Benutzer:Fakler/Wirtschaft von Venezuela und Joachim Praetorius: Unterschied zwischen den Seiten
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'''Joachim Praetorius''' (* [[11. November]] [[1566]] in [[Lüneburg]]; † [[18. April]] [[1633]] in [[Stettin]]) war ein deutscher lutherischer Theologe, Hochschul- und Gymnasiallehrer und Kirchenlieddichter. |
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== Leben == |
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{{short description|National economic overview}} |
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Der Sohn des Seidenhändlers Johann Schulze und dessen Frau Katharine, geborene Lüders erhielt seine Schulbildung in [[Salzwedel]] und Lüneburg. Er studierte ab 1587 an der [[Universität Rostock]].<ref>Siehe dazu den Eintrag der [http://purl.uni-rostock.de/matrikel/100039988 Immatrikulation von Joachim Praetorius] im [[Rostocker Matrikelportal]]</ref> Von dort ging er 1592 an die [[Universität Wittenberg]], wo er 1594 den Grad eines [[Magister]]s erhielt. |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} |
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{{use American English|date=March 2017}} |
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{{Infobox economy |
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|country=Venezuela |
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|image=File:Plaza Venezuela Sunset.jpg |
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|image_size = 310px |
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|caption=[[Plaza Venezuela]] in [[Caracas]] |
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|currency=[[Venezuelan bolívar|Bolívar soberano]] (VES) |
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|year=Calendar year |
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|organs=[[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries|OPEC]], [[Union of South American Nations|Unasur]], [[Mercosur|MERCOSUR]], [[Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas|ALBA]] |
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|population = {{decrease}} 28,515,529 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=VE&name_desc=false |title=Population, total - Venezuela, RB |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> |
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|gdp= {{plainlist| |
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*{{decrease}} $63.960 billion (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOVE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=299,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,&sy=2018&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> |
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*{{decrease}} $204.291 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]], 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOVE"/>}} |
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|gdp rank={{plainlist| |
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*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|68th (nominal, 2019)]] |
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*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|52nd (PPP, 2018)]]}} |
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|growth= {{plainlist| |
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*−19.6% (2018) −35.0% (2019e) |
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*−25.0% (2020e) −10.0% (2021e)<ref name="IMFWEOVE"/>}} |
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|per capita={{plainlist| |
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*{{decrease}} $2,299 (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOVE"/> |
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*{{decrease}} $7,344 (PPP, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOVE"/>}} |
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|per capita rank = {{plainlist| |
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*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|133rd (nominal, 2019)]] |
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*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|n/a (PPP, 2018)]]}} |
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|inflation={{plainlist| |
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*{{IncreaseNegative}} 3,332% ([[National Assembly (Venezuela)|AN]] estimate; annual; October 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|last=de 2020|first=9 de Noviembre|title=Inflación en 12 meses en Venezuela llega a 3.332% hasta octubre, según Parlamento|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2020/11/09/inflacion-en-12-meses-en-venezuela-llega-a-3332-hasta-octubre-segun-parlamento/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=infobae|language=es-ES}}</ref> |
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*{{DecreasePositive}} 1,813% (BCV; annual; September 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banco Central de Venezuela {{!}}|url=http://www.bcv.org.ve/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.bcv.org.ve}}</ref> |
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*{{DecreasePositive}} 19,906% (IMF; annual; 2019)<ref name="IMFWEOVE"/> 6,500% (IMF estimate; annual; 2020)<ref name="IMFWEOVE"/>}} |
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|sectors={{plainlist| |
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*[[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 4.7% |
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*[[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 40.4% |
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*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 54.9% |
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*(2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>}} |
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|poverty={{plainlist| |
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*{{increaseNegative}} 87.0% (2017 est.)<ref name=poverty82>{{cite news|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/sociedad/encovi-los-venezolanos-esta-sumido-pobreza-extrema_224041|title=Encovi: 61, 2% de los venezolanos está sumido en pobreza extrema|last=EFE|date=2018-02-21|work=El Nacional|access-date=3 March 2018|language=es}}</ref> |
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*19.7% (2015 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/>}} |
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|gini = 39 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2011)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
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|hdi = {{plainlist| |
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*{{decrease}} 0.726 {{color|green|high}} (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|96th]]) |
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*{{decrease}} 0.600 {{color|darkorange|medium}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/138806 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>}} |
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|labor = {{decrease}} 12,364,707 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=VE&view=chart |title=Labor force, total - Venezuela, RB |publisher=World Bank |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> |
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|occupations={{plainlist| |
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*Communal, social and personal services: 31.4% |
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*Commercial, restaurants and hotels: 23.4% |
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*Manufacturing industry: 11.6% |
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*Construction: 9.0% |
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*Transport, storage and communications: 8.7% |
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*Agriculture: 6.5% |
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*Financial, insurance and real estate: 6.1% |
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*(2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sociales Fuerza de Trabajo|url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=103&Itemid=40|website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>}} |
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|unemployment={{increaseNegative}} 44.3% (2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOVE"/> |
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|industries=[[Petroleum]], [[construction materials]], [[food processing]], [[iron ore]] [[mining]], [[steel]], [[aluminum]]; [[motor vehicle]] [[Assembly line|assembly]], [[real estate]], [[tourism]] and [[ecotourism]] |
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|edbr={{steady}} [[Ease of doing business index#Ranking|188th (2019)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/venezuela|title=Ease of Doing Business in Venezuela, RB|publisher=Doingbusiness.org|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> |
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|exports= {{increase}} $32.08 billion (2017)<ref name="OPEC">{{cite web|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/171.htm |title=Venezuela facts and figures |publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |year =2018 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> |
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|export-goods=[[Petroleum]], [[chemicals]], [[agricultural]] [[Product (business)|products]] and basic [[manufactures]] |
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|export-partners={{plainlist| |
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*{{flag|United States}} 42% |
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*{{flag|China}} 23% |
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*{{flag|India}} 19% |
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*{{flag|Singapore}} 4.5% |
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*{{flag|Spain}} 1.4% |
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*(2017)<ref name="OEC">{{cite web|url=https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/ven/|title=Venezuela |work=The Observatory of Economic Complexity|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>}} |
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|imports=$9.1 billion (2017)<ref name="OEC"/> |
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|import-goods=[[Food]], [[clothing]], [[car]]s, [[technological]] items, [[raw materials]], [[machinery]] and equipment, [[transport]] equipment and [[construction material]] |
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|import-partners={{plainlist| |
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*{{flag|United States}} 38% |
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*{{flag|China}} 18% |
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*{{flag|Mexico}} 12% |
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*{{flag|Brazil}} 5.2% |
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*{{flag|Colombia}} 3.5% |
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*(2017)<ref name="OEC"/>}} |
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|current account = {{increase}} $4.277 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
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|FDI = {{plainlist| |
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*{{decrease}} $32.74 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
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*{{increase}} Abroad: $35.15 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/>}} |
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|gross external debt={{decreasePositive}} $100.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
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|debt= {{IncreaseNegative}} 38.9% of GDP (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/>{{refn|group=note|Data cover central government debt as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA. The data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, some debt issued by subnational entities as well as intragovernmental debt which consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds such as for retirement, medical care and unemployment. Some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions.}} |
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|revenue = 92.8 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
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|expenses = 189.7 billion (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
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|balance = −46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
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|credit=[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela's Bondholder Meeting Is a Bust as S&P Declares Default|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-14/venezuela-s-bondholder-meeting-is-a-bust-as-s-p-declares-default|access-date=15 November 2017|work=[[Bloomberg.com|Bloomberg]]|date=14 November 2017}}</ref><br />SD (domestic)<br />SD (foreign)<br />Outlook: negative |
