Benutzer:Cupkake4Yoshi/Dictator und St. Nikolaus (Feldhausen): Unterschied zwischen den Seiten

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Die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche St. Nikolaus steht in Feldhausen, einem Gemeindeteil der Kleinstadt Gammertingen im Landkreis Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg. Die Kirchengemeinde gehört zum Erzbistum Freiburg. Das Bauwerk ist beim Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Baden-Württemberg als Baudenkmal eingetragen.

Beschreibung

Die Saalkirche wurde 1737–39 erbaut. Sie besteht aus einem Langhaus und einem eingezogenen, dreiseitig geschlossenen Chor im Osten. Aus dem Satteldach des Langhauses erhebt sich im Westen ein quadratischer Giebelreiter, dessen achteckiges Geschoss die Turmuhr[ und den Glockenstuhl beherbergt, und der mit einer Zwiebelhaube bedeckt ist. Die Kirchenausstattung ist einheitlich barock. Auf dem nördlichen Seitenaltar steht eine von Michel Erhart gebaute Statue. Die Orgel wurde 1977 als Opus 26 von Winfried Albiez gebaut.^[1]

Literatur

Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Baden-Württemberg II, Regierungsbezirke Freiburg und Tübingen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München 1997, S. 187.

48.2552479.270815Koordinaten: 48° 15′ 18,9″ N, 9° 16′ 14,9″ O

Weblinks

Commons: St. Nikolaus – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Einzelnachweise

↑ Information zur Orgel

[1] Information zur Orgel

[1]

@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
+[[Datei:Kirche St. Nikolaus Feldhausen.jpg|mini|St. Nikolaus in Feldhausen]]
-{{short description|Political leader who possesses absolute power}}
+Die [[römisch-katholische Kirche|römisch-katholische]] [[Pfarrkirche]] '''St. Nikolaus''' steht in [[Feldhausen (Gammertingen)|Feldhausen]], einem Gemeindeteil der [[Kleinstadt]] [[Gammertingen]] im [[Landkreis Sigmaringen]] in [[Baden-Württemberg]]. Die Kirchengemeinde gehört zum [[Erzbistum Freiburg]]. Das Bauwerk ist beim [[Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Baden-Württemberg]] als [[Baudenkmal]] eingetragen.
-{{for multi|the ancient Roman title|Roman dictator|other uses}}
-{{redirect|Dictators|the American band|The Dictators}}
-[[File:Historical totalitarian leaders.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Leaders often described as totalitarian dictators, from left to right and top to bottom in picture, include [[Joseph Stalin]], former [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]; [[Adolf Hitler]], former ''[[Führer]]'' of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]; [[Mao Zedong]], former [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]]; [[Benito Mussolini]], former ''[[Duce]]'' of [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italy]]; and [[Kim Il-sung]], the [[Eternal President]] of [[North Korea]]]]
+== Beschreibung ==
-A '''dictator''' is a political leader who possesses [[autocracy|absolute power]]. A [[dictatorship]] is a state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique.<ref>"Dictatorship" at [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dictatorship ''Merriam Webster'' (2019)]</ref> The word originated as the title of a [[Roman dictator|Roman dictator]] elected by the [[Roman Senate|Roman Senate]] to rule the republic in times of emergency (see [[Roman dictator]] and ''[[justitium]]'').<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dictator|title=dictator – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|access-date=1 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516141807/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dictator|archive-date=16 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Die [[Saalkirche]] wurde 1737–39 erbaut. Sie besteht aus einem [[Langhaus (Kirche)|Langhaus]] und einem eingezogenen, dreiseitig geschlossenen [[Chor (Architektur)|Chor]] im Osten. Aus dem [[Satteldach]] des Langhauses erhebt sich im Westen ein quadratischer [[Giebel#Giebelschmuck|Giebelreiter]], dessen achteckiges Geschoss die [[Turmuhr]][ und den [[Glockenstuhl]] beherbergt, und der mit einer [[Haube (Architektur)#Formen|Zwiebelhaube]] bedeckt ist. Die [[Kirchenausstattung]] ist einheitlich [[barock]]. Auf dem nördlichen Seitenaltar steht eine von [[Michel Erhart]] gebaute [[Statue]]. Die [[Orgel]] wurde 1977 als [[Opus (Werk)|Opus]] 26 von [[Winfried Albiez]] gebaut.<ref>[http://www.orgbase.nl/scripts/ogb.exe?database=ob2&%250=2015216&LGE=DE&LIJST=lang Information zur Orgel]</ref>
