St Vincent (Schiff, 1910) und Grand corps: Unterschied zwischen den Seiten
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{{Löschantragstext|tag=24|monat=Juni|jahr=2022|titel=Grand corps|text=Zur Begründung siehe Löschdiskussion.}} |
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{{Other ships|HMS St Vincent}} |
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Das '''Grand corps''' ist eine französische Form des [[Korsett]]s oder ein höfisches Mieder, das im 18. Jahrhundert dem Adel vorbehalten war. |
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|Ship image=[[Image:HMS St Vincent (1908).jpg|300px]] |
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|Ship caption=''St Vincent'' at the Coronation Review, [[Spithead]], 24 June 1911 |
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{{Infobox ship career |
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|Ship country=United Kingdom |
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|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|UK|naval}} |
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|Ship name=''Saint Vincent'' |
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|Ship namesake=[[Admiral of the Fleet]] [[John Jervis, Earl of St Vincent]] |
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|Ship ordered=26 October 1907 |
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|Ship laid down=30 December 1907 |
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|Ship launched=10 September 1908 |
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|Ship completed= |
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|Ship commissioned=3 May 1910 |
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|Ship decommissioned=March 1921 |
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|Ship fate=Sold for [[ship breaking|scrap]], 1 December 1921 |
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{{Infobox ship characteristics |
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|Header caption=(as built) |
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|Ship class={{sclass-|St. Vincent|battleship|0}} [[dreadnought battleship]] |
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|Ship displacement= {{convert|19700|LT|t|lk=in}} (normal) |
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|Ship length={{convert|536|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} ([[Length overall|o/a]]) |
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|Ship beam={{convert|84|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} |
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|Ship draught={{convert|28|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} |
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|Ship power=*{{convert|24500|shp|lk=in|abbr=on}} |
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*18 × [[Babcock & Wilcox boiler]]s |
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|Ship propulsion=4 × shafts; 2 × [[steam turbine]] sets |
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|Ship speed={{convert|21|kn|lk=in}} |
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|Ship range={{convert|6900|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}} |
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|Ship complement=756–835 |
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|Ship armament=* 5 × twin [[BL 12 inch Mk XI - XII naval gun|12-inch (305 mm) guns]] |
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* 20 × single [[BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII|4-inch (102 mm) guns]] |
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* 3 × [[British 18 inch torpedo|18-inch (450 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s |
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|Ship armour=* [[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|8|-|10|in|mm|0}} |
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* [[Bulkhead (partition)|Bulkhead]]s: {{convert|5|-|8|in|mm|0}} |
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* [[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|.75|-|3|in|mm|0}} |
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* [[Turret]]s: {{convert|11|in|mm|0}} |
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* [[Barbette]]s: {{convert|5|-|10|in|mm|0}} |
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*[[Conning tower]]: {{convert|8|-|11|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} |
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|Ship notes= |
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== Beschreibung == |
