wurde 1936–1938 nach einem Entwurf von [[Thomas Wechs (Architekt, 1893)|Thomas Wechs]] gebaut. Das [[Langhaus (Kirche)|Langhaus]] der [[Basilika (Bautyp)|Basilika]] besteht aus einem [[Kirchenschiff#Mittelschiff und Seitenschiffe|Mittelschiff und zwei Seitenschiffen]], einer eingezogenen, halbrunden [[Apsis]] im Osten des Mittelschiffs und einem [[Campanile]], der mit einem niedrigen [[Gebäudetrakt]] mit dem nördlichen Seitenschiff verbunden ist. Die heutige [[Orgel]] auf der [[Empore]] wurde 1978 von [[Winfried Albiez]] gebaut.<ref>[https://www.orgelsammlung.de/orgeln/r/reutin-st-josef/ Information zur Orgel]</ref> |
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== Literatur == |
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According to the [[Egyptologist]] [[Nicholas Reeves]], the mask is "not only the quintessential image from Tutankhamun's tomb, it is perhaps the best-known object from ancient Egypt itself".<ref name="Reeves522"/> Since 2001, research has suggested that it may originally have been intended for Queen [[Neferneferuaten]];<ref name="Eaton-Krauss2015">{{cite book|author=Marianne Eaton-Krauss|title=The Unknown Tutankhamun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FySCCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|year=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4725-7561-6|page=111}}</ref> her royal name (Ankhkheperure) was found in a partly erased [[cartouche]] on the inside of the mask.<ref name="newscorp">{{cite news|author=James Seidel|url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/archaeology/tutankhamuns-mask-evidence-of-an-erased-name-points-to-the-fate-of-heretic-queen-nefertiti/news-story/41c5e678fdbc4dc5fcd5b38de1687b7e|title=Tutankhamun's mask: Evidence of an erased name points to the fate of heretic Queen Nefertiti|date=26 November 2015|website=News.com.au|publisher=News Corp Australia|accessdate=28 November 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{Literatur |
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|Autor=[[Georg Dehio]] |
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|Titel=[[Dehio-Handbuch|Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler]], Bayern III, Schwaben. |
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|Verlag=Deutscher Kunstverlag |
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|Ort=München |
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|Datum=2008 |
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|Seiten=922}} |
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== |
== Weblinks == |
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{{Commonscat}} |
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Tutankhamun's burial chamber was found at the [[Theban Necropolis]] in the [[Valley of the Kings]] in 1922 and opened in 1923. It would be another two years before the excavation team, led by the English archaeologist Howard Carter, was able to open the heavy sarcophagus containing [[Tutankhamun's mummy]]. On 28 October 1925, they opened the innermost of three coffins to reveal the gold mask, seen by people for the first time in approximately 3,250 years. Carter wrote in his diary: |
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== Einzelnachweise == |
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<blockquote style="text-align:justify">The pins removed, the lid was raised. The penultimate scene was disclosed – a very neatly wrapped mummy of the young king, with golden mask of sad but tranquil expression, symbolizing Osiris … the mask bears that god's attributes, but the likeness is that of Tut.Ankh.Amen – placid and beautiful, with the same features as we find upon his statues and coffins. The mask has fallen slightly back, thus its gaze is straight up to the heavens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/discoveringTut/journals-and-diaries/season-4/journal.html|title=Howard Carter's excavation diaries (transcripts and scans)|accessdate=10 April 2016|website=The Griffith Institute|publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref></blockquote> |
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<references /> |
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{{Coordinate|NS=47.555535|EW=9.705995|type=building|region=DE-BY}} |
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In December 1925, the mask was removed from the tomb, placed in a crate and transported {{convert|635|km|mi}} to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it remains on public display. |
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{{SORTIERUNG: Reutin (Lindau), Josefskirche }} |
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== Description == |
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[[Kategorie:Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Lindau (Bodensee)]] |
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The mask is {{convert|54|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall, {{convert|39.3|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|49|cm|in|abbr=on}} deep. It is fashioned from two layers of high-[[Fineness|karat]] gold, varying from {{convert|1.5|–|3|mm|in|abbr=on}} in thickness, and weighing {{convert|10.23|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>Reeves, p. 512.</ref> [[X-ray crystallography]] has revealed that the mask contains two [[alloy]]s of gold: a lighter 18.4 karat shade for the face and neck, and 22.5 karat gold for the rest of the mask.<ref name="Reeves513">Reeves, p. 513.</ref> |
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[[Kategorie:Baudenkmal in Lindau (Bodensee)]] |
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[[Kategorie:Josefskirche]] |