+== Literatur ==
-Like the term ''[[tyrant]]'', and to a lesser degree ''[[Autocracy|autocrat]]'', ''dictator'' came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive rule. In modern usage the term ''dictator'' is generally used to describe a leader who holds or abuses an extraordinary amount of personal power. Dictatorships are often characterised by some of the following: suspension of elections and [[civil liberties]]; proclamation of a [[state of emergency]]; [[rule by decree]]; [[political repression|repression of political opponents]]; not abiding by the [[rule of law]] procedures, and [[cult of personality]]. Dictatorships are often [[one-party state|one-party]] or [[dominant-party system|dominant-party]] states.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Papaioannou|first=Kostadis|date=2015|title=The Dictator Effect: How long years in office affect economic development|journal=Journal of Institutional Economics|volume=11|issue=1|pages=111–139|doi=10.1017/S1744137414000356|author2=vanZanden, Jan Luiten|s2cid=154309029}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development|last=Olson|first=Mancur|date=1993|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=87|issue=3|pages=567–576|doi=10.2307/2938736|jstor=2938736}}</ref>
+* {{Literatur
+   |Autor=[[Georg Dehio]]
+   |Titel=[[Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler]], Baden-Württemberg II, Regierungsbezirke Freiburg und Tübingen.
+   |Verlag=Deutscher Kunstverlag
+   |Ort=München
+   |Datum=1997
+   |Seiten=187}}
+{{Coordinate|NS=48.255247|EW=9.270815|type=building|region=DE-BW}}
-A wide variety of leaders coming to power in different kinds of regimes, such as [[one-party state]]s, [[dominant-party system|dominant-party state]]s, and civilian governments under a personal rule, have been described as dictators. They may hold [[Left-wing politics|left]] or [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] views.
-== Etymology ==
+== Weblinks ==
+{{Commonscat}}
-{{main|Roman dictator}}
-[[File:0092 - Wien - Kunsthistorisches Museum - Gaius Julius Caesar-edit.jpg|thumb|250px|Julius Caesar outmaneuvered his opponents in ancient Rome to install himself as dictator for life.]]
-Originally an emergency legal appointment in the [[Roman Republic]] and the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan culture]], the term ''Dictator'' did not have the negative meaning it has now.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Le Glay, Marcel.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/760889060|title=A history of Rome|date=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8327-7|oclc=760889060}}</ref> A Dictator was a [[Roman magistrate|magistrate]] given sole power for a limited duration. At the end of the term, the Dictator's power was returned to normal [[Roman consul|Consular rule]], though not all dictators accepted a return to power sharing.
+== Einzelnachweise ==
-The term started to get its modern negative meaning with [[Sulla|Cornelius Sulla]]'s ascension to the dictatorship following [[Sulla's civil war]], making himself the first Dictator in Rome in more than a century (during which the office was ostensibly abolished) as well as ''de facto'' eliminating the time limit and need of senatorial acclamation. He avoided a major constitutional crisis by resigning the office after about one year, dying a few years later. [[Julius Caesar]] followed Sulla's example in 49 BC and in February 44 BC was proclaimed ''[[Dictator perpetuo]]'', "Dictator in perpetuity", officially doing away with any limitations on his power, which he kept until [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|his assassination]] the following month.
+<references />
+{{SORTIERUNG: Feldhausen, Nikolaus}}
-Following Caesar's assassination, his heir [[Augustus]] was offered the title of dictator, but he declined it. Later successors also declined the title of dictator, and usage of the title soon diminished among Roman rulers.