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'''HMS ''St Vincent''''' was the [[lead ship]] of [[St Vincent-class battleship|her class]] of three [[dreadnought battleship]]s built for the [[Royal Navy]] in the first decade of the 20th century. She spent her whole career assigned to the [[Home Fleet|Home]] and [[Grand Fleet]]s and often served as a [[flagship]]. Aside from participating in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in May 1916, during which she damaged a German [[battlecruiser]], her service during World War I generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the [[North Sea]]. The ship was deemed obsolete after the war and was reduced to [[Reserve fleet|reserve]] and used as a [[training ship]]. ''St Vincent'' was sold for [[ship breaking|scrap]] in 1921 and broken up the following year. |
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Das Grand corps war steifer als gewöhnliche Varianten und schränkte das Atmen, Essen und die Bewegungsfreiheit der Arme ein. Es durfte regulär nur von höchsten französischen Prinzessinnen getragen werden.<ref name="Mida">{{Internetquelle |autor=Ingrid Mida |url=http://fashionismymuse.blogspot.com/2008/10/marie-antoinettes-corset-rebellion.html |titel=Marie Antoinette's Corset Rebellion |werk= |hrsg= |datum=2008-10-13 |sprache=en |abruf=2021-03-30}}</ref> |
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Durch [[Marie-Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen]] erlangte das Grand corps Bekanntheit. Am [[Versailles#Im Ancien Régime|Hof von Versailles]] waren Mieder mit Korsettstäben aus [[Fischbein]] üblich, doch Marie-Antoinettes Stellung erforderte das Tragen eines ''Grand corps'', das besonders fest geschnürt wurde. In der Bekleidungssymbolik des Hofes drückte die Steifheit, die das Grand corps verlieh, höchste Vornehmheit aus. Die Marquise Lucy de La Tour du Pin, eine Hofdame, beschrieb das Grand corps in ihren Memoiren als „ein speziell angefertigtes Korsett, ohne Schultergurte, am Rücken geschnürt, aber eng genug, dass die Schnürung, vier Finger breit an der Unterseite, einen Blick erlaubte auf ein Unterhemd aus so feinem Batist, dass es jedem sofort auffallen würde, wenn die Haut darunter nicht ausreichend weiß wäre“. Die Vorderseite wurde ebenfalls geschnürt. Die Brust war vollständig freigelegt. Die Marquise bezeichnete ihre eigenen Erfahrungen mit dem Grand corps als „extrem lästig und ermüdend“.<ref>Caroline Weber: ''Queen of Fashion. What Marie Antoinette Wore to the Revolution'', Henry Holt, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-8050-7949-4, S. 67</ref> Als Marie-Antoinette das Tragen dieses Korsettes ablehnte und stattdessen die Varianten mit mehr Bewegungsfreiheit bevorzugte, die sie aus ihrer Zeit am österreichischen Hof kannte, galt dies laut der Kunsthistorikerin Ingrid Mida als Bruch der [[Etiquette]] und führte zu diplomatischen Interventionen bis hin zu Kaiserin [[Maria Theresia]].<ref name="Mida" /> |
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==Design and description== |
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[[File:1stGenBritishBBs.tiff|thumb|left|Right elevation and plan of the first generation of British dreadnoughts from the 1912 edition of [[Jane's Fighting Ships]]]] |
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The design of the ''St Vincent'' class was derived from that of the previous {{sclass-|Bellerophon|battleship|4}}, with a slight increase in size, armour and more powerful guns, among other more minor changes. ''St Vincent'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|536|ft|m|1}}, a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|84|ft|m|1}},<ref>Burt, pp. 75–76</ref> and a normal [[Draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|28|ft|m|1}}.<ref name=p5>Preston, p. 125</ref> She [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|19700|LT|t|lk=in}} at normal load and {{convert|22800|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. In 1911 her crew numbered 756 officers and enlisted men and 835 in 1915.<ref name="B_76"/> |
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Das Kostüminstitut des [[Museum of Modern Art]] beschreibt das Grand corps als höfisches Mieder des 18. Jahrhunderts in Frankreich, das von Damen des Hofes als Teil einer besonderen Hofkleidung bei formellen Anlässen mit der Königin getragen wurde. Exemplare davon seien äußerst selten, in Frankreich seien keine erhaltenen mehr bekannt.<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/90397 ''Bodice. 18th century.'' The Costume Institute, MoMA]</ref> |
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''St Vincent'' was powered by two sets of [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] [[direct-drive]] [[steam turbine]]s, each driving two [[propeller shaft]]s, using steam from eighteen [[Babcock & Wilcox boiler]]s. The turbines were rated at {{convert|24500|shp|abbr=on}} and were intended to give the ship a maximum speed of {{convert|21|kn|lk=on}}. During her [[sea trial]]s on 17 December 1909, she reached a top speed of {{convert|21.67|kn}} from {{convert|28218|shp|abbr=on}}. ''St Vincent'' had a range of {{convert|6900|nmi|lk=in}} at a cruising speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref>Burt, pp. 76, 80</ref> |
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== Einzelnachweise == |