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Herzog [[Bogislaw XIII. (Pommern)|Bogislaw XIII.]] von [[Pommern]] berief ihn 1595, in seiner Eigenschaft als Vormund des jungen Herzogs [[Philipp Julius (Pommern)|Philipp Julius]], als Professor der [[Logik]] und der [[Hebräische Sprache|Hebräischen Sprache]] an die [[Universität Greifswald]]. 1596 wurde er von Herzog [[Johann Friedrich (Pommern)|Johann Friedrich]] zum Archidiakon der Stettiner [[Marienkirche (Stettin)|Marienkirche]] und Professor für Hebräisch am [[Marienstiftsgymnasium|fürstlichen Pädagogium]] bestellt. Die Stelle konnte er aber erst nach Ostern 1597 antreten. |
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[[Moody's Investors Service|Moody's]]:<ref>{{cite news|title=Moody's downgrades Venezuela rating by two notches|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/moodys-venezuela/moodys-downgrades-venezuela-rating-by-two-notches-idUSL4N1QR5NO|access-date=10 March 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=9 March 2018}}</ref> C<br />Outlook: stable |
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Praetorius verfasste Leichenpredigten und anderen Gelegenheitsschriften. Sein Kirchenlied „So geb ich mich zufrieden“ wurde in evangelische Gesangbücher aufgenommen, unter anderem in das von [[Laurentius David Bollhagen]]. |
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[[Fitch Ratings|Fitch]]:<ref>{{cite web|title=Fitch Downgrades Venezuela's LTFC Rating to 'RD'|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/site/pr/1032316|website=[[Fitch Ratings]]|access-date=19 February 2018|date=14 November 2017}}</ref> <br />CC (domestic)<br />RD (foreign)<br />Outlook: negative |
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|reserves={{plainlist| |
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*{{decrease}} $8.999 billion (April 2019)<ref>{{cite news|title=BCV Reservas Internacionales|url=http://www.bcv.org.ve/estadisticas/reservas-internacionales|access-date=27 April 2018|agency=[[Central Bank of Venezuela|BCV]]}}</ref> |
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*{{decrease}} $9.661 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/>}} |
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|cianame=ve |
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|spelling=US |
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}} |
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The '''economy of Venezuela''' is based largely on the [[petroleum]] and [[manufacturing]] sectors<ref name="ven">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm Background Note: Venezuela] U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 29 October 2011.</ref> and has been in a state of total [[economic collapse]] since the mid-2010s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/world/americas/venezuela-economy.html|title=Venezuela's Collapse Is the Worst Outside of War in Decades, Economists Say|last=Kurmanaev|first=Anatoly|date=2019-05-17|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-30|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Venezuela]] is the sixth largest member of [[OPEC]] by oil production. Since the 1920s, Venezuela has been a [[rentier state]], offering oil as its main export.<ref>{{Cite book|title=El ocaso del chavismo: Venezuela 2005-2015|last=López Maya|first=Margarita|year=2016|isbn=9788417014254|pages=349–51}}</ref> The nation has experienced [[hyperinflation in Venezuela|hyperinflation]] since 2015. |
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== Familie == |
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In 2014, [[Trade-to-GDP ratio|total trade]] amounted to 48.1% of the country's [[GDP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS?locations=VE|title=Trade (% of GDP) {{!}} Data|last=The World Bank Group|date=2019|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> Exports accounted for 16.7% of GDP and petroleum products accounted for about 95% of those exports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://import-export.societegenerale.fr/fr/fiche-pays/venezuela/risque-pays-commerce|title=Risque pays du Venezuela : Commerce international|access-date=19 June 2018|date=1 May 2018|website=Societe Generale, Import Export solutions|language=fr|quote=Traditionnellement, le pétrole représente plus de 95% des exportations du Venezuela. Le pays exporte aussi du fer, de la bauxite et de l'aluminium, des produits agricoles, des produits semi-manufacturés, des véhicules et des produits chimiques. Les principaux clients du Venezuela sont la Chine, l'Inde et Singapour. Le pays importe des produits manufacturés et de luxe, des machines et des équipements pour le secteur des transports, du matériel de construction et des produits pharmaceutiques. Les principaux fournisseurs du Venezuela sont les Etats-Unis, la Chine et le Brésil.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163605/https://import-export.societegenerale.fr/fr/fiche-pays/venezuela/risque-pays-commerce|archive-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> From the 1950s to the early 1980s, the Venezuelan economy experienced a steady growth that attracted many [[immigrant]]s, with the nation enjoying the highest standard of living in Latin America. During the [[1980s oil glut|collapse of oil prices in the 1980s]] the economy contracted, the currency commenced a progressive [[devaluation]] and inflation skyrocketed to reach peaks of [[#Statistics|84% in 1989 and 99% in 1996]], three years prior to [[Hugo Chávez]] taking office. |
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Joachim Praetorius heiratete am 12. September 1597 Sophrosyne Stymmel, Tochter des [[Christoph Stymmelius]] und der Barbara Weidlich. Von ihren drei Söhnen wurde Joachim Christoph brandenburgischer Konsistorialrat. Weiterhin hatten die beiden vier Töchter: |
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* Sophrosyne († vor 1630) ⚭ 1627 [[Johann Micraelius]] |
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* Maria ⚭ Martin Leuschner, Rektor des Pädagogiums |
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* Barbara († 1668) ⚭ 1634 [[Christian Groß (Theologe)|Christian Groß]] |
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== Einzelnachweise == |
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Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy industry products such as [[steel]], [[aluminum]] and [[cement]]. Production is concentrated around [[Ciudad Guayana]], near the [[Guri Dam]], one of the largest dams in the world and the provider of about three-quarters of Venezuela's electricity. Other notable manufacturing includes [[electronics]] and [[automobiles]] as well as [[beverage]]s and [[foodstuff]]s. [[Agriculture in Venezuela]] accounts for approximately 4.7% of GDP, 7.3% of the labor force and at least one-fourth of Venezuela's land area.<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> Venezuela exports [[rice]], [[Maize|corn]], [[fish]], tropical [[fruit]], [[coffee]], [[pork]] and [[beef]]. This South American country has an estimated at [[United States dollar|USD$]]14.3 trillion worth of<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp|title=10 Countries with the Most Natural Resources|date=12 September 2016|last=Anthony|first=Craig|website=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref> natural resources and is not self-sufficient in most areas of [[agriculture]]. |
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<references/> |
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== Literatur == |
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In spite of strained relations between the two countries, the [[United States]] has been Venezuela's most important trading partner. American exports to Venezuela have included machinery, agricultural products, medical instruments and cars. Venezuela is one of the top four suppliers of foreign oil to the United States. About 500 American companies are represented in Venezuela.<ref name="ven"/> According to [[Central Bank of Venezuela]], between 1998 and 2008 the government received around US$325 billion through oil production and exports in general.[[Economy of Venezuela#cite note-17|<sup>[17]</sup>]] According to the [[International Energy Agency]] (as of August 2015), the production of 2.4 million barrels per day supplied 500,000 barrels to the United States.[[Economy of Venezuela#cite note-18|<sup>[18]</sup>]] |
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* {{ADB|26|518|519|Praetorius, Joachim|[[Gottfried von Bülow]]|ADB:Praetorius, Joachim}} |
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== Weblinks == |
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Since the [[Bolivarian Revolution]] half-dismantled its [[PDVSA]] oil giant corporation in 2002 by firing most of its 20,000-strong dissident professional human capital and imposed stringent currency controls in 2003 in an attempt to prevent [[capital flight]],<ref name="economist.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2013/02/venezuela%E2%80%99s-currency|access-date=18 February 2013|title=Venezuela's currency: The not-so-strong bolívar |work=[[The Economist]]|date=11 February 2013}}</ref> there has been a decline in oil production and exports and a series of stern currency devaluations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/12e9f32e-739e-11e2-9e92-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2KaYrvVGc|title=Venezuelan devaluation sparks panic|last=Mander|first=Benedict|date=10 February 2013|work=Financial Times|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> Further yet, [[price controls]], [[expropriation]] of numerous farmlands and various industries, among other disputable government policies including a near-total freeze on any access to foreign currency at reasonable "official" exchange rates, have resulted in severe [[shortages in Venezuela]] and steep price rises of all common goods, including food, water, household products, spare parts, tools and medical supplies; forcing many manufacturers to either cut production or close down, with many ultimately abandoning the country as has been the case with several technological firms and most automobile makers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21526365|access-date=23 February 2014|title=Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies|work=[[The Economist]]|date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2944875 "Terminal Risks for Independent Fiscal Institutions: Lessons from IFIs in Hungary and Venezuela"]. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Retrieved 18 July 2017.</ref> In 2015, Venezuela had over 100% inflation—the highest in the world and the highest in the country's history at that time.<ref name=FPblackbox>{{cite news|last1=Cristóbal Nagel|first1=Juan|title=Looking into the Black Box of Venezuela's Economy|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/13/looking-into-the-black-box-of-venezuelas-economy-caracas-bolivar-maduro/|access-date=14 July 2015|agency=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> According to independent sources, the rate increased to 80,000% at the end of 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevehanke/2019/01/01/venezuelas-hyperinflation-hits-80000-per-year-in-2018/|title=Venezuela's Hyperinflation Hits 80,000% Per Year in 2018|last=Hanke|first=Steve|date=2019-01-01|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> with Venezuela spiraling into hyperinflation<ref name="NYThyperinflation">{{cite news|last1=Herrero|first1=Ana Vanessa|last2=Malkin|first2=Elisabeth|title=Venezuela Issues New Bank Notes Because of Hyperinflation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/world/americas/nuevos-billetes-venezuela-new-banknotes.html?_r=0|access-date=17 January 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 January 2017}}</ref> while the poverty rate was nearly 90 percent of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/venezuela_explainer_final_0.pdf|title=Venezuelan Emigration, Explained|last=Alhadeff|first=Samuel|date=October 2018|website=www.wilsoncenter.org}}</ref> On 14 November 2017, [[Credit rating agency|credit rating agencies]] declared that Venezuela was in [[Default (finance)|default]] with its debt payments, with [[Standard & Poor's]] categorizing Venezuela as being in "selective default".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gillespie|first1=Patrick|title=Venezuela just defaulted, moving deeper into crisis|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/14/news/economy/venezuela-debt-default-sp/index.html|access-date=15 November 2017|work=[[CNNMoney]]|date=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela in 'selective default'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41982069|access-date=15 November 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=14 November 2017}}</ref> |
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* {{VD17|004403797}} |
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{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=120851202|VIAF=69770434}} |
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== History == |