+[[Kategorie:Nikolaikirche]]
+[[Kategorie:Kirchengebäude im Erzbistum Freiburg]]
-The term comes from Latin 'Dictator', having same meaning as in English, originating in 'dicio': 'exert authority', 'make a decision'.
+[[Kategorie:Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Sigmaringen]]
+[[Kategorie:Saalkirche in Baden-Württemberg]]
-== Modern era ==
+[[Kategorie:Erbaut in den 1740er Jahren]]
-{{multiple image
+[[Kategorie:Kirchengebäude in Europa]]
-| direction = vertical
+[[Kategorie:Bauwerk in Gammertingen]]
-| width = 300
-| align = right
-| image1 =
-| image2 = EIU Democracy Index 2017.svg
-| caption1 =
-| caption2 = 2017 [[Democracy Index]] by ''[[The Economist]]'' in which countries marked in different shades of red of are considered undemocratic, with many being dictatorships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiWkRKbU1HWmxNVEUwTW1FdyIsInQiOiJPdlltVFV0blFRQzZNVERCZHhVeitZRElmUGplOHh3NWs1d2wzVzdRS1JvNU1kVmUxQVRESU9LbEVSOVwvR1F4aG1PV1NlS0ZZcng4NzBcLzVNZ09JOUxiZU5TTEVPekVHayttOTRqQkQ5TkNzWGNtRlowQTZ0UzlUK0pDdm9PVGlcLyJ9|title=Democracy Index 2017 – Economist Intelligence Unit|website=EIU.com|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218214151/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiWkRKbU1HWmxNVEUwTW1FdyIsInQiOiJPdlltVFV0blFRQzZNVERCZHhVeitZRElmUGplOHh3NWs1d2wzVzdRS1JvNU1kVmUxQVRESU9LbEVSOVwvR1F4aG1PV1NlS0ZZcng4NzBcLzVNZ09JOUxiZU5TTEVPekVHayttOTRqQkQ5TkNzWGNtRlowQTZ0UzlUK0pDdm9PVGlcLyJ9|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-}}
-As late as the second half of the 19th century, the term ''dictator'' had occasional positive implications. For example, during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]], the national leader [[Lajos Kossuth]] was often referred to as dictator, without any negative connotations, by his supporters and detractors alike, although his official title was that of regent-president.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lajos-Kossuth|title=Lajos Kossuth|first=Carlile Aylmer|last=Macartney|publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|date=September 15, 2020|access-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref> When creating a provisional [[Executive (government)|executive]] in [[Sicily]] during the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] in 1860, [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] officially assumed the title of "Dictator" (see [[Dictatorship of Garibaldi]]). Shortly afterwards, during the 1863 [[January Uprising]] in Poland, "Dictator" was also the official title of four leaders, the first being [[Ludwik Mierosławski]].
-Past that time, however, the term ''dictator'' assumed an invariably negative connotation. In popular usage, a ''dictatorship'' is often associated with brutality and oppression. As a result, it is often also used as a term of abuse against political opponents. The term has also come to be associated with [[wiktionary:megalomania|megalomania]]. Many dictators create a [[cult of personality]] around themselves and they have also come to grant themselves increasingly grandiloquent titles and honours. For instance, [[Idi Amin|Idi Amin Dada]], who had been a British army [[lieutenant]] prior to [[Uganda]]'s independence from Britain in October 1962, subsequently styled himself "''[[Excellency|His Excellency]], [[President for Life]], [[Field marshal (Uganda)|Field Marshal]] [[Hajji|Al Hadji]] [[Doctor of Law|Doctor]]{{Ref label|Doctorate|A|}} Idi Amin Dada, VC,{{Ref label|VC|B|}} [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], [[Military Cross|MC]], Conqueror of the [[British Empire]] in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular''".<ref name="guardian_obit">{{cite news |last=Keatley |first=Patrick |title=Obituary: Idi Amin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/aug/18/guardianobituaries |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 August 2003 |access-date=2008-03-18 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205070235/http://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/aug/18/guardianobituaries |archive-date=2013-12-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[movie]] ''[[The Great Dictator]]'' (1940), [[Charlie Chaplin]] satirized not only [[Adolf Hitler]] but the institution of dictatorship itself.
