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K →Etymology and history of Bukit Timah Hill: Indonesian maid charged with socialite's murder |
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{{Dieser Artikel|befasst sich mit der Maschinenfabrik Gritzner. Für weitere Bedeutungen siehe [[Gritzner (Begriffsklärung)]].}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}} |
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{{Other uses|Bukit Timah (disambiguation)}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}} |
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{{Infobox Singapore neighbourhood |
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| imagemap = |
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| englishname = Bukit Timah |
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| chinesename = 武吉知马 |
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| poj = |
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| pinyin = Wǔjízhīmǎ |
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| malayname = Bukit Timah |
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| tamilname = புக்கித் திமா |
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}} |
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{{Infobox mountain |
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| name = Bukit Timah |
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| photo = Bukit timah rock.jpg |
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| photo_caption = The summit of Bukit Timah, the highest point in Singapore. |
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| elevation_m = 163.63 |
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| elevation_ref = |
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| prominence_m = 163.63 |
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| prominence_ref = |
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| map_caption = |
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| label_position = |
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| listing = [[List of countries by highest point|Country high point]] |
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| translation = "Tin-bearing hill" |
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| language = [[Malay language|Malay]] |
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| location = Singapore |
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| range = |
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| map = Singapore |
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| lat_d = 1 | lat_m = 21 | lat_s = 16.85 | lat_NS = N |
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| long_d = 103 | long_m = 46 | long_s = 34.95 | long_EW = E |
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| region = SG |
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| coordinates_ref = |
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| topo = |
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| type = Hill |
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| age = |
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| first_ascent = |
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| easiest_route = |
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}} |
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[[Datei:Gritzner No.1.JPG|mini|Gritzner No. 1 Nähmaschine, produziert um 1930]] |
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'''Bukit Timah''' is an area in Singapore and a hill in that area. Bukit Timah is located near the centre of the Singapore main island. The hill stands at an altitude of 163.63 metres (537 ft.) and is the highest point in the [[city-state]] of Singapore.<ref name=sing>[http://www.singaporesights.com/sight/bukit-timah-nature-reserve-%E2%80%93-host-highest-hill-singapore Bukit Timah Nature Reserve – Host The Highest Hill in The Singapore], SingaporeSights.com, accessed October 2009. {{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref> The surrounding area is an urban planning area known as Bukit Timah Planning Area under the [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]] and is part of the [[Central Region, Singapore|Central Region]], and lies {{convert|10|km|mi}} from the city's central business district, the [[Central Area]]. This area is often referred to as ''Bukit Timah'', and is also known as '''District 11'''. |
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[[Datei:Gritzner Sewing Machine "R", open.jpg|mini|Gritzner Typ "R" um 1930]] |
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[[Datei:Gritzner 1903 Motorcycle.jpg|mini|Gritzner-Motorrad von 1903 im [[Motorradmuseum Heiner Beckmann]]]] |
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Die '''Maschinenfabrik Gritzner''' war ein deutsches [[Unternehmen]] zur Produktion von [[Nähmaschine]]n, [[Fahrrad|Fahrrädern]] und [[Motorrad|Motorrädern]] mit Sitz in [[Durlach]]. |
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== Gründung bis zur Aktiengesellschaft == |
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Bukit Timah is considered the most expensive district in Singapore. Many high-profile personalities, expatriates and professionals reside in this posh district with houses, designer villas, bungalows and high-end condominiums. |
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Die Maschinenfabrik wurde 1872 von [[Max Carl Gritzner]] (1825–1892) gegründet<ref group="Anmerkung">Laut ''Karlsruher Wirtschaftsspiegel'' wurden bereits 1868 Gritzner-Nähmaschinen verkauft. Diese stammten allerdings nicht aus der Maschinenfabrik in Durlach.</ref>. 1879 erfand Gritzner den brillenlosen, doppelt umlaufenden Greifer. Dieser wird heute noch in etwas abgeänderte Form von fast allen Nähmaschinenfabriken der Welt verwendet. Zu dieser Zeit wurde in Durlach bei einer Belegschaft von 120 Angestellten die 20.000. Nähmaschine hergestellt. |