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=== 1922–1959 === |
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After oil was discovered in Venezuela in 1922 during the [[Maracaibo]] strike, Venezuela's dictator [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] allowed American [[oil companies]] to write Venezuela's petroleum law.<ref>Yergin, Daniel. ''The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power''. New York:Simon and Schuster. 1990. pp. 233–36; 432</ref> In 1943, [[Standard Oil of New Jersey]] accepted a new agreement in Venezuela based on the 50–50 principle, described as "a landmark event".<ref>Yergin 1990, p. 435</ref> Even more favorable terms were negotiated in 1945, after a coup brought to power a left-leaning government that included [[Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso]]. |
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{{SORTIERUNG:Praetorius, Joachim}} |
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From the 1950s to the early 1980s, the Venezuelan economy, which was buoyed by high oil prices, was one of the strongest and most prosperous in South America. The continuous growth during that period attracted many [[immigrant]]s. |
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[[Kategorie:Lutherischer Theologe (17. Jahrhundert)]] |
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[[Kategorie:Hebraist]] |
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[[Kategorie:Kirchenlieddichter]] |
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[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Universität Greifswald)]] |
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[[Kategorie:Person (Stettin)]] |
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[[Kategorie:Deutscher]] |
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[[Kategorie:Geboren 1566]] |
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[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1633]] |
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[[Kategorie:Mann]] |
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{{Personendaten |
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In 1958, a new government, again including Pérez Alfonso, devised a plan for an international oil [[cartel]], that would become [[OPEC]].<ref>Yergin 1990, pp. 510–13</ref> In 1973, Venezuela voted to [[nationalize]] its oil industry effective 1 January 1976, with [[Petróleos de Venezuela]] (PDVSA) presiding over a number of holding companies. In subsequent years, Venezuela built a vast refining and marketing system in the United States and Europe.<ref>Yergin 1990, p. 767</ref> |
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|NAME=Praetorius, Joachim |
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|ALTERNATIVNAMEN= |
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During [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez|Pérez Jiménez']] dictatorship from 1952 to 1958, Venezuela enjoyed remarkably high [[GDP]] growth, so that in the late 1950s Venezuela's real [[GDP per capita]] almost reached that of West Germany. Albeit, West Germany was still recovering from [[WW2]] destruction of German infrastructure. In 1950, Venezuela was the world's 4th wealthiest nation per capita.<ref>NationMaster. [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_gdp_per_cap_in_195-economy-gdp-per-capita-1950 "GDP per capita in 1950 statics."].</ref> However, [[Rómulo Betancourt]] ([[President of Venezuela|President]] from 1959 to 1964) inherited from 1958 to 1959 onward an enormous internal and external debt caused by rampant public spending. He managed to balance Venezuela's public budget and initiate an unsuccessful [[agrarian reform]].<ref>Alexander, Robert. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2116216 "Nature and Progress of Agrarian Reform in Latin America."] ''The Journal of Economic History''. Vol. 23, No. 4 (December 1963), pp. 559–73.</ref> |
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|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher lutherischer Theologe, Hochschul- und Gymnasiallehrer und Kirchenlieddichter |
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|GEBURTSDATUM=11. November 1566 |
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=== 1960s–1990s === |
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|GEBURTSORT=[[Lüneburg]] |
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Buoyed by a strong oil sector in the 1960s and 1970s, Venezuela's governments were able to maintain social harmony by spending fairly large amounts on public programs including health care, education, transport and food subsidies. Literacy and welfare programs benefited tremendously from these conditions.<ref>McCaughan, Michael. ''The Battle of Venezuela''. New York: Seven Stories Press. 2005. p. 63.</ref> Because of the oil wealth, Venezuelan workers "enjoyed the highest wages in Latin America".<ref>McCaughan, Michael. ''The Battle of Venezuela''. London: Latin America Bureau. 2004. p. 31.</ref> This situation was reversed when [[1980s oil glut|oil prices collapsed during the 1980s]]. |
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|STERBEDATUM=18. April 1633 |
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|STERBEORT=[[Stettin]] |
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With the price collapse, the economy contracted and [[inflation]] levels (consumer price inflation) rose, remaining between 6 and 12% from 1982 to 1986.<ref name=FTWD>{{cite book|last1=Heritage|first1=Andrew|title=Financial Times World Desk Reference|date=December 2002|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=9780789488053|pages=618–21}}<!--|accessdate=2 February 2015--></ref><ref name=inflation>[http://www.indexmundi.com/venezuela/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html "Venezuela Inflation rate (consumer prices)"]. Indexmundi. 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.</ref> The inflation rate peaked in 1989 at 84%,<ref name=inflation/> the year the capital city of Caracas suffered from rioting during the [[Caracazo]] following the cut of government spending and the opening of markets by President [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]].<ref name="GUARD1992">{{cite news|last1=Branford|first1=Sue|title=Hugo Chavez fails to overthrow Venezuela's government|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/05/hugo-chavez-venezuela-failed-coup-1992|access-date=7 February 2016|agency=The Guardian|date=5 February 1992}}</ref> After Pérez initiated such [[Liberal economy|liberal economic]] policies and made Venezuelan markets more free, Venezuela's GDP went from a -8.3% decline in 1989 to growing 4.4% in 1990 and 9.2% in 1991, though wages remained low and unemployment was high among Venezuelans.<ref name="GUARD1992"/> |
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Overreliance on oil prices and a fractured political system without parties agreeing on policies caused many of the problems.<ref name="DRAGONp5">{{cite book|last1=Corrales|first1=Javier|last2=Penfold|first2=Michael|title=Dragon in the Tropics: The Legacy of Hugo Chávez|date=2 April 2015|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|isbn=978-0815725930|page=5}}</ref> By the mid-1990s, Venezuela under President [[Rafael Caldera]] saw annual inflation rates of 50–60% from 1993 to 1997 with an exceptional peak in 1996 at 100%.<ref name=inflation/> The percentage of people living in poverty rose from 36% in 1984 to 66% in 1995,<ref>McCaughan 2004, p. 32.</ref> with the country suffering a severe banking crisis ([[Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994]]). In 1998, the economic crisis had grown even worse. Per capita GDP was at the same level as 1963 (after adjusting 1963 dollar to 1998 value), down a third from its 1978 peak; and the purchasing power of the average salary was a third of its 1978 level.<ref>Kelly, Janet, and Palma, Pedro (2006), "The Syndrome of Economic Decline and the Quest for Change", in McCoy, Jennifer and Myers, David (eds, 2006), ''The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela'', [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]. p. 207</ref> |
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=== 1999–2013 === |
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{{main|Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government}} |
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|image1=World Inflation rate 2017.svg |
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|caption1=In 2016, Venezuela had the highest annual inflation in the world (Venezuela is the country colored pink in northern South America) |
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|image2=Venezuela_historic_inflation_index_and_oil_revenue.png |
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|caption2=Venezuela's historic inflation rate beside annual oil revenues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcv.org.ve/estadisticas/comercio-exterior|title=Comercio Exterior | Banco Central de Venezuela|website=www.bcv.org.ve}}</ref> |
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<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=299&s=PCPI%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=5 International Monetary Fund: Data & Statistics] (1980-2008, 2015)</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html CIA: The World Factbook] (2009–2014)</ref> |
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[[Hugo Chávez]] was [[1998 Venezuelan presidential election|elected President in December 1998]] and took office in February 1999. In 2000, oil prices soared, offering Chávez funds not seen since Venezuela's economic collapse in the 1980s.<ref name=FTWD/> Chávez then used economic policies that were more [[Social democracy|social democratic]] than those of his predecessors, using [[populist]] approaches with oil funds that made Venezuela's economy dependent on high oil prices.<ref name=FTWD/> Chávez also played a leading role within OPEC to reinvigorate the organization and obtain members' adherence to lower [[Production quota|quotas]] designed to drive up the oil price. [[Alí Rodríguez Araque]], the Venezuelan oil minister, gave an announcement in 1999 that his country would respect OPEC production quotas, which marked "a historic turnaround from the nation's traditional pro-US oil policy".<ref>McCaughan 2004, p. 73.</ref> |
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In the first four years of the Chávez presidency, the economy grew at first (1999–2001), then contracted from 2001–2003 to GDP levels similar to 1997. At first, the economic decline was due to low oil prices, but it was fueled by the turmoil of the [[2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt|2002 coup attempt]] and the [[Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03|2002–2003 general strike]]. Other factors of the decline were an exodus of capital from the country and a reluctance of foreign investors. GDP was 50.0 trillion bolívares in 1998. At the bottom of the recession in 2003, it was 42.4 trillion bolívares (in constant 1998 bolívares).<ref>[http://data.un.org United Nations data], National accounts estimates of main aggregates. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811031025/http://data.un.org/ |date=11 August 2015 }}</ref> However, GDP rebounded 50.1 trillion bolívares with a calmer political situation in 2004 and rose to 66.1 trillion bolívares in 2007 (both in constant 1998 bolívares).<ref>Weisbrot and Sandoval, 2008. Sections: 'Executive Summary,' and 'Social Spending, Poverty, and Employment.'</ref> |
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The government sought international assistance to finance reconstruction after massive [[Vargas tragedy|flooding and landslides in December 1999]] caused an estimated US$15 billion to $20 billion in damage.{{citation needed|date=August 2010}} |
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The hardest-hit sectors in the worst recession years (2002–2003) were [[construction]] (−55.9%), [[petroleum]] (−26.5%), [[commerce]] (−23.6%) and [[manufacturing]] (−22.5%). The drop in the petroleum sector was caused by adherence to the OPEC [[Quota share|quota]] established in 2002 and the virtual cessation of exports during the PdVSA-led general strike of 2002–2003. The non-petroleum sector of the economy contracted by 6.5% in 2002. The bolívar, which had been suffering from serious inflation and devaluation relative to international standards since the late 1980s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS?contextual=region&locations=VE|title=GDP deflator (base year varies by country) {{!}} Data|date=19 August 2016|website=data.worldbank.org|publisher=World Bank national accounts data and OECD National Accounts data files.|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160819232615/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS?contextual=region&end=2013&locations=VE&start=1985&view=chart&year_high_desc=false|archive-date=19 August 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> continued to weaken. |