-=== Benevolent dictatorship ===
-{{main|Benevolent dictatorship}}A [[benevolent dictatorship]] refers to a government in which an [[authoritarian]] leader exercises absolute political power over the state but is perceived to do so with the regard for benefit of the population as a whole, standing in contrast to the decidedly malevolent stereotype of a dictator. A benevolent dictator may allow for some [[economic liberalization]] or [[democracy|democratic decision-making]] to exist, such as through public [[referendum]]s or [[elect]]ed [[Representative democracy|representative]]s with limited power, and often makes preparations for a [[Democratization|transition to genuine democracy]] during or after their term. It might be seen as a [[republic]] a form of [[enlightened despotism]]. The label has been applied to leaders such as [[Ioannis Metaxas]] of [[4th of August Regime|Greece]] (1936–41), [[Josip Broz Tito]] of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (1953–80),<ref name="shapiro">{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Susan |last2=Shapiro |first2=Ronald |title=The Curtain Rises: Oral Histories of the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe |publisher=McFarland |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7864-1672-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCqWFQ1WKlkC&pg=PA180 |ref=Shapiro_2004}}<br />"...All Yugoslavs had educational opportunities, jobs, food, and housing regardless of nationality. Tito, seen by most as a benevolent dictator, brought peaceful co-existence to the Balkan region, a region historically synonymous with factionalism."</ref> and [[Lee Kuan Yew]] of [[Singapore]] (1959–90).<ref>{{Cite news |title=What Singapore can teach us |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/what-singapore-can-teach-us/2012/05/02/gIQAlQEGwT_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2015-11-25 |issn=0190-8286 |first=Matt |last=Miller |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311045232/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/what-singapore-can-teach-us/2012/05/02/gIQAlQEGwT_story.html |archive-date=2016-03-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-=== Military roles ===
-The association between a dictator and the [[military]] is a common one; many dictators take great pains to emphasize their connections with the military and they often wear military uniforms. In some cases, this is perfectly legitimate; [[Francisco Franco]] was a general in the Spanish Army before he became [[Head of state|Chief of State]] of [[Spain]];<ref>{{Cite book|ref=Thomas|first=Hugh|author-link=Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton|last=Thomas|year=1977|title=The Spanish Civil War|isbn=978-0-06-014278-0|pages=421–424}}</ref> [[Manuel Noriega]] was officially commander of the [[Panamanian Defense Forces]]. In other cases, the association is mere pretense.
-=== Crowd manipulation ===
-Some dictators have been masters of [[crowd manipulation]], such as Mussolini and Hitler.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Others were more prosaic speakers, such as Stalin and Franco. Typically the dictator's people seize control of all media, censor or destroy the opposition, and give strong doses of [[propaganda]] daily, often built around a [[cult of personality]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Morstein |first=Marx Fritz |display-authors=etal |title=Propaganda and Dictatorship |publisher=Princeton UP |isbn=978-1-4067-4724-9|date=March 2007 }}</ref>
-Mussolini and Hitler used similar, modest titles referring to them as "the Leader". Mussolini used "Il [[Duce]]" and Hitler was generally referred to as "der [[Führer]]", meaning 'Director' in German language. Franco used a similar title "El [[Caudillo]]" ("the Head", 'the chieftain')<ref>{{cite book|ref=Hamil|editor=Hamil, Hugh M. |title=Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America|publisher =University of Oklahoma Press|year= 1992|isbn=978-0-8061-2428-5|chapter=Introduction|pages=5–6}}
-</ref> and for Stalin his adopted name became synonyms with his role as the absolute leader. For Mussolini, Hitler, and Franco, the use of modest, non-traditional titles displayed their absolute power even stronger as they did not need any, not even a historic legitimacy either.