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The face represents the pharaoh's standard image, and the same image was found by excavators elsewhere in the tomb, in particular in the guardian statues.<ref name="Reeves513"/> He wears a [[nemes]] headcloth, topped by the royal insignia of a cobra ([[Wadjet]]) and vulture ([[Nekhbet]]), symbolising Tutankhamun's rule of both [[Lower Egypt]] and [[Upper Egypt]] respectively. The ears are pierced to hold earrings, a feature that appears to have been reserved for queens and children in almost all surviving ancient Egyptian works of art.<ref name="newscorp"/> |
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[[Kategorie:Pfarrkirche des Bistums Augsburg]] |
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[[Kategorie:Kirchengebäude in Europa]] |
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It contains inlays of coloured glass and gemstones, including [[lapis lazuli]] (the eye surrounds and eyebrows), [[quartz]] (the eyes), [[obsidian]] (the pupils), [[carnelian]], [[feldspar]], [[turquoise]], [[amazonite]], [[Egyptian faience|faience]] and other stones (as inlays of the broad collar).<ref name=Carternotes /><ref name="BongioanniCroce2003">{{cite book|author1=Alessandro Bongioanni|author2=Maria Sole Croce|title=The Treasures of Ancient Egypt from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaUYAAAAYAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Rizzoli|isbn=978-0-7893-0986-0|page=310}}</ref> |
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[[Kategorie:Erbaut in den 1930er Jahren]] |
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[[Kategorie:Bauwerk in Lindau (Bodensee)]] |
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=== Beard === |
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When it was discovered in 1925, the {{convert|2.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentPrint/9/0/161598/Heritage/0/Face-to-face-with-Tutankhamun%E2%80%99s-mask.aspx|title=Interview with German conservator Christian Eckmann|website=Ahram Online|date=22 October 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015|author=Nevine El-Aref}}</ref> narrow gold beard, inlaid with blue lapis lazuli,<ref name="El-Shahawyal-Miṣrī2005">{{cite book|author1=Abeer El-Shahawy|author2=Matḥaf al-Miṣrī|title=The Egyptian Museum in Cairo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAyjwKyoHiEC&pg=PA219|year=2005|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-17-2183-3|page=212}}</ref> giving it a plaited effect, had become separated from the mask, but it was reattached to the chin using a wooden dowel in 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drhawass.com/wp/does-king-tut-have-a-new-barber/|title=Does King Tut have a new barber?|website=Dr Zahi Hawass|publisher=Laboratoriorosso|date=22 February 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> |
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{{ external media<!-- Do not move to external links. Per template documentation: "This template is normally placed in the main body of the article, in the same place that you would normally have placed the image...if it had been available on Wikimedia Commons." --> |
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| float = right |
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| width = 230px |
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| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcsPIKWOULE News report on the 2015 restoration work] (in English) |
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}} |
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In August 2014, the beard fell off when the mask was taken out of its display case for cleaning. The museum workers responsible used quick-drying [[epoxy]] in an attempt to fix it, leaving the beard off-center. The damage was noticed in January 2015, and has been repaired by a German-Egyptian team who reattached it using beeswax, a natural material used by the ancient Egyptians.<ref>{{cite news|author=Liam Stack|title=Repaired King Tut mask back on display in Egypt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/middleeast/repaired-king-tut-mask-back-on-display-in-egypt.html|accessdate=16 December 2015|work=The New York Times|date=16 December 2015}}</ref> |
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In January 2016, it was announced that eight employees of the Egyptian Museum were to stand trial for allegedly ignoring scientific and professional methods of restoration and causing permanent damage to the mask. A former director of the museum and a former director of restoration were among those facing prosecution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2016/01/23/8-antiquities-employees-referred-to-trial-over-damage-to-tutankamun-mask/|title=8 employees referred to trial over damage to Tutankhamun mask|newspaper=Daily News Egypt|date=23 January 2016|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> As of January 2016, the date of the trial remains unknown. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/24/africa/king-tut-broken-mask-charges/index.html|title=CNN It did not say when the trial will be|newspaper=CNN News|date=28 January 2016|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> |
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=== Inscription === |
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A protective spell is inscribed with [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] on the back and shoulders in ten vertical and two horizontal lines.<ref name="Reeves513"/> The spell first appeared on masks in the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], 500 years before Tutankhamun, and was used in Chapter 151 of the ''[[Book of the Dead]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/museum/tutl18.htm|title=Tut exhibit: Gold death mask of Tutankhamun|website=Tour Egypt|accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref> |