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The inflation rate as measured by [[consumer price index]] was 35.8% in 1998, falling to a low of 12.5% in 2001 and rising to 31.1% in 2003. Historically, the highest yearly inflation was 100% in 1996. In an attempt to support the bolívar, bolster the government's declining level of international reserves and mitigate the adverse impact from the oil industry work stoppage on the financial system, the [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Venezuela)|Ministry of Finance]] and the [[central bank]] suspended foreign exchange trading on 23 January 2003. On 6 February, the government created [[CADIVI]], a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures. The board set the US$ exchange rate at 1,596 bolívares to the dollar for purchases and 1,600 to the dollar for sales. |
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The housing market in Venezuela shrunk significantly with developers avoiding Venezuela due to the massive number of companies who have had their property expropriated by the government.<ref>{{cite news|last=Grant|first=Will|title=Why Venezuela's government is taking over apartments|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11756492|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=15 November 2010}}</ref> According to [[The Heritage Foundation]] and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Venezuela had the weakest property rights in the world, scoring only 5.0 on a scale of 100, with expropriation without compensation being common.<ref>{{cite news|title=Expropriations in Venezuela|newspaper=The Economist|date=29 October 2010}}</ref> The shortage of housing is so significant that in 2007 a group of squatters occupied [[Centro Financiero Confinanzas]], a cancelled economic center that was supposed to symbolize Venezuela's growing economy.<ref>{{cite news|title=A 45-Story Walkup Beckons the Desperate|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/01/world/americas/01venezuela.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 February 2011|first1=Simon|last1=Romero}}</ref> |
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The Venezuelan economy shrank 5.8% in the first three months of 2010 compared to the same period of 2009<ref name="businessweek.com">Toothaker, Christopher. [http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9HFHLG00.htm "Chavez: Venezuela's economy soon to recover"]. Bloomberg Businessweek. 8 August 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> and had the highest inflation rate in Latin America at 30.5%.<ref name="businessweek.com"/> President Chávez expressed optimism that Venezuela would emerge from recession<ref name="businessweek.com"/> despite the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) forecasts showing that Venezuela would be the only country in the region to remain in recession that year.<ref>Cancel, Daniel. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-08/chavez-says-venezuelan-economy-is-already-recovering-following-recession.html "Chavez Says Venezuela's Economy Is `Already Recovering' Amid Recession."] Bloomberg. 8 August 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> The IMF qualified the economic recovery of Venezuela as "delayed and weak" in comparison with other countries of the region.<ref name="eluniversal.com">{{in lang|es}}[http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/04/21/eco_ava_fmi:-venezuela-unico_21A3774771.shtml "FMI: Venezuela único país cuya economía se contraerá este año"]. El Universal. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> Following Chavez's death in early 2013, Venezuela's economy continued to fall into an even greater recession. |
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=== 2013–present === |
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{{main|Crisis in Venezuela|2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela|Hyperinflation in Venezuela}} |
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[[File:Venezuela Shortages 2014.png|thumb|left|[[Shortages in Venezuela]] leave store shelves empty]] |
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According to the [[Misery index (economics)|misery index]] in 2013, Venezuela ranked as the top spot globally with the highest misery index score.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hanke|first=John H.|title=Measuring Misery around the World|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/measuring-misery-around-world|publisher=The CATO Institute|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=Hanke>{{cite web|title=Steve H. Hanke|url=http://www.cato.org/people/steve-hanke|website=Cato Institute|access-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> The [[International Finance Corporation]] ranked Venezuela one of the lowest countries for doing business with, ranking it 180 of 185 countries for its ''Doing Business 2013'' report with protecting investors and taxes being its worst rankings.<ref name="World Bank and International Financial Corporation">{{cite web|title=Ease of Doing Business in Venezuela, RB|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/venezuela/|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DOING BUSINESS 2013 |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB13-full-report.pdf |work=Report |publisher=International Finance Corporation |access-date=1 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530031102/http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB13-full-report.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> In early 2013, the bolívar fuerte was devalued due to growing [[shortages in Venezuela]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela Slashes Currency Value|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323951904578292383059267360|access-date=14 December 2013|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=9 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050959/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323951904578292383059267360|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The shortages included necessities such as toilet paper, milk and flour.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lopez|first=Virginia|title=Venezuela food shortages: 'No one can explain why a rich country has no food'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/sep/26/venezuela-food-shortages-rich-country-cia|access-date=14 December 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=26 September 2013}}</ref> Shortages also affected healthcare in Venezuela, with the [[University of Caracas Medical Hospital]] ceasing to perform surgeries due to the lack of supplies in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Médicos del Hospital Universitario de Caracas suspenden cirugías por falta de insumos |url=http://globovision.com/articulo/medicos-del-hospital-universitario-paralizan-procedimientos-quirurgicos-tras-falta-de-insumos |access-date=21 February 2014 |newspaper=Globovision |date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228074857/http://globovision.com/articulo/medicos-del-hospital-universitario-paralizan-procedimientos-quirurgicos-tras-falta-de-insumos |archive-date=28 February 2014}}</ref> The Bolivarian government's policies also made it difficult to import drugs and other medical supplies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Latin America's weakest economies are reaching breaking-point|newspaper=The Economist|date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Due to such complications, many Venezuelans died avoidable deaths with medical professionals having to use limited resources using methods that were replaced decades ago.<ref name=BGapril2015>{{cite news|title=Venezuela's medical crisis requires world's attention|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/editorials/2015/04/28/medical-crisis-venezuela-requires-world-attention/EAgdzuzc9WebDGCZ0QY8GI/story.html|access-date=17 May 2015|agency=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Doctors say Venezuela's health care in collapse |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/doctors-say-venezuelas-health-care-collapse |access-date=22 February 2014 |newspaper=Associated Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226055123/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/doctors-say-venezuelas-health-care-collapse |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> |
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[[File:Marcha hacia el Palacio de Justicia de Maracaibo - Venezuela 16.jpg|thumb|An opposition protester during the [[2014 Venezuelan protests]] holding a sign saying: "I protest for the scarcity. Where can we get these?"]] |
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In 2014, Venezuela entered an economic recession having its GDP growth decline to -3.0%.<ref name=WBgdp>{{cite web|title=Country and region specific forecasts and data|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-prospects/data?variable=NYGDPMKTPKDZ®ion=LAC|website=[[World Bank]]|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Venezuela was placed at the top of the misery index for the second year in a row.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amid Rationing, Venezuela Takes The Misery Crown|url=http://news.investors.com/ibd-editorials/082614-714879-amid-food-rationing-and-shortages-venezuela-takes-the-misery-crown.htm|access-date=1 September 2014|work=Investors Business Daily}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' said Venezuela was "[p]robably the world’s worst-managed economy".<ref name=ECONsept20>{{cite news|title=Venezuela's economy of oil and coconut water Probably the world's worst-managed economy|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21618782-probably-worlds-worst-managed-economy-oil-and-coconut-water|access-date=21 September 2014|agency=The Economist|date=20 September 2014}}</ref> [[Citibank]] believed that "the economy has little prospect of improvement" and that the state of the Venezuelan economy was a "disaster".<ref name=CITImay2014>{{cite news|title=Citi considera que la economía venezolana es un "desastre"|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/140503/citi-considera-que-la-economia-venezolana-es-un-desastre|access-date=5 May 2014|newspaper=El Universal|date=3 May 2014}}</ref> The ''Doing Business 2014'' report by the International Finance Corporation and the [[World Bank]] ranked Venezuela one score lower than the previous year, then 181 out of 185.<ref name=DB2014>{{cite web|title=Doing Business 2014|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/VEN.pdf|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150720/http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/VEN.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Heritage Foundation ranked Venezuela 175th out of 178 countries in economic freedom for 2014, classifying it as a "repressed" economy according to the principles the foundation advocates.<ref name=Heritage>{{cite web|title=The Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/about|website=About Heritage|access-date=1 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Country Rankings: World & Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/ranking|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> According to ''[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]'', Venezuela was ranked last in the world on its Base Yield Index due to low returns that investors receive when investing in Venezuela.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yapur|first1=Nicolle|title=Políticas económicas en Venezuela ahuyentan el capital extranjero|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/Politicas-economicas-Venezuela-ahuyentan-extranjero_0_436156503.html|access-date=3 July 2014|agency=El Nacional|date=30 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703095927/http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/Politicas-economicas-Venezuela-ahuyentan-extranjero_0_436156503.html|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> In a 2014 report titled ''Scariest Places on the Business Frontiers'' by [[Zurich Financial Services]] and reported by ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]'', Venezuela was ranked as the [[Risk assessment|riskiest]] [[emerging market]] in the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scariest Places on the Business Frontiers|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/native/article/?mvi=e024180f4757442c9fa9873a54f048df#!