-[[Image:2017 Freedom House world map.png|thumb|Country ratings for 2016 from [[Freedom House]]'s ''Freedom in the World 2017''<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf Freedom in The World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf |date=2017-07-27 }} by ''Freedom House'', January 31, 2017</ref><br />{{legend inline|#16A983|Free (86)}} {{legend inline|#E5B63B|Partly Free (59)}} {{legend inline|#6973A5|Not Free (50)}}]]
-=== Criticism ===
-The usage of the term ''dictator'' in western media has been criticized as "Code for Government We Don’t Like". Leaders that would generally be considered authoritarian but are allied with the US such as [[Paul Biya]] or [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] are rarely referred to as "dictators", while leaders of countries opposed to US policy such as [[Nicolás Maduro|Nicolas Maduro]] or [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar Al-Assad]] have the term applied much more liberally.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-11|title=Dictator: Media Code for 'Government We Don't Like'|url=https://fair.org/home/dictator-media-code-for-government-we-dont-like/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=FAIR|language=en-US}}</ref>
-== Modern usage in formal titles ==
-[[File:Ritratto di Giuseppe Garibaldi - Salvatore Lo Forte.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] proclaimed himself dictator of Sicily in 1860.]]
-Because of its negative and pejorative connotations, modern authoritarian leaders very rarely (if ever) use the term ''dictator'' in their formal titles, instead they most often simply have title of [[President (government title)|president]]. In the 19th century, however, its official usage was more common:<ref> Moisés Prieto, ed. ''Dictatorship in the Nineteenth Century: Conceptualisations, Experiences, Transfers'' (Routledge, 2021). </ref>
-* The [[Dictatorial Government of Sicily]] (27 May – 4 November 1860) was a provisional executive government appointed by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] to rule [[Sicily]]. The government ended when [[Sicily#Italian unification|Sicily's annexation]] into the Kingdom of Italy was ratified by plebiscite.<ref>Cesare Vetter, "Garibaldi and the dictatorship: Features and cultural sources." in ''Dictatorship in the Nineteenth Century'' (Routledge, 2021) pp. 113-132. </ref>
-* [[Romuald Traugutt]] was Dictator of Poland from 17 October 1863 to 10 April 1864.<ref>Stefan Kieniewicz, "Polish Society and the Insurrection of 1863." ''Past & Present'' 37 (1967): 130-148. </ref>
-* The [[Dictatorial Government of the Philippines]] (1898–1898) was an insurgent government in the Philippines which was headed by [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] with formally holding the title of dictator.<ref name=aguinaldo>{{cite web|title=The First Philippine Republic|url=http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-first-philippine-republic/|publisher=National Historical Commission|access-date=26 May 2018|date=7 September 2012|quote=On June 20, Aguinaldo issued a decree organizing the judiciary, and on June 23, again upon Mabini’s advice, major changes were promulgated and implemented: change of government from Dictatorial to Revolutionary; change of the Executive title from Dictator to President}}</ref> The dictatorial government was superseded by the [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)|revolutionary government]] with Aguinaldo as president.