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===Armament and armour=== |
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<references /> |
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The ''St Vincent'' class was equipped with ten [[List of British ordnance terms#BL|breech-loading]] (BL) [[BL 12 inch Mk XI - XII naval gun|{{convert|12|in|mm|sing=on|sigfig=3}} Mk XI guns]] in five twin-[[gun turret]]s, three along the centreline and the remaining two as [[wing turret]]s. The secondary, or anti-[[torpedo boat]] armament, comprised twenty [[BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII|BL {{convert|4|in|mm|sing=on|sigfig=3}} Mk VII guns]]. Two of these guns were each installed on the roofs of the fore and aft centreline turrets and the wing turrets in unshielded mounts, and the other ten were positioned in the superstructure. All guns were in single mounts.<ref name="B_76">Burt, p. 76</ref> The ships were also fitted with three [[British 18 inch torpedo|18-inch (450 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s, one on each [[broadside]] and the third in the [[stern]].<ref name=p5/> |
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[[Kategorie:Frauenkleidung]] |
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The ''St Vincent''-class ships had a [[Belt armor|waterline belt]] of [[Krupp cemented armour]] (KC) that was {{convert|10|in|0}} thick between the fore and aftmost [[barbette]]s that reduced to a thickness of {{convert|2|in|0}} before it reached the ships' ends. Above this was a [[strake]] of armour {{convert|8|in|0}} thick. Transverse [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s {{convert|5|to|8|in|0}} inches thick terminated the thickest parts of the waterline and upper armour belts once they reached the outer portions of the endmost barbettes.<ref>Burt, pp. 76, 78; Parkes, p. 503</ref> |
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[[Kategorie:Unterwäsche, Strumpf- und Miederware]] |
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[[Kategorie:Kostümkunde des Rokoko]] |
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The three centreline barbettes were protected by armour {{convert|9|in|0}} thick above the main [[deck (ship)|deck]] that thinned to {{convert|5|in|0}} below it. The wing barbettes were similar except that they had 10 inches of armour on their outer faces. The gun turrets had {{convert|11|in|0|adj=on}} faces and sides with {{convert|3|in|0}} roofs. The three armoured decks ranged in thicknesses from {{convert|.75|to|3|in}}. The front and sides of the forward [[conning tower]] were protected by 11-inch plates, although the rear and roof were 8 inches and 3 inches thick respectively.<ref>Burt, pp. 76, 78; Parkes, p. 504</ref> |
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[[Kategorie:Marie-Antoinette]] |
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====Alterations==== |
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The guns on the forward turret roof were removed in 1911–1912 and the upper forward pair of guns in the superstructure were removed in 1913–1914. In addition, [[gun shield]]s were fitted to all guns in the superstructure and the [[bridge (nautical)|bridge]] structure was enlarged around the base of the forward tripod mast. During the first year of the war, a [[fire-control director]] was installed high on the forward tripod mast. Around the same time, the base of the forward superstructure was rebuilt to house four 4-inch guns and the turret-top guns were removed, which reduced her secondary armament to a total of fourteen guns. In addition a pair of 3-inch (76 mm) [[anti-aircraft gun|anti-aircraft (AA) guns]] were added.<ref name=b81>Burt, p. 81</ref> |
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By April 1917, ''St Vincent'' mounted thirteen 4-inch anti-torpedo boat guns as well as single 4-inch and 3-inch AA guns. Approximately {{convert|50|LT|t}} of additional deck armour had been added after the Battle of Jutland and the ship was modified to operate a [[kite balloon]]. In 1918 a high-angle [[rangefinder]] was fitted and the stern torpedo tube was removed before the end of the war.<ref name=b81/> |
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==Construction and career== |
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[[File:British Battleships of the First World War Q40097.jpg|thumb|''St Vincent'' at anchor, about 1911]] |