/|access-date=12 July 2014|agency=Bloomberg|date=2 July 2014}}</ref> Many companies such as [[Toyota]], [[Ford Motor Co.]], [[General Motors Company]], [[Air Canada]], [[Air Europa]], [[American Airlines]], [[Copa Airlines]], [[TAME]], [[TAP Airlines]] and [[United Airlines]] slowed or stopped operation due to the lack of hard currency in the country,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hagiwara|first=Yuki|title=Toyota Halts Venezuela Production as Car Sales Fall|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-07/toyota-halts-venezuela-production-as-car-sales-fall.html|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ford Cutting Production in Venezuela on Growing Dollar Shortage|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-14/ford-reducing-production-in-venezuela-on-growing-dollar-shortage|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=Businessweek|date=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Deniz|first=Roberto|title=General Motors sees no resolution to operations in Venezuela|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/economia/140207/general-motors-sees-no-resolution-to-operations-in-venezuela|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=El Universal|date=7 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221204559/http://english.eluniversal.com/economia/140207/general-motors-sees-no-resolution-to-operations-in-venezuela|archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mogollon|first=Mery|title=Venezuela sees more airlines suspend ticket sales, demand payment|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-venezuela-airlines-ticket-sales-20140124,0,2603008.story?track=rss#axzz2rSnaDRL1|access-date=25 January 2014|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=24 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Peter|title=Airlines keep cutting off Venezuelans from tickets|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/01/24/venezuela-airlines-suspend-ticket-sales/4826171/|access-date=25 January 2014|newspaper=USA Today|date=24 January 2014}}</ref> with Venezuela owing such foreign companies billions of dollars.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Peter|title=Venezuelans blocked from buying flights out|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/01/10/venezuela-airline-cancellations-europa/4405109/|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=USA Today|date=10 January 2014}}</ref> Venezuela also dismantled CADIVI, a government body in charge of currency exchange. CADIVI was known for holding money from the private sector and was suspected to be corrupt.<ref name="Venezuela Shuffles Economic Team">{{cite news|title=Venezuela Shuffles Economic Team|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304149404579323303109294542?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304149404579323303109294542.html|access-date=16 January 2014|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702114233/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304149404579323303109294542?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304149404579323303109294542.html|archive-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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Venezuela again topped the misery index according to the World Bank in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Anderson|first1=Elizabeth|title=Which are the 15 most miserable countries in the world?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11446325/Which-are-the-15-most-miserable-countries-in-the-world.html|access-date=4 March 2015|agency=The Telegraph|date=3 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=BLOOMmarzo2>{{cite news|last1=Saraiva|first1=A Catarina|last2=Jamrisko|first2=Michelle|last3=Fonseca Tartar|first3=Andre|title=The 15 Most Miserable Economies in the World|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-02/the-15-most-miserable-economies-in-the-world|access-date=4 March 2015|agency=Bloomberg|date=2 March 2015}}</ref> The IMF predicted in October 2015 an inflation rate of 159% for the year 2015—the highest rate in Venezuelan history and the highest rate in the world—and that the economy would contract by 10%.<ref name=FPblackbox/><ref name=BBCEconomy>{{cite news|last1=Gallas|first1=Daniel|title=Venezuela: Economy on the brink?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-34983467|access-date=7 December 2015|publisher=BBC News Latin America|date=7 December 2015}}</ref> According to leaked documents from the Central Bank of Venezuela, the country ended 2015 with an inflation rate of 270% and a shortage rate of goods over 70%.<ref name=2015INFLATION1>{{cite news|last1=Lopez|first1=Virginia|title=Venezuela's economic crisis worsens as oil prices fall|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/venezuela-economic-crisis-worsens-oil-prices-fall-160108105010345.html|access-date=8 January 2016|work=aljazeera.com|agency=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=2015INFLATION2>{{cite news|last1=Lozano|first1=Daniel|title=Ni un paso atrás: Maduro insiste con su receta económica|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1860362-ni-un-paso-atras-maduro-insiste-con-su-receta-economica|access-date=8 January 2016|work=lanacion.com.ar|agency=[[La Nación]]|date=8 January 2015}}</ref> |
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[[File:-ElinformadorTV- La pobreza obliga a la gente a comer de la basura -Barquisimeto por @graficohermes.webm|thumb|left|Venezuelans eating from garbage in late 2015]] |
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President [[Nicolás Maduro]] reorganized his economic cabinet in 2016 with the group mainly consisting of leftist Venezuelan academics.<ref name=ENboaJAN2016>{{cite news|title=Bank of America prevé más controles para la economía de Venezuela|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/Bank-Of-America-controles-Venezuela_0_774522570.html|access-date=14 January 2016|work=[[El Nacional (Caracas)|El Nacional]]|date=13 January 2016}}</ref> According to Bank of America's investment division [[Merrill Lynch]], Maduro's new cabinet was expected to tighten currency and price controls in the country.<ref name=ENboaJAN2016/> Alejandro Werner, the head of IMF's Latin American Department, stated that 2015 figures released by the Central Bank of Venezuela were not accurate and that Venezuela's inflation for 2015 was 275%. Other forecast inflation figures by IMF and Bank of America were 720%<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/01/22/world/americas/ap-lt-venezuela-economy-.html?_r=0|title=IMF: Venezuela Inflation to Surpass 700 Percent|date=22 January 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=22 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/FMI-Inflacion-Venezuela_0_776922332.html|title=FMI: Inflación de Venezuela en 2016 será de 500%|date=17 January 2015|access-date=20 January 2016|agency=[[El Nacional (Caracas)|El Nacional]]}}</ref> and 1,000% in 2016,<ref name="PRI2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-01-26/whats-it-under-1000-percent-inflation-venezuela-about-find-out|title=What's it like under 1,000 percent inflation? Venezuela is about to find out.|last1=Leff|first1=Alex|date=26 January 2016|access-date=28 January 2016|agency=[[Public Radio International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf|title=World Economic Outlook|date=April 2016|website=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-47554-372-8|access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref> Analysts believed that the Venezuelan government has been manipulating economic statistics, especially since they did not report adequate data since late 2014.<ref name=PRI2016/> According to economist [[Steve Hanke]] of [[Johns Hopkins University]], the Central Bank of Venezuela delayed the release of statistics and lied about figures much like the [[Soviet Union]] did, with Hanke saying that a lie coefficient had to be used to observe Venezuela's economic data.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hanke|first1=Steve H.|title=Venezuela's Lying Statistics|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-h-hanke/venezuelas-lying-statisti_b_8993866.html|access-date=20 January 2016|agency=[[HuffPost]]|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> |
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By 2016, media outlets said that [[Venezuelan Economic Collapse of 2016|Venezuela was suffering an economic collapse]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/world/americas/hungry-venezuelans-flee-in-boats-to-escape-economic-collapse.html|title=Hungry Venezuelans Flee in Boats to Escape Economic Collapse|date=25 November 2016|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/venezuelans-face-collapsing-economy-starvation-and-crime/|title=Venezuelans face collapsing economy, starvation and crime}}</ref> with the IMF saying that it expected it to reach a 500% inflation rate and 10% contraction in the GDP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38336054|title=Why you need sackfuls of banknotes to shop in Venezuela|date=2016-12-18|newspaper=BBC News|language=en|access-date=2016-12-19}}</ref> In December 2016, monthly inflation exceeded 50 percent for the 30th consecutive day, meaning the Venezuelan economy was officially experiencing [[hyperinflation]], making it the 57th country to be added to the Hanke-Krus World Hyperinflation Table.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article120451593.html|title=Entering a 'world of economic chaos,' Venezuela struggles with hyperinflation|date= 12 December 2016|access-date=2016-12-19|author=Jim Wyss|newspaper=Miami Herald}}</ref> |
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On 25 August 2017, it was reported that new United States sanctions against Venezuela did not ban trading of the country's existing non-government bonds, with the sanctions instead including restrictions intended to block the government's ability to fund itself.<ref name=WS>{{Citation |last=Cui |first=Carolyn |date=25 August 2017 |title=Venezuelan Bonds Up After New U.S. Sanctions Spare Debt Trading|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-bonds-up-after-new-u-s-sanctions-spare-debt-trading-1503680452}}</ref> |
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On 26 January 2018, the government ended the protected, subsidized fixed exchange rate mechanism that was highly overvalued as a result of rampant inflation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/venezuela-eliminates-heavily-subsidized-dipro-forex-rate-idUSKBN1FJ040|title=Venezuela eliminates heavily subsidized DIPRO forex rate|date=30 January 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref> The [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] (led by the opposition) said inflation in 2017 was over 4,000%, a level other independent economists also agreed with.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-food/venezuelans-report-big-weight-losses-in-2017-as-hunger-hits-idUSKCN1G52HA|title=Venezuelans report big weight losses in 2017 as hunger hits|last=Sequera|first=Vivian|date=18 February 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=23 February 2018}}</ref> In February, the government launched an oil-backed [[cryptocurrency]] called the [[Petro (cryptocurrency)|petro]].<ref name=launch>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/20/venezuela-launches-the-petro-its-cryptocurrency/|title=Venezuela launches the 'petro,' its cryptocurrency|first=Rachelle|last=Krygier|date=20 February 2018|work=The Washington Post|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> |
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[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]'s [[Cafe Con Leche Index]] calculated the price increase for a cup of coffee to have increased by 718% in the 12 weeks before 18 January 2018, an annualized inflation rate of 448,000%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-18/venezuelan-hyperinflation-explodes-soaring-over-440-000-percent|title=Venezuelan Hyperinflation Explodes, Soaring Over 440,000 Percent|date=18 January 2018|work=Bloomberg|access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> The finance commission of the National Assembly noted in July 2018 that prices were doubling every 28 days with an annualized inflation rate of 25,000%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/venezuela-suffering-25-000-inflation-5hvcz8g58|title=Venezuela suffering 25,000% inflation|last=Caracas|first=Stephen Gibbs|date=12 June 2018|work=The Times|access-date=23 July 2018|issn=0140-0460|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |
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The country was heading for a [[Sovereign default|selective default]] in 2017.<ref>[http://www.dw.com/en/russia-extends-lifeline-as-venezuela-struggles-with-selective-default/a-41402510 "Russia extends lifeline as Venezuela struggles with 'selective default'"].</ref> In early 2018, the country was in [[Default (finance)|default]], meaning it could not pay its lenders.<ref>[http://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article210820589.html "Venezuela oil assets seizure by Conoco may start wave"].</ref> |
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24 August 2017 President Trump imposed sanctions on the state debt of Venezuela which ban to make transactions with state debt of Venezuela including the participation in debt restructuring. |
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13 November 2017 the technical default period ended and Venezuela did not pay coupons on its dollar eurobonds. This caused a cross default on other dollar bonds. 30 November ISDA committee consisting of 15 biggest banks admitted default on state debt obligations what in its turn entailed payments on CDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbonds.com/organizations/docdownload/8887|title=Final List of Deliverable Obligations for the 2017 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Credit Derivatives Auction Settlement Terms|website=www.cbonds.com|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref> |