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1886 wurde das Unternehmen in eine [[Aktiengesellschaft (Deutschland)|Aktiengesellschaft]] mit der [[Firma]] ''Nähmaschinenfabrik vorm. Gritzner & Co. AG'' umgewandelt. Ab 1887 wurden zusätzlich Fahrräder und ab 1903 Motorräder produziert. Auch Pumpen und [[Dampfmaschine]]n waren zeitweise im Produktionsprogramm. |
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==Etymology and history of Bukit Timah Hill== |
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Bukit Timah, which literally means "[[tin]] hill" in [[Malay language|Malay]], was already identified on the 1828 map by Frankin and [[Philip Jackson (surveyor)|Jackson]] as ''Bukit Timah''. The hill was depicted on the map towards the northwest as two hills at the eastern source of the Kranji River. |
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1902 wurde die millionste und 1910 die zweimillionste Nähmaschine produziert. In der Zeit entwickelte sich die ''Maschinenfabrik Gritzner'' zur größten Nähmaschinenfabrik in Europa. |
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Since the interior of the island was not fully explored at that time, the location and name of the hill for the map probably came from the [[Malay people|Malay]] community. According to one source, Bukit Timah has nothing to do with tin. The original Malay name for the hill was ''Bukit Temak'', meaning "hill of the temak trees", referring to ''pokok temak'', a tree that grew abundantly on the slopes of the hill. However, to the western ear, Temak in Malay [[enunciation]] sounded like Timah, hence Bukit Timah. Some say that ''timah'' is an abbreviation of Fatimah, a popular Malay girl's name. |
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== Gritzner-Kayser AG == |
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In December 1843, a [[carriageway|carriage way]] road was completed leading up to the hill. A small hut with chairs was constructed for visitors. The hill was viewed then as an "excellent [[sanatorium]]", as the air was "''cooler and fresher than the plain, producing an agreeable exhilaration of spirits''". |
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[[Datei:Gritzner-Kayser 1952 300 DM.jpg|mini|Aktie über 300 DM der Gritzner-Kayser AG vom Juli 1952]] |
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Das Unternehmen [[Fusion (Wirtschaft)|fusionierte]] 1931 mit der ''[[Pfälzische Nähmaschinen- und Fahrradfabrik vormals Gebrüder Kayser]] AG'' in [[Kaiserslautern]] zur ''Gritzner-Kayser AG''. Seit der Zeit um 1900 bis in die 1950er Jahre wurden über 7 Millionen Nähmaschinen in 82 Länder exportiert. Zeitweise wurden 80 % bis 90 % aller hergestellten Produkte exportiert. |
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1955 vernichtete ein Brand den größten Teil der Produktionsanlagen in Durlach. |
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Bukit Timah is known as ''eyam malai'' (tin hill) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], being a literal translation of the Malay name. For some, it is synonymous with the [[Singapore Turf Club]], where members and paying visitors flock on race days. This course is closed to the public, unlike the former course (now [[Farrer Park]]) where the general public enjoyed watching the king's sport for free. |
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== Aus Gritzner-Kayser wird Pfaff == |
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The 25-km long [[Bukit Timah Road]], the longest road in Singapore, running north and south, takes its name from this hill. The road to [[Kranji]] was completed in 1845. Apparently, the area was so infested with tigers that it constituted a serious threat to human life. In 1860, nearly 200 people were reported to have been killed by tigers in and about the [[Uncaria|gambier]] and [[black pepper|pepper]] plantations. The first ride on [[horseback]] across the island was along Bukit Timah Road in 1840; it took four days and was made by Mr Thomson and Dr Little. |
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[[Datei:Raumfabrik-Durlach Amalienbadstr.jpg|mini|Gritzner-Fabrik in Durlach (Juli 2010)]] |
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1957 wurde die wiederaufgebaute Fabrik von der [[PFAFF Industrie Maschinen AG|G. M. Pfaff AG]] in Kaiserslautern übernommen. Die Gritzner-Kayser AG übernahm 1958 die Fertigungsanlagen der [[Mars-Werke|Motorradwerke Mars]] für die Modelle „Monza“ und „Milano“, die in vielen Farben ausgeliefert wurden (häufig: blau-weiß und rot-weiß). Es gab sie als [[Kleinkraftrad|Kleinkrafträder]] („Monza Supersport“, „Monza Supersport-Deluxe“, „Milano sk“, „Monza sk“) und als normale [[Moped]]s. Es wurden [[ZF Sachs#Sachs-Motoren|Sachs]]- und [[ILO-Motorenwerke|ILO]]-Motoren verbaut. Das Moped „Monza Supersport deluxe“ ist heute bei Sammlern sehr gesucht. |
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== Quellen == |
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Bukit Timah Road is known as ''tek kha kang a kinn'' in [[Min Nan|Hokkien]], which means "the side of the stream in the ''tek kha'' (or Selegie Road) district". This only refers to the lower end of the Bukit Timah Road. The Wayang Satu and Bukit Timah village parts are differently called. The Hokkiens also refer to Bukit Timah as ''be chia lo bue'', meaning "end of the [[horse carriage]] road". |
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* ''Karlsruher Wirtschaftsspiegel'', 1961, S. 19 [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/629850 (Online)] |