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''St Vincent'', named after [[Admiral of the Fleet]] [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent]],<ref>Silverstone, p. 267</ref> was ordered on 26 October 1907.<ref name="B_86">Burt, p. 86</ref> She was [[laid down]] at [[HMNB Portsmouth|Portsmouth Royal Dockyard]] on the same date; [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 10 September 1908 and completed in May 1909. Including her armament, her cost is variously quoted at £1,579,970<ref name="B_76"/> or £1,754,615.<ref>Parkes, p. 503</ref> She was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 3 May 1910 and assigned as the junior flagship of the 1st Division of the [[Home Fleet]]. She was commanded by [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Douglas Nicholson]] and was present in [[Torbay]] when [[King George V]] visited the fleet in late July. ''St Vincent'' also participated in the [[Fleet Review, Royal Navy#George V|Coronation Fleet Review]] at [[Spithead]] on 24 June 1911. On 1 May 1912 the 1st Division was renamed the [[1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|1st Battle Squadron]]. The ship participated in the Parliamentary Naval Review on 9 July at Spithead before beginning a lengthy refit late in the year. On 21 April 1914, she was recommissioned and resumed her role as the flagship of the second-in-command of the 2nd Division, 1st Battle Squadron,<ref name="B_86"/> under the command of [[Rear-Admiral]] [[Hugh Evan-Thomas]].<ref>Corbett, p. 438</ref> |
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===World War I=== |
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Between 17 and 20 July 1914 ''St Vincent'' took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review. Arriving in [[Isle of Portland|Portland]] on 27 July, she was ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to [[Scapa Flow]] two days later<ref name="B_86"/> to safeguard the fleet from a possible [[Imperial German Navy|German]] surprise attack.<ref>Massie, p. 19</ref> In August 1914, following the outbreak of [[World War I]], the Home Fleet was reorganised as the [[Grand Fleet]], and placed under the command of Admiral [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe|John Jellicoe]].<ref>Gardiner & Gray, p. 32</ref> Most of it was briefly based (22 October to 3 November) at [[Lough Swilly]], Ireland, while the defences at Scapa were strengthened. On the evening of 22 November 1914, the Grand Fleet conducted a fruitless sweep in the southern half of the [[North Sea]]; ''St Vincent'' stood with the main body in support of [[Vice-Admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s [[1st Battlecruiser Squadron]]. The fleet was back in port in Scapa Flow by 27 November.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 163–65</ref> The 1st Battle Squadron cruised north-west of the [[Shetland Islands]] and conducted gunnery practice on 8–12 December. Four days later, the Grand Fleet [[sortie]]d during the German [[raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby]], but failed to make contact with the [[High Seas Fleet]]. ''St Vincent'' and the rest of the Grand Fleet conducted another sweep of the North Sea on 25–27 December.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 172, 179, 183–84</ref> |
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[[File:First battle squadron in the North Sea (April 1915).jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The 1st Battle Squadron at sea, April 1915]] |
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Jellicoe's ships, including ''St Vincent'', conducted gunnery drills on 10–13 January 1915 west of the [[Orkneys]] and Shetlands. On the evening of 23 January, the bulk of the Grand Fleet sailed in support of Beatty's [[battlecruiser]]s, but ''St Vincent'' and the rest of the fleet did not participate in the ensuing [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)|Battle of Dogger Bank]] the following day. On 7–10 March, the Grand Fleet conducted a sweep in the northern North Sea, during which it conducted training manoeuvres. Another such cruise took place on 16–19 March. On 11 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a patrol in the central North Sea and returned to port on 14 April; another patrol in the area took place on 17–19 April, followed by gunnery drills off the Shetlands on 20–21 April.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 190, 194–96, 206, 211–12</ref> |
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The Grand Fleet conducted sweeps into the central North Sea on 17–19 May and 29–31 May without encountering any German vessels. During 11–14 June the fleet conducted gunnery practice and battle exercises west of the Shetlands.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 217, 218–19, 221–22</ref> King George V inspected all of the personnel of the 2nd Division aboard ''St Vincent'' during his visit to Scapa on 8 July<ref name="B_86"/> and the Grand Fleet conducted training off the Shetlands beginning three days later. On 2–5 September, the fleet went on another cruise in the northern end of the North Sea and conducted gunnery drills. Throughout the rest of the month, the Grand Fleet conducted numerous training exercises. The ship, together with the majority of the Grand Fleet, conducted another sweep into the North Sea from 13 to 15 October. Almost three weeks later, ''St Vincent'' participated in another fleet training operation west of Orkney during 2–5 November.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 228, 243, 246, 250, 253</ref> She became a [[private ship]] that month when she was relieved by {{HMS|Colossus|1910|2}} as flagship.<ref name="B_86"/> |