-== Human rights abuses ==
-Over time, dictators have been known to use tactics that violate human rights. For example, under the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] dictator [[Joseph Stalin]], government policy was enforced by [[secret police]] and the [[Gulag]] system of prison labour camps. Most Gulag inmates were not political prisoners, although significant numbers of political prisoners could be found in the camps at any one time. Data collected from Soviet archives gives the death toll from Gulags as 1,053,829.<ref>"Gulag Prisoner Population Statistics from 1934 to 1953." ''Wasatch.edu''. Wasatch, n.d. Web. 16 July 2016: "According to a 1993 study of Soviet archival data, a total of 1,053,829 people died in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953. However, taking into account that it was common practice to release prisoners who were either suffering from incurable diseases or on the point of death, the actual Gulag death toll was somewhat higher, amounting to 1,258,537 in 1934–53, or 1.6 million deaths during the whole period from 1929 to 1953.."</ref> Other human rights abuses by the Soviet state included [[Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services|human experimentation]], [[Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union|the use of psychiatry as a political weapon]] and the denial of freedom of religion, assembly, speech and association. Similar crimes were committed during [[Mao Zedong]]'s rule over the [[China|People's Republic of China]] during China's [[Cultural Revolution]], where Mao set out to purge dissidents, primarily through the use of youth groups strongly committed to [[Mao Zedong's cult of personality|his cult of personality]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2012|title=Remembering the dark days of China's Cultural Revolution|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1017272/remembering-dark-days-chinas-cultural-revolution|access-date=2021-07-15|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>
-Some dictators have been associated with [[genocide]] on certain races or groups; the most notable and wide-reaching example is [[the Holocaust]], [[Adolf Hitler]]'s genocide of eleven million people, six million of which were [[Jews]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Holocaust|url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/holocaust|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans|language=en}}</ref> Later on in [[Democratic Kampuchea]], [[Pol Pot]] and his policies killed an estimated 1.7 million people (out of a population of 7 million) during his four-year dictatorship.<ref>"{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097426_2097427_2097449,00.html |title=Top 15 Toppled Dictators |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824000146/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097426_2097427_2097449,00.html |archive-date=2013-08-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a result, Pol Pot is sometimes described as "the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] of Cambodia" and "a genocidal tyrant".<ref>William Branigin, [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-664002.html Architect of Genocide Was Unrepentant to the End] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509211319/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-664002.html |date=2013-05-09 }} ''[[The Washington Post]]'', April 17, 1998</ref>
-The [[International Criminal Court]] issued an arrest warrant for [[Sudan]]'s military dictator [[Omar al-Bashir]] over alleged [[War in Darfur|war crimes]] in [[Darfur]].<ref>"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/majornews/2403864/Sudanese-dictator-Omar-al-Bashir-faces-war-crimes-charges.html Sudanese dictator Omar al-Bashir faces war crimes charges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516030358/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/majornews/2403864/Sudanese-dictator-Omar-al-Bashir-faces-war-crimes-charges.html |date=2018-05-16 }}". ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. July 14, 2008.</ref>
-== See also ==
-{{div col}}
-* [[Authoritarian personality]]
-* [[Benevolent dictator for life]]
-* [[Chinese Communist Party]]
-* [[Communism]]
-* [[Dictator novel]]
-* [[Emergency powers]]
-* [[List of political leaders who suspended the constitution]]
-* [[Nazi Party]]
-* [[Strongman (politics)]]
-* [[Supreme leader|Supreme Leader]]
-* [[Democracy Index]]
-* [[Workers' Party of Korea]]
-* [[Tenured_professor|Tenured-professor]]
-{{div col end}}
-== References ==
-=== Notes ===
-{{reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
-* A&nbsp;{{note|Doctorate}}He conferred a [[Juris Doctor|doctorate of law]] on himself from [[Makerere University]].<ref name=Byword>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1390595,00.html |title=Idi Amin: a byword for brutality |work=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |access-date=2007-12-02 |date=2003-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605070641/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1390595,00.html |archive-date=2008-06-05 }}</ref>
-* B&nbsp;{{note|VC}}The Victorious Cross (VC) was a medal made to emulate the British [[Victoria Cross]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Lorna |title=Diplomacy with a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15497-1 |location=University of Michigan|page=239}}</ref>
-=== Citations ===
-{{reflist|30em}}
-== Further reading==
-* Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. ''Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy'' (2009), scholarly approach to comparative political economy [https://www.amazon.com/Economic-Origins-Dictatorship-Democracy-Acemoglu/dp/0521671426/ excerpt]
-* Armillas-Tiseyra, Magalí. ''The Dictator Novel: Writers and Politics in the Global South'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Dictator-Novel-Writers-Politics-Global/dp/0810140411/ excerpt]
-* Baehr, Peter and Melvin Richter. ''Dictatorship in History and Theory'' (2004) scholarly focus on 19c Europe.