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* ''Fabrik im Museum: Industrie und Gewerbe in Durlach'', 2003, ab S. 78 |
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== Weblinks == |
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Bukit Timah Road witnessed the last defensive stand against the invading Japanese army. During [[World War II]], when the British lost Bukit Timah to the Japanese on 11 February 1942,<ref name=maly>[http://www.angelfire.com/ca2/shammons/invasion.html Japanese Invasion of Malaysia], accessed October 2009</ref> they knew they had little chance of continuing the defence of the island as most of their food and supplies were stored there. On 15 February 1942,<ref name=maly/> the head of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]], [[Lieutenant General]] [[Arthur Ernest Percival|A.E. Percival]] surrendered to Lieutenant General [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] at the [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] Factory in Bukit Timah. |
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{{Commonscat|Gritzner motorcycles|Gritzner Motorräder}} |
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[[File:Bukit Timah Road, Sep 06.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Bukit Timah Road]] is one of the earliest roads in Singapore.]] |
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{{Commonscat|Gritzner sewing machines|Gritzner Nähmaschinen}} |
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* [https://stadtlexikon.karlsruhe.de/index.php/De:Lexikon:ins-0083 Nähmaschinenfabrik Gritzner auf www.karlsruhe.de] |
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== Anmerkungen == |
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During the Japanese Occupation, Japanese troops built [[Syonan Jinja]], a Shinto shrine (Syonan-to was the Occupation name for Singapore), similar to the [[Yasukuni Shrine]] in Japan but of a smaller size, at Bukit Timah. Two war memorials dedicated to the Japanese war dead and, surprisingly, to the British and Empire troops who died defending Singapore, were built at the site. Students, Japanese commanders and British [[POW]]s' representatives would gather there regularly to commemorate the dead during the Occupation. |
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<references group="Anmerkung"> |
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Shortly before the Japanese surrender, Japanese forces hastily destroyed Syonan Jinja, on fears that returning British forces would demolish it in a dishonourable manner. The site of the Syonan Jinja lies in a grey area between the [[Bukit Timah Nature Reserve]] and Singapore Armed Forces restricted area. Several historians have been to the site, and an episode from then Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) history documentary programme, "Hey Singapore",<ref>Search for Yamashita's treasure. (1996). In, Hey Singapore. Series 2, episode 2 [Videotape]. Singapore: Television Corporation Singapore.</ref> was based on Syonan Jinja. Since then, the Singapore Government has designated the place as a "Historical Site". No plans have been indicated to restore the site. |
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</references> |
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[[Kategorie:Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Karlsruhe)]] |
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Some of the Japanese war dead were taken back to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, while the remains of the British troops were interred at the British Commonwealth's Kranji War Memorial in Singapore. Nothing of the Syonan Jinja shrine remains, except for the ritual cleansing pond and several Japanese stone pavements left at the site. |
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[[Kategorie:Produzierendes Unternehmen (Karlsruhe)]] |
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[[Kategorie:Ehemaliger Motorradhersteller (Deutschland)]] |
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After the [[Japanese Occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]], the farms and [[plantation]]s in Bukit Timah gave way to industrial buildings and high-rise [[apartment|flats]]. In the 1960s and 1970s, Bukit Timah was a major industrial centre. Today, these have been replaced with luxury [[bungalow]]s, [[Terraced house|terraces]] and [[condominium]]s, making Bukit Timah Singapore's premier residential district<ref>{{cite news|title=Indonesian maid charged with socialite's murder|url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/indonesian-maid-charged-socialites-murder|accessdate=27 December 2014|agency=The Straits Times}}</ref>. |
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[[Kategorie:Ehemaliger Fahrradhersteller]] |
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[[Kategorie:Gegründet 1872]] |
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==Highlights== |
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[[Kategorie:Durlach]] |
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The Bukit Timah area is a particularly prominent location with a high land value. The area of Bukit Timah has an extensive [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna]] compared to other parts of Singapore, and contains [[Bukit Timah Nature Reserve]], which is partially responsible for its high land value. The nature reserve was established in 1883.<ref name=sing/><ref>[http://singapore.thinkexpats.com/places/67-uniquely-singapore/104-bukit-timah-its-a-jungle-out-there.html Bukit Timah: It's a jungle out there!], Laura Senior, thinkexpats.com, accessed October 2009</ref> |