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The fleet departed for a cruise in the North Sea on 26 February 1916; Jellicoe had intended to use the [[Harwich Force]] to sweep the [[Heligoland Bight]], but bad weather prevented operations in the southern North Sea. As a result, the operation was confined to the northern end of the sea. Another sweep began on 6 March, but had to be abandoned the following day as the weather grew too severe for the escorting [[destroyer]]s. On the night of 25 March, ''St Vincent'' and the rest of the fleet sailed from Scapa Flow to support Beatty's battlecruisers and other light forces raiding the German [[Zeppelin]] base at [[Tondern]]. By the time the Grand Fleet approached the area on 26 March, the British and German forces had already disengaged and a strong [[gale]] threatened the light craft, so the fleet was ordered to return to base. On 21 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a demonstration off [[Horns Reef]] to distract the Germans while the [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian Navy]] relaid its defensive [[naval mine|minefields]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. The fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 24 April and refuelled before proceeding south in response to intelligence reports that the Germans were about to launch a [[Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft|raid on Lowestoft]]. The Grand Fleet arrived in the area after the Germans had withdrawn. On 2–4 May, the fleet conducted another demonstration off Horns Reef to keep German attention focused on the North Sea.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 271, 275, 279–80, 284, 286–90</ref> |
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===Battle of Jutland=== |
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[[File:Map of the Battle of Jutland, 1916.svg|thumb|400px|Maps showing the manoeuvres of the British (blue) and German (red) fleets on 31 May – 1 June 1916|alt=The British fleet sailed from northern Britain to the east while the Germans sailed from Germany in the south; the opposing fleets met off the Danish coast]] |
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{{Main|Battle of Jutland}} |
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In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the High Seas Fleet, composed of 16 dreadnoughts, 6 [[Pre-dreadnought battleship|pre-dreadnoughts]], 6 [[light cruiser]]s, and 31 [[torpedo boat]]s, departed the [[Jade Bight|Jade]] early on the morning of 31 May 1916. The fleet sailed in concert with Rear Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]'s five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats. The Royal Navy's [[Room 40]] had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. In response the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totalling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.<ref>Tarrant, pp. 54–55, 57–58</ref> ''St Vincent'', under the command of Captain [[William Wordsworth Fisher|William Fisher]], was assigned to the 5th Division of the 1st Battle Squadron at this time. Shortly after 14:20,<ref group=Note>The times used in this section are in [[Universal Time|UT]], which is one hour behind [[Central European Time|CET]], which is often used in German works.</ref> Fisher [[semaphore]]d the Grand Fleet's flagship, {{HMS|Iron Duke|1912|2}}, that his ship was monitoring strong radio signals on the frequency used by the German [[High Seas Fleet]] that implied the Germans were nearby. Detection of further signals was communicated at 14:52.<ref>Burt, p. 86; Gordon, p. 416</ref> |
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As the Grand Fleet began deploying from columns into [[line of battle]] beginning at 18:15, the 5th Division was near the rear and ''St Vincent'', the twentieth ship from the head of the [[battle line]] after deployment, was briefly forced to stop to avoid overrunning ships further forward as the fleet had been forced to slow to {{convert|14|kn}} to allow the [[battlecruiser]]s to assume their position at the head of the line. During the first stage of the general engagement, the ship fired a few [[salvo]]s from her main guns at the crippled [[light cruiser]] {{SMS|Wiesbaden}} from 18:33, although the number of hits made, if any, is unknown. Between 18:40 and 19:00 the ship turned away twice from what were thought to be torpedoes that stopped short of the ship. From 19:10 ''St Vincent'' began firing at what was initially identified as a German battleship, but proved to be the battlecruiser {{SMS|Moltke}}, hitting her target twice before she disappeared into the mist. The first [[Armor-piercing shell|armour-piercing, capped]] (APC) shell was probably a ricochet and struck the upper hull abreast the [[bridge (nautical)|bridge]]. It wrecked the [[sickbay]] and slightly damaged the surrounding superstructure and hull which caused some minor flooding. One man in the conning tower was wounded by a splinter. The second hit penetrated the rear armour of the [[superfiring]] turret at the rear of the ship, wrecking it and starting a small fire that was easily extinguished by the crew. This was the last time that ''St Vincent'' fired her guns during the battle. The ship fired a total of 90 APC and 8 [[List of British ordnance terms#Common Pointed|Common Pointed, Capped]] shells during the battle.<ref>Campbell, pp. 146, 157, 167, 205, 208, 232–34, 349</ref> |