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According to [[Cbonds]], nowadays there are 20 international Venezuelan bonds which are recognized in default. The overall amount of defaulted obligations is equal to 36 billion dollars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbonds.com/countries/Venezuela-bond|title=Venezuela: bonds|website=www.cbonds.com|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref> |
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== Sectors == |
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Under the tenures of Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro, many businesses abandoned Venezuela. In 1999, there were 13,000 companies in the country. By 2016, less than a third of companies remained in Venezuela, with only 4,000 companies operating in the nation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Beiras|first1=Beatriz|title=Venezuela economy fractured with shortages of essentials across the country|url=http://www.euronews.com/2016/05/18/venezuela-economy-fractured-with-shortages-of-essentials-across-the-country/|access-date=26 May 2016|agency=[[Euronews]]|date=19 May 2016}}</ref> |
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=== Petroleum and other resources === |
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{{see also|Energy policy of Venezuela}} |
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[[File:Oil Reserves Updated.png|thumb|A map of world [[oil reserves]] according to OPEC, 2013.]] |
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Venezuela has the world's largest proven oil reserves, totaling 302,81 billion barrels at the end of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm|title=OPEC : OPEC Share of World Crude Oil Reserves|website=www.opec.org|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> The country is a major producer of [[petroleum]] products, which remain the keystone of the Venezuelan economy. The International Energy Agency shows how Venezuela's oil production has fallen in the last years, producing only {{convert|2300000|oilbbl}} daily, down from 3.5 million in 1998. However, the oil incomes will double its value in local currency with the recent currency devaluation.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/01/11/eco_art_contribucion-petrole_1720725.shtml "Contribución petrolera se duplica por ajuste cambiario."] El Universal. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> Venezuela has large energy subsidies. In 2015, the cost of [[petrol]] was just US$0.06 per gallon, costing 23% of government revenues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/02/23/global-gasoline-price-subsidies-evaporate.html|title=Global gasoline-price subsidies evaporate|first=John W.|last=Schoen|date=23 February 2015|website=www.cnbc.com}}</ref> In February 2016, the government finally decided to raise the price, but only to 6 [[Venezuelan bolívar|bolívar]] (about 60¢ at the official rate of exchange) per litre for premium and just 1 bolívar (10¢) for lower-grade petrol.<ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela: Maduro anuncia una devaluación y un aumento de hasta el 6.000% en el precio de la gasolina|url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/02/160217_venezuela_precio_gasolina_az|agency=BBC|date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela raises petrol price for first time in 20 years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35600921|agency=BBC|date=18 February 2016}}</ref> |
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A range of other natural resources, including [[iron ore]], [[coal]], [[bauxite]], [[gold]], [[nickel]] and [[diamond]]s, are in various stages of development and production. In April 2000, Venezuela's president decreed a new [[mining]] [[law]] and regulations were adopted to encourage greater private sector participation in mineral extraction. During Venezuela's economic crisis, the rate of gold excavated fell 64.1% between February 2013 and February 2014 and iron production dropped 49.8%.<ref name=ABCreserves>{{cite news|last=Blasco|first=Emili|title=Venezuela se queda sin suficientes divisas para pagar las importaciones|url=http://www.abc.es/internacional/20140423/abci-venezuela-divisas-importaciones-201404222046.html|access-date=24 April 2014|newspaper=ABC News (Spain)|date=23 April 2014}}</ref> |
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Venezuela mostly utilizes [[hydropower]] resources to supply power to the nation's industries, accounting for 57% of total consumption at the end of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/energy-laws-and-regulations/venezuela|title=Venezuela {{!}} Energy 2018 |website=GLI – Global Legal Insights Venezuela {{!}} Energy 2018|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> However, persistent drought has severely reduced energy production from hydropower resources.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/mar/30/weatherwatch-hambling-venezuela-hydroelectric-dam-guri-dry-reservoirs-colombia|title=Hydro power falters in persistent drought|last=Hambling|first=David|date=2016-03-30|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The national electricity law is designed to provide a legal framework and to encourage competition and new investment in the sector.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} After a two-year delay, the government is proceeding with plans to privatize the various state-owned [[electricity]] systems under a different scheme than previously envisioned.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} |
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=== Manufacturing === |
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{{expand section|date=September 2010}} |
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Manufacturing contributed 12% of GDP in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.ZS?locations=VE|title=Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) {{!}} Data|last=The World Bank Group|date=2019|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> The manufacturing sector is experiencing severe difficulties, amidst lack of investment and accusations of mismanagement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.eluniversal.com/economia/121105/venezuelas-aluminum-industry-operates-at-29-of-capacity|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122012546/http://english.eluniversal.com/economia/121105/venezuelas-aluminum-industry-operates-at-29-of-capacity|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2013|access-date=15 November 2012|title=Venezuela's aluminum industry operates at 29% of capacity}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/120229/venezuelas-aluminum-and-steel-production-below-1997-numbers|access-date=15 November 2012|title=Venezuela's aluminum and steel production below 1997 numbers}}</ref> Venezuela manufactures and exports [[steel]], [[aluminum]], transport equipment, [[textile]]s, [[apparel]], [[beverage]]s and [[foodstuff]]s. It produces [[cement]], [[tires]], [[paper]], [[fertilizer]] and assembles cars both for domestic and [[export]] [[Market (economics)|markets]]. |
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In 2014, General Motors Venezolana stopped automotive production after 65 years of service due to a lack of supplies<ref>{{cite news|title=En imágenes: Así fue el último día de General Motors en Venezuela|url=http://www.venezuelaaldia.com/2014/05/en-imagenes-asi-fue-el-ultimo-dia-de-general-motors-en-venezuela/|access-date=19 May 2014|newspaper=Venezuela Al Dia|date=16 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dolorosa imagen de nuestra industria automotriz: El cierre de General Motors Venezolana|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/05/16/dolorosa-imagen-de-nuestra-industria-automotriz-el-cierre-de-general-motors-venezolana/|access-date=19 May 2014|newspaper=La Patilla}}</ref> while the Central Bank of Venezuela announced that the shortage rate of new automobiles was at 100%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Deniz|first=Roberto|title=Banco Central reporta que la escasez de vehículos llega al 100%|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/140504/banco-central-reporta-que-la-escasez-de-vehiculos-llega-al-100|access-date=5 May 2014|newspaper=El Universal|date=4 May 2014}}</ref> By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Woody|first1=Christopher|title=Venezuela's looming economic catastrophe, in one graphic|url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/venezuela-heading-toward-hyperinflation-2016-7|access-date=21 July 2016|agency=[[Business Insider]]|date=20 July 2016}}</ref> |
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In 2017, estimates showed that Venezuela's industrial production fell about 2%.<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
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=== Agriculture === |
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{{main|Agriculture in Venezuela}} |
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[[Agriculture in Venezuela]] accounts for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor force, and at least a quarter of Venezuela's land area. Venezuela exports [[rice]], [[Maize|corn]], [[fish]], tropical [[fruit]], [[coffee]], [[beef]] and [[pork]]. The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of [[agriculture]]. Venezuela imports about two-thirds of its food needs. In 2002, American firms exported $347 million worth of agricultural products, including [[wheat]], [[maize|corn]], [[soybean]]s, [[soybean meal]], [[cotton]], [[animal fat]]s, [[vegetable oil]]s and other items to make Venezuela one of the top two American markets in South America. The United States supplies more than one-third of Venezuela's food imports. Recent government policies have led to problems with food shortages.<ref name="economist.com"/> |
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== Trade == |
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[[File:Venezuela-private-non-oil-exports.png|thumb|Venezuela private sector nonpetroleum exports in millions of US$ from 1997 to 2015 (orange=goods, yellow=services)<ref name="private-sector-exports"/>]] |
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Venezuela is a founding member of the [[OPEC|Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OPEC), the Organization of Gas Exporting Countries ([[Gas Exporting Countries Forum|GECF]]), the [[Bolivarian Alliance]] for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) and the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]] (CELAC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm|title=Venezuela|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Petroleum]] constitutes 80% of Venezuela's exports with a value of $22.2 billion in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/ven/ |title=OEC - Venezuela (VEN) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |publisher=[[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]] |website=atlas.media.mit.edu |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> Thanks to petroleum exports, Venezuela usually posts a [[trade surplus]]. From 2005, nontraditional (i.e. nonpetroleum) private sector exports have been declining rapidly. By 2015, they constitute 8% of total exports.<ref name="private-sector-exports">{{cite web | url=http://www.bcv.org.ve/c2/indicadores.asp | title=Balanza de pagos y otros indicadores del sector externo. Exportaciones e importaciones de bienes y servicios (millones de USD) |publisher=Banco Central Venezuela | language=es}}</ref> The United States is Venezuela's leading trade partner.<ref name=":3" /> During 2002, the United States exported $4.4 billion in goods to Venezuela, making it the 25th-largest market for the United States Including petroleum products, Venezuela exported $15.1 billion in goods to the United States, making it its 14th-largest source of goods. Venezuela opposes the proposed [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} |
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Since 1998, [[China–Venezuela relations]] have seen an increasing partnership between the government of the Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and the [[People's Republic of China]]. Sino-Venezuelan trade was less than $500m per year before 1999 and reached $7.5bn in 2009, making China Venezuela's second-largest trade partner<ref>Suggett, James. [http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5548 "Latest Venezuela-China Deals: Orinoco Agriculture, Civil Aviation, Steel, and $5 Billion Credit Line."] Venezuelanalysis.com. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> and Venezuela China's biggest investment destination in Latin America. Various bilateral deals have seen China invest billions in Venezuela and Venezuela increase exports of oil and other resources to China. China has demanded payment in oil for its exports to Venezuela because of its unwillingness to accept Venezuelan currency and the inability of Venezuela to pay in dollars or gold.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | Top Trading Partners for Venezuela for 2017 <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ven/|title=OEC - Venezuela (VEN) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners|website=oec.world}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- |