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[[Kategorie:Deutscher Fahrradhersteller]] |
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The [[Bukit Timah Race Course]], a [[thoroughbred]] [[horse racing]] facility, was opened in 1933 and operated until 1999. |
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The area includes educational institutions such as [[Anglo-Chinese School (Barker Road)|Anglo-Chinese School]], [[Singapore Chinese Girls' School]], [[Methodist Girls' School]], [[Hwa Chong Institution]], [[National Junior College]], [[Raffles Girls' Primary School]], [[Nanyang Primary School]], [[Nanyang Girls' High School]], Pei Hwa Presbyterian Primary School, [[Saint Joseph's Institution]] and [[Ngee Ann Polytechnic]] amongst others. |
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The nearby area hosts many [[bungalow]]s, typically expensive in land-scarce Singapore, as well as high rise [[condominium]]s. Many [[expatriate]]s and well-heeled Singaporeans live in this region. |
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This region was later extended and Upper Bukit Timah (District 21) was formed. The [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] from [[Malaysia]] had a passing loop station here along its rail network from [[Johor Bahru]] to [[Tanjong Pagar]]. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Bukit Timah Monkey Man]] – cryptid said to be living in the Bukit Timah forest |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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*Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2003), ''Toponymics – A Study of Singapore Street Names'', Eastern Universities Press, ISBN 981-210-205-1 |
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*National Heritage Board (2002), ''Singapore's 100 Historic Places'', Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-23-3 |
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==External links== |
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{{Library resources box |
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|onlinebooks=no |
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|by=no |
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}} |
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{{Commons category}} |
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*[http://www.singaporevr.com/vrs/BukitTimahNatureReserve/VisitorCentre.html Interactive 360° VR tour of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve] |
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{{Places in Singapore}} |
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{{Public housing in Singapore}} |
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[[Category:Places in Singapore]] |
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[[Category:Hills of Singapore]] |
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[[Category:Central Region, Singapore]] |
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[[Category:Bukit Timah| ]] |
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[[Category:Central Water Catchment]] |
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Version vom 11. Januar 2022, 17:45 Uhr
Die Maschinenfabrik Gritzner war ein deutsches Unternehmen zur Produktion von Nähmaschinen, Fahrrädern und Motorrädern mit Sitz in Durlach.
Gründung bis zur Aktiengesellschaft
Die Maschinenfabrik wurde 1872 von Max Carl Gritzner (1825–1892) gegründet[Anmerkung 1]. 1879 erfand Gritzner den brillenlosen, doppelt umlaufenden Greifer. Dieser wird heute noch in etwas abgeänderte Form von fast allen Nähmaschinenfabriken der Welt verwendet. Zu dieser Zeit wurde in Durlach bei einer Belegschaft von 120 Angestellten die 20.000. Nähmaschine hergestellt.
1886 wurde das Unternehmen in eine Aktiengesellschaft mit der Firma Nähmaschinenfabrik vorm. Gritzner & Co. AG umgewandelt. Ab 1887 wurden zusätzlich Fahrräder und ab 1903 Motorräder produziert. Auch Pumpen und Dampfmaschinen waren zeitweise im Produktionsprogramm.
1902 wurde die millionste und 1910 die zweimillionste Nähmaschine produziert. In der Zeit entwickelte sich die Maschinenfabrik Gritzner zur größten Nähmaschinenfabrik in Europa.
Gritzner-Kayser AG
Das Unternehmen fusionierte 1931 mit der Pfälzische Nähmaschinen- und Fahrradfabrik vormals Gebrüder Kayser AG in Kaiserslautern zur Gritzner-Kayser AG. Seit der Zeit um 1900 bis in die 1950er Jahre wurden über 7 Millionen Nähmaschinen in 82 Länder exportiert. Zeitweise wurden 80 % bis 90 % aller hergestellten Produkte exportiert.
1955 vernichtete ein Brand den größten Teil der Produktionsanlagen in Durlach.
Aus Gritzner-Kayser wird Pfaff
1957 wurde die wiederaufgebaute Fabrik von der G. M. Pfaff AG in Kaiserslautern übernommen. Die Gritzner-Kayser AG übernahm 1958 die Fertigungsanlagen der Motorradwerke Mars für die Modelle „Monza“ und „Milano“, die in vielen Farben ausgeliefert wurden (häufig: blau-weiß und rot-weiß). Es gab sie als Kleinkrafträder („Monza Supersport“, „Monza Supersport-Deluxe“, „Milano sk“, „Monza sk“) und als normale Mopeds. Es wurden Sachs- und ILO-Motoren verbaut. Das Moped „Monza Supersport deluxe“ ist heute bei Sammlern sehr gesucht.
Quellen
- Karlsruher Wirtschaftsspiegel, 1961, S. 19 (Online)
- Fabrik im Museum: Industrie und Gewerbe in Durlach, 2003, ab S. 78
Weblinks
Commons: Gritzner Motorräder – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
Commons: Gritzner Nähmaschinen – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
Anmerkungen
- ↑ Laut Karlsruher Wirtschaftsspiegel wurden bereits 1868 Gritzner-Nähmaschinen verkauft. Diese stammten allerdings nicht aus der Maschinenfabrik in Durlach.