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====Subsequent activity==== |
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After the battle the ship was transferred to the [[4th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|4th Battle Squadron]] under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir [[Doveton Sturdee]]. On the evening of 18 August, the Grand Fleet put to sea in response to a message deciphered by Room 40 that indicated that the High Seas Fleet, minus II Squadron, would be leaving harbour that night. The German objective was to bombard [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]] on 19 August, based on extensive reconnaissance conducted by Zeppelins and [[U-boat Campaign (World War I)|U-boats]]. The Grand Fleet sailed with 29 dreadnoughts and 6 battlecruisers while the Germans mustered 18 dreadnoughts and 2 battlecruisers. Throughout the next day, Jellicoe and Vice-Admiral [[Reinhard Scheer]], commander of the High Seas Fleet, received conflicting intelligence; after reaching the location in the North Sea where they expected to encounter the High Seas Fleet, the British turned north in the erroneous belief that they had entered a minefield. Scheer turned south again, then steered south-eastward to pursue a lone British battle squadron sighted by an airship, which was in fact the Harwich Force of [[cruiser]]s and destroyers under [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] [[Reginald Tyrwhitt]]. Realising their mistake, the Germans changed course for home. The only contact came in the evening when Tyrwhitt sighted the High Seas Fleet but was unable to achieve an advantageous attack position before dark, and broke off contact. The British and the German fleets returned home; the British lost two cruisers to U-boat attacks, and one German dreadnought had been torpedoed. After returning to port, Jellicoe issued an order that prohibited risking the fleet in the southern half of the North Sea due to the overwhelming risk from mines and U-boats unless the odds of defeating the High Seas Fleet in a decisive engagement were favourable.<ref>Massie, pp. 682–84</ref> |
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On 24 April 1918, ''St Vincent'' was under repair at [[Invergordon]], Scotland, when she and the dreadnought {{HMS|Hercules|1910|2}} were ordered north to reinforce the forces based at Scapa Flow and the [[Orkneys]] when the High Seas Fleet [[sortie]]d north for the last time to intercept a convoy to Norway. She was unable to comply with the order before the Germans turned back after ''Moltke'' suffered engine damage.<ref>Newbolt, pp. 235–38</ref> The ship was present at Rosyth when the German fleet surrendered on 21 November. In March 1919, she was reduced to reserve and became a gunnery training ship at Portsmouth. ''St Vincent'' then became flagship of the Reserve Fleet in June and was relieved as gunnery training ship in December when she was transferred to Rosyth. There she remained until listed for disposal in March 1921. She was sold to the [[Stanlee Shipbreaking & Salvage Co.]] for scrap on 1 December 1921 and towed to [[Dover]] for demolition in March 1922.<ref name="B_86"/> |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist|group=Note}} |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{Research help|Mil}} |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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* {{cite book|last=Burt|first=R. A.|title=British Battleships of World War One|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1986|isbn=0-87021-863-8}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=N. J. M.|title=Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1986|isbn=0-87021-324-5}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Corbett|first=Julian|authorlink=Julian Corbett|title=Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands|edition=2nd, reprint of the 1938|series=History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents|volume=I|publisher=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press|location=London and Nashville, Tennessee|isbn=0-89839-256-X}} |