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<blockquote style="text-align:justify">Thy right eye is the night [[Barque#Barques and barque shrines in Ancient Egypt|bark]] (of the sun-god), thy left eye is the day-bark, thy eyebrows are (those of) the [[Ennead]] of the Gods, thy forehead is (that of) Anubis, the nape of thy neck is (that of) Horus, thy locks of hair are (those of) Ptah-Sokar. (Thou art) in front of the Osiris (Tutankhamun). He sees thanks to thee, thou guidest him to the goodly ways, thou smitest for him the confederates of Seth so that he may overthrow thine enemies before the Ennead of the Gods in the great Castle of the Prince, which is in Heliopolis … the Osiris, the King of Upper Egypt Nebkheperure [Tutankhamun's throne-name], deceased, given life by [[Ra|Re]]".<ref name="britishmuseum">{{cite book|title=Treasures of Tutankhamun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBYOAQAAMAAJ|year=1972|author=Trustees of the British Museum|publisher=Thames & Hudson|pages=154–156|isbn=978-0-7230-0070-9}}</ref></blockquote> |
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[[Osiris]] was the Egyptian god of the afterlife. Ancient Egyptians believed that kings preserved in the likeness of Osiris would rule the Kingdom of the Dead. It never totally replaced the older cult of the sun, in which dead kings were thought to be reanimated as the sun-god Re, whose body was made of gold and lapis lazuli. This confluence of old and new beliefs resulted in a mixture of emblems inside Tutankhamun's sarcophagus and tomb.<ref name="britishmuseum"/> |
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=== Bead necklace === |
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Although it is usually removed when the mask is on display, it has a triple-string necklace of gold and blue [[faience]] disc-beads with [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]] terminals and [[uraeus]] clasps.<ref>Reeves, p. 514.</ref> |
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== Gallery == |
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<gallery widths="190px" heights="160px"> |
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File:Tutankhamun's mask, Burton photograph P0744, 1922.jpg|The death mask in situ, 1925 |
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File:Beard and necklace of Tutankhamun's death mask.jpg|The bead necklace and beard |
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File:Tutankhamun's mask without beard.jpg|Mask without beard |
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</gallery> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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* {{cite book| authorlink= Nicholas Reeves |first=Nicholas |last=Reeves|url = https://www.academia.edu/7415055/Tutankhamuns_Mask_Reconsidered_in_press_corrected_proof_ | chapter= Tutankhamun's Mask Reconsidered |editor-first1=Adela|editor-last1=Oppenheim|editor-first2=Ogden|editor-last2=Goelet|title=Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar|volume=19|publisher=Egyptological Seminar of New York|year=2015|isbn=978-0-9816-1202-7|ref=harv}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commonscat|Funerary mask of Tutankhamun}} |
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* [http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea4not.html Howard Carter's diaries] at the [[Griffith Institute]] |
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{{Tutankhamun}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Tutankhamun]] |
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[[Category:Art of ancient Egypt]] |
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[[Category:Egyptian Museum]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological artifacts]] |
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[[Category:Sculptures of ancient Egypt]] |
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[[Category:14th-century BC works]] |
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[[Category:1925 archaeological discoveries]] |
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[[Category:Death customs]] |
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[[Category:Death masks]] |
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[[Category:Masks in Africa]] |
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Version vom 2. Oktober 2024, 12:05 Uhr
Die denkmalgeschützte römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche St. Josef steht in Reutin, einem Stadtteil der Großen Kreisstadt Lindau (Bodensee) im Landkreis Lindau (Bodensee) von Bayern. Das Bauwerk ist beim Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege in der Liste der Baudenkmäler in Lindau (Bodensee) als Baudenkmal unter der Nr. D-7-76-116-448 eingetragen. Die Pfarrei gehört zum Dekanat Lindau des Bistums Augsburg.
Beschreibung
Der Moderne Kirchenbau wurde 1936–1938 nach einem Entwurf von Thomas Wechs gebaut. Das Langhaus der Basilika besteht aus einem Mittelschiff und zwei Seitenschiffen, einer eingezogenen, halbrunden Apsis im Osten des Mittelschiffs und einem Campanile, der mit einem niedrigen Gebäudetrakt mit dem nördlichen Seitenschiff verbunden ist. Die heutige Orgel auf der Empore wurde 1978 von Winfried Albiez gebaut.[1]
Literatur
- Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Bayern III, Schwaben. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München 2008, S. 922.
Weblinks
Commons: St. Josef – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
Einzelnachweise
Koordinaten: 47° 33′ 19,9″ N, 9° 42′ 21,6″ O