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! colspan="5" class="unsortable" | Imports into Venezuela 2017 |
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|- |
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! Ranking || style="text-align:left;"| Country || style="text-align:center;"|Value (USD) || style="text-align:center;"| % |
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|- |
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| || style="text-align:left;"| World|| style="text-align:center;"| $9.1B || style="text-align:center;"| 100.0% |
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|- |
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| 1 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|United States}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $3.45B || style="text-align:center;"| 38% |
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|- |
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| 2 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|China}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $1.65B || style="text-align:center;"| 18% |
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|- |
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| 3 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Mexico}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $1.08B || style="text-align:center;"| 12% |
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|- |
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| 4 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Brazil}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $469M || style="text-align:center;"| 5.2% |
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|- |
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| 5 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Colombia}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $318M || style="text-align:center;"| 3.5% |
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|- |
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| 6 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Argentina}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $245M || style="text-align:center;"| 2.7% |
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|- |
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| 7 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Germany}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $191M || style="text-align:center;"| 2.1% |
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|- |
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| 8 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Italy}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $166M || style="text-align:center;"| 1.8% |
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|- |
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| 9 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Spain}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $117M || style="text-align:center;"| 1.3% |
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|- |
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| 10 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|United Kingdom}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $86M || style="text-align:center;"| 0.95% |
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|} |
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| |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- |
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! colspan="5" class="unsortable" | Exports from Venezuela for 2017 |
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|- |
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! Ranking || style="text-align:left;"| Country || style="text-align:center;"|Value (USD) || style="text-align:center;"| % |
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|- |
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| || style="text-align:left;"| World|| style="text-align:center;"| $27.8B || style="text-align:center;"| 100.0% |
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|- |
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| 1 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|United States}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $11.6B || style="text-align:center;"| 42% |
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|- |
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| 2 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|China}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $6.4B || style="text-align:center;"| 23% |
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|- |
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| 3 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|India}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $5.25B || style="text-align:center;"| 19% |
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|- |
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| 4 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Singapore}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $1.25B || style="text-align:center;"| 4,5% |
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|- |
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| 5 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Spain}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $390M || style="text-align:center;"| 1,4% |
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|- |
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| 6 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Brazil}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $363M || style="text-align:center;"| 1.3% |
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|- |
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| 7 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Sweden}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $341M || style="text-align:center;"| 1.2% |
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|- |
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| 8 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Malaysia}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $316M || style="text-align:center;"| 1.1% |
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|- |
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| 9 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Germany}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $259M || style="text-align:center;"| 0.93% |
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|- |
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| 10 || style="text-align:left;"| {{flag|Colombia}}|| style="text-align:center;"| $210M || style="text-align:center;"| 0.75% |
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|} |
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|} |
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== Labor == |
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{{expand section|date=September 2010}} |
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Under Chávez, Venezuela has also instituted worker-run "co-management" initiatives in which [[workers' councils]] play a key role in the management of a plant or factory. In experimental co-managed enterprises, such as the state-owned Alcasa factory, workers develop budgets and elect both managers and departmental delegates who work together with company executives on technical issues related to production.<ref>Bruce, Iain. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4155936.stm "Chavez calls for democracy at work."] BBC News. 17 August 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2006.</ref> |
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In November 2010, workers spent a week protesting outside factories in Valera and Valencia following the expropriation of the American bottle-maker Owens-Illinois.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-26/owens-illinois-seizure-by-chavez-may-undermine-empresas-polar.html | work=Bloomberg | first1=Charlie | last1=Devereux | title=Owens-Illinois Seizure by Chavez May Undermine Venezuela's Empresas Polar | date=26 October 2010}}</ref> |
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Labor disputes have continued to increase since the financial crisis in 2008. According to the [[World Economic Forum]], Venezuela is ranked as 134th of the 148 countries for economic competitiveness. Many in the private sector attribute these findings to the [[labour market flexibility|inflexible labor market]]. |
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In recent years, a barrage of pro-worker decrees have been passed. The most significant could be the 2012 labor laws known as the LOTTT. These laws included the virtual ban on dismissal, shorter work week, improved holidays and enhanced maternity benefits. The LOTTT offers job security to most workers after the first month. Employers have reported an absenteeism rate of up to 40% which they blame on the leniency of these labor laws. As expected, employers have been less willing to recruit.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21594997-regime-has-contrived-make-both-bosses-and-workers-unhappy-labours-love-lost Labour’s Love Lost] The Economist. 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2015</ref> |
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On 17 November 2014, President Maduro issued a decree to increase the minimum salary for all workers by 15%. The decree became effective on 1 December 2014.<ref>[http://www.globalworkplaceinsider.com/tag/lottt/ Minimum Salary Increase] Global Workplace Insider. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</ref> As part of the May Day celebrations in honor of workers' day, President Maduro announced on 28 April 2015 that the minimum wage would increase 30%; 20% in May and 10% in July, with the newly announced minimum wage for Venezuelans being only about $30 per month at the widely used black market rate.<ref name=AP1may2015>{{cite news|last1=Goodman |first1=Joshua |title=Venezuela Raises Minimum Wage 30 Pct Amid Raging Inflation |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/L/LT_VENEZUELA_MINIMUM_WAGE?SITE=AP |access-date=10 May 2015 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=1 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080934/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/L/LT_VENEZUELA_MINIMUM_WAGE?SITE=AP |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> |
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In September 2017, the National Union of Workers (UNETE) announced that Venezuela had lost 3,345,000 jobs since the election of President Maduro.<ref>{{cite news|title="Desde que Maduro está allí hemos perdido 3 millones 345 mil empleos": Marcela Máspero, coordinadora de la Unión Nacional de Trabajadores|url=http://www.ntn24america.com/video/denuncias-perdidas-de-empleos-en-venezuela-entrevista-152635|access-date=17 September 2017|work=[[NTN24]]|date=16 September 2017|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124113/http://www.ntn24america.com/video/denuncias-perdidas-de-empleos-en-venezuela-entrevista-152635|archive-date=17 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> By December 2017, the number of lost jobs increased by 400,000 to over 3,850,000 lost jobs since the start of Maduro's tenure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2017/12/27/federacion-de-trabajadores-publicos-cifra-en-cerca-de-4-millones-perdida-de-empleos-desde-2013/|title=Federación de trabajadores públicos cifra en cerca de 4 millones pérdida de empleos desde 2013|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref> |
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== Infrastructure == |
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In the 20th century when Venezuela benefitted from oil sales, infrastructure flourished in Venezuela.<ref name=FTWD/> However, in recent years Venezuela's public services and infrastructure has suffered, especially utilities such as electricity and water.<ref name=FTWD/><ref name=HPelec/> |
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=== Transportation === |
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Venezuela has an extensive road system that was initially created in the 1960s helped aid the oil and aluminum industries.<ref name=FTWD/> The capital [[Caracas]] had a modern subway system designed by the French that was finished in 1995, with the subway tunneling more than 31.6 mi (51 km).<ref name=FTWD/> |
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In 1870, [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] helped create Venezuela's railway system.<ref name=FTWD/> |