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* {{cite book |editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Gray|editor2-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921|year=1984|location=Annapolis|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-907-3|last-author-amp=yes}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Andrew|title=The Rules of the Game: Jutland and British Naval Command|date=2012|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-336-9}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Jellicoe|first=John|authorlink=John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe|title=The Grand Fleet, 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development, and Work|year=1919|location=New York|publisher=George H. Doran Company|oclc=13614571}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Newbolt|first=Henry|title=Naval Operations|edition=reprint of the 1931|series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents|volume=V|year=1996|publisher=Battery Press|location=Nashville, Tennessee|isbn=0-89839-255-1}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Parkes|first=Oscar|title=British Battleships|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|edition=reprint of the 1957|isbn=1-55750-075-4}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Preston|first=Antony|title=Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918|publisher=Galahad Books|location=New York|year=1972|isbn=0-88365-300-1}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|year=1984|publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Tarrant |first=V. E. |title=Jutland: The German Perspective: A New View of the Great Battle, 31 May 1916 |publisher=Brockhampton Press |location=London |year=1999 |orig-year=1995 |edition=repr. |isbn=1-86019-917-8}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Portal|Battleships}} |
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{{Commonscat|HMS St. Vincent (ship, 1908)}} |
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*[http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/H.M.S._St._Vincent_%281908%29 ''St Vincent'' on The Dreadnought Project] |
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{{St Vincent class battleship}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Vincent (1908)}} |
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[[Category:St. Vincent-class battleships]] |
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[[Category:Plymouth-built ships]] |
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[[Category:World War I battleships of the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:1908 ships]] |
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Version vom 29. Juni 2022, 08:50 Uhr
Das Grand corps ist eine französische Form des Korsetts oder ein höfisches Mieder, das im 18. Jahrhundert dem Adel vorbehalten war.
Beschreibung
Das Grand corps war steifer als gewöhnliche Varianten und schränkte das Atmen, Essen und die Bewegungsfreiheit der Arme ein. Es durfte regulär nur von höchsten französischen Prinzessinnen getragen werden.[1]
Durch Marie-Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen erlangte das Grand corps Bekanntheit. Am Hof von Versailles waren Mieder mit Korsettstäben aus Fischbein üblich, doch Marie-Antoinettes Stellung erforderte das Tragen eines Grand corps, das besonders fest geschnürt wurde. In der Bekleidungssymbolik des Hofes drückte die Steifheit, die das Grand corps verlieh, höchste Vornehmheit aus. Die Marquise Lucy de La Tour du Pin, eine Hofdame, beschrieb das Grand corps in ihren Memoiren als „ein speziell angefertigtes Korsett, ohne Schultergurte, am Rücken geschnürt, aber eng genug, dass die Schnürung, vier Finger breit an der Unterseite, einen Blick erlaubte auf ein Unterhemd aus so feinem Batist, dass es jedem sofort auffallen würde, wenn die Haut darunter nicht ausreichend weiß wäre“. Die Vorderseite wurde ebenfalls geschnürt. Die Brust war vollständig freigelegt. Die Marquise bezeichnete ihre eigenen Erfahrungen mit dem Grand corps als „extrem lästig und ermüdend“.[2] Als Marie-Antoinette das Tragen dieses Korsettes ablehnte und stattdessen die Varianten mit mehr Bewegungsfreiheit bevorzugte, die sie aus ihrer Zeit am österreichischen Hof kannte, galt dies laut der Kunsthistorikerin Ingrid Mida als Bruch der Etiquette und führte zu diplomatischen Interventionen bis hin zu Kaiserin Maria Theresia.[1]
Das Kostüminstitut des Museum of Modern Art beschreibt das Grand corps als höfisches Mieder des 18. Jahrhunderts in Frankreich, das von Damen des Hofes als Teil einer besonderen Hofkleidung bei formellen Anlässen mit der Königin getragen wurde. Exemplare davon seien äußerst selten, in Frankreich seien keine erhaltenen mehr bekannt.[3]
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ a b Ingrid Mida: Marie Antoinette's Corset Rebellion. 13. Oktober 2008, abgerufen am 30. März 2021 (englisch).
- ↑ Caroline Weber: Queen of Fashion. What Marie Antoinette Wore to the Revolution, Henry Holt, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-8050-7949-4, S. 67
- ↑ Bodice. 18th century. The Costume Institute, MoMA