-* Ben-Ghiat, Ruth. ''Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present'' (2020) scholarly analysis of 13 major dictators; [https://www.amazon.com/Strongmen-Mussolini-Present-Ruth-Ben-Ghiat/dp/1324001542/ excerpt]
-* Brooker, Paul. ''Defiant Dictatorships: Communist and Middle-Eastern Dictatorships in a Democratic Age'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 1997). [https://www.amazon.com/Defiant-Dictatorships-Communist-Middle-Eastern-Democratic/dp/0814713114 excerpt]
-* Costa Pinto, António. ''Latin American Dictatorships in the Era of Fascism: The Corporatist Wave'' (Routledge, 2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Latin-American-Dictatorships-Era-Fascism/dp/0367243857/ excerpt]
-* Crowson, Nick. ''Facing Fascism: The Conservative Party and the European Dictators 1935-40'' (Routledge, 1997), how the Conservative government in Britain dealt with them.
-* Dávila, Jerry. ''Dictatorship in South America'' (2013), covers Brazil, Argentina, and Chile since 1945. [https://www.amazon.com/Dictatorship-South-America-Jerry-D%C3%A1vila/dp/1405190566/ excerpt]
-* Galván, Javier A. ''Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers'' (2012), brief scholarly summaries; [https://www.amazon.com/Latin-American-Dictators-20th-Century/dp/078646691X/ excerpt]
-* Hamill, Hugh M. ''Caudillos: dictators in Spanish America'' (U of Oklahoma Press, 1995).
-* Harford Vargas, Jennifer. ''Forms of Dictatorship: Power, Narrative, and Authoritarianism in the Latina/o Novel'' (Oxford UP, 2017).
-* Kim, Michael et al. eds. ''Mass Dictatorship and Modernity'' (2013) [https://www.amazon.com/Mass-Dictatorship-Modernity-Twentieth-Century/dp/1137304324/ excerpt]
-* Lim, J. and K. Petrone, eds. ''Gender Politics and Mass Dictatorship: Global Perspectives'' (2010) [https://www.amazon.com/Gender-Politics-Mass-Dictatorship-Perspectives/dp/0230242049/ excerpt]
-* Lüdtke, Alf. ''Everyday Life in Mass Dictatorship: Collusion and Evasion'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Everyday-Life-Mass-Dictatorship-Collusion/dp/113744276X/ excerpt]
-* Mainwaring, Scott, and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, eds. ''Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Democracies-Dictatorships-Latin-America-Emergence/dp/0521152240/ excerpt]
-* Moore Jr, Barrington. ''Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World'' (1966) [https://archive.org/details/socialoriginsofd00barr online]
-* Peake, Lesley. '' Guide To History’s Worst Dictators: From Emperor Nero To Vlad the Impaler And More: Nero Accomplishments''(2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Guide-Historys-Worst-Dictators-Accomplishments/dp/B092LY53N2/ excerpt], popular
-* Rank, Michael. ''History's Worst Dictators: A Short Guide to the Most Brutal Rulers, From Emperor Nero to Ivan the Terrible'' (2013), popular.
-* Spencer, Robert. ''Dictators, Dictatorship and the African Novel'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021).
-* Weyland, Kurt. ''Revolution and Reaction: The Diffusion of Authoritarianism in Latin America'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Revolution-Reaction-Diffusion-Authoritarianism-America/dp/1108728839/ excerpt]
-== External links ==
-{{Library resources box}}
-* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
-* [http://www.planetrulers.com/current-dictators Current Dictators of the World]
-* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%27Dictatorship+%29&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22texts%22&sort=-date&page=2 online books on dictatorship]
-{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Dictatorship|*]]
-[[Category:Heads of government]]
-[[Category:Heads of state]]
-[[Category:Positions of authority]]
-[[Category:Titles]]
-[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
-[[cs:Diktátor]]