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The Chavez government launched a National Railway Development Plan designed to create 15 railway lines across the country, with {{convert|8500|mi|km|order=flip}} of track by 2030. The network is being built in cooperation with China Railways, which is also cooperating with Venezuela to create factories for tracks, railway cars and eventually locomotives. However, Venezuela's rail project is being put on hold due to Venezuela not being able to pay the $7.5 billion and owing [[China Railway]] nearly $500 million.<ref>{{cite news|last=Han Shih|first=Toh|title=China Railway Group's project in Venezuela hits snag|url=http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1211846/china-railway-groups-project-venezuela-hits-snag|access-date=14 December 2013|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=11 April 2013}}</ref> |
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[[Lufthansa]] said it would stop all flights to Venezuela on 18 June 2016, citing difficulties with currency controls.<ref name = Lufthansa2016>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-36407570|title=Lufthansa to suspend flights to Venezuela|date=2016-05-29|website=BBC News|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> Other airlines also cut back on flights and required that passengers pay fares in US$.<ref name = Lufthansa2016/> |
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=== Energy === |
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{{main|Energy in Venezuela}} |
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The Venezuelan electrical grid is plagued with occasional blackouts in various districts of the country. In 2011, it had so many problems that [[energy rationing|rations on electricity]] were put in place to help ease blackouts.<ref name=HPelec>{{cite news|last=Toothaker|first=Christopher|title=Venezuela's Electricity To Be Rationed Following Recurring Power Outages|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/16/venezuela-electricity-rationed-power-outages-_n_878018.html|access-date=14 December 2013|newspaper=HuffPost|date=16 June 2011}}</ref> On 3 September 2013, 70% of the country plunged into darkness with 14 of 23 states of Venezuela stating they did not have electricity for most of the day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Power cut paralyses Venezuela|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/power-cut-paralyses-venezuela|access-date=14 December 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 September 2013}}</ref> Another power outage on 2 December 2013 left most of Venezuela in the dark again and happened just days before elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela Power Outage Plunges Most of Nation into Darkness|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/02/venezuela-power-outage_n_4375191.html|access-date=14 December 2013|newspaper=HuffPost|date=2 December 2013}}</ref> |
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==== Energy statistics ==== |
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* Electricity – production by source: |
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** Fossil fuel: 35.7% (2012 est.) |
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** Hydroelectric 64.3 (2012 est.) |
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** Nuclear: 0% (2012 est.) |
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** Other: 0% (2012 est.) |
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* Electricity production: 127.6 billion kWh (2012 est.) |
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* Electricity – consumption: 85.05 billion kWh (2011 est.) |
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* Electricity – exports: 633 million kWh (2009 est.) |
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* Electricity – imports: 260 million kWh (2009 est.) |
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* Electricity – installed generating capacity: 27.5 million kW (2012 est.) |
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== Statistics == |
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=== Economy data === |
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[[File:Modern Venezuela Economic Indicators.png|thumb|The blue line represents annual rates whereas the red line represents trends of annual rates given throughout the period shown (sources: [[International Monetary Fund]], [[World Bank]] and [[Central Intelligence Agency]])]] |
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The Macroeconomic Stabilization Fund (FIEM) decreased from US$2.59 billion in January 2003 to US$700 million in October, but central bank-held international reserves actually increased from US$11.31 billion in January to US$19.67 billion in October 2003. On the [[black market]], the bolívar fell 28% in 2007 to Bs. 4,750 per US$<ref name="NY">Romero, Simon. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/world/americas/18venezuela.html?ex=1331870400&en=45138c3cf57388e7&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss "Venezuela to Give Currency New Name and Numbers."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> and declined to around VEF 5.5 (Bs 5500) per US$ in early 2009.<ref>Molano, Walter. [http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=328944&CategoryId=13303 "Venezuela is Priced for Failure."] Latin American Herald Tribune. 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> |
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The economy recovered and grew by 16.8% in 2004. This growth occurred across a wide range of sectors—the oil industry directly provides only a small<!--How small?--> percentage of employment in the country. International reserves grew to US$27 billion.<!--Old data, probably circa 2004.--> Polling firm [[Datanalysis]] noted that real income in the poorest sectors of society grew by 33% in 2004.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} |
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On 7 March 2007, the government announced that the Venezuelan bolívar would be redenominated at a ratio of 1 to 1,000 at the beginning of 2008 and renamed the ''bolívar fuerte'' ("strong bolivar") to ease accounting and transactions. This was carried out on 1 January 2008, at which time the exchange rate was 2.15 ''bolívar fuerte'' per US$.<ref>Ellsworth, Brian. [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0160996920080101 "Venezuela cuts three zeros off bolivar currency."] Reuters. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> The [[ISO 4217]] code for the ''bolívar fuerte'' is VEF.<!---so what?---> |
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Government spending as a percentage of GDP in Venezuela in 2007 was 30%, smaller than other mixed economies such as France (49%) and Sweden (52%).<ref name="cepr.net">Weisbrot, Mark, and Sandoval, Luis.[http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela_2007_07.pdf ''The Venezuelan Economy in the Chávez Years''][https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepr.net%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fvenezuela_2007_07.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1]. Center for Economic and Policy Research. July 2007.</ref> According to official sources from the [[United Nations]], the percentage of people below the national poverty line has decreased during the [[presidency of Hugo Chávez]], from 48.1% in 2002 to 28% in 2008.<ref>Forero, Juan. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/18/AR2010041803090.html "Despite billions in U.S. aid, Colombia struggles to reduce poverty."] ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 19 April 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref><ref name="mail-archive.com">{{in lang|es}} [http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/5/30305/PSE2007_Sintesis_Lanzamiento.pdf "Situación de la pobreza en la región."] Panorama social de América Latina. 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2010.</ref> |
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With the 2007 rise in oil prices and rising government expenditures, Venezuela's economy grew by 9% in 2007. Oil prices fell starting in July 2008, resulting in a major loss of income. Hit by a global recession, the economy contracted by 2% in the second quarter of 2009,<ref>Daniel, Frank. [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2052572820090821 "Venezuela economy shrinks for first time in 5 years."] Reuters. 20 August 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> contracting a further 4.5% in the third quarter of 2009. Chavez's response has been that these standards mis-state economic fact and that the economy should be measured by socialistic standards.<ref>Daniel, Frank. [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2220285420091122 "Chavez says Venezuela in recession, by US yardstick."] Reuters. 22 November 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> On 17 November, the Central Bank reported that private sector activity declined by 4.5% and that inflation was averaging 26.7%. Compounding such problems is a drought which the government says was caused by [[El Niño]], resulting in rationing of water and electricity and a short supply of food.<ref>Márquez, Humberto. [http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48972 "El Niño Dries Up Water, Power, Food Supply."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107020153/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48972 |date=7 November 2009 }} IPS News. 23 October 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref> |
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The year 2010 saw Venezuela still in recession as GDP has fallen by 5.8% in the first quarter of 2010.<ref name="Andrew Cawthorne">Cawthorne, Andrew.[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2515736520100525 "Venezuela recession drags, GDP falls 5.8 pct Q1"]. Reuters. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010</ref> The Central Bank of Venezuela has stated that the recession is due largely "to restricted access to foreign currency for imports, lower internal demand and electricity rationing". The oil sector's performance was also particularly troubling, with oil GDP shrinking by 5%. More importantly, the Central Bank hints at the root cause of the oil contraction, saying that "the bank said it was due to falls in production, "operative problems", maintenance stoppages and the channeling of diesel to run thermal generators during a power crisis".<ref name="Andrew Cawthorne"/> While the public sector of the economy has fallen 2.8%, the private sector has dropped off 6%.<ref name="Andrew Cawthorne"/> |
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The year 2013 proved to be difficult for Venezuela as shortages of necessities and extreme inflation attacked the nation's economy. Items became so scarce that nearly one quarter of items were not in stock.<ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela's Forced Price Cuts Damp World's Fastest Inflation (2)|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-12-30/venezuela-s-forced-price-cuts-damp-world-s-fastest-inflation|access-date=16 January 2014|newspaper=Businessweek|date=30 December 2013}}</ref> The bolívar was devalued to 6.3 per US$ in early 2013 taking one third of its value away.<ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela Slashes Currency Value|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323951904578292383059267360|access-date=16 January 2014|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=9 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050959/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323951904578292383059267360|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, inflation still continued to rise drastically in the country to the point President Maduro forced stores to sell their items just days before elections. Maduro said that the stores were charging unreasonable prices even though the owners were only charging so much due to the actual devaluation of the bolívar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Government-ordered price cuts spawn desperation shopping in Venezuela|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-venezuela-chaos-20131116,0,4565607.story|access-date=16 January 2014|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=16 November 2013|first1=Mery|last1=Mogollon|first2=Chris|last2=Kraul}}</ref> |
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In 2014 The Central Bank of Venezuela stopped releasing statistics for the first time in its history as a way to possibly manipulate the image of the economy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurmanaev|first=Anatoly|title=Venezuela in Data Denial After Inflation Tops 50%: Andes Credit|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-09/venezuela-in-data-denial-after-inflation-tops-50-andes-credit.html|access-date=16 January 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=9 January 2014}}</ref> Venezuela has also dismantled CADIVI, a government body in charge of currency exchange.<ref name="Venezuela Shuffles Economic Team"/> |
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In May 2019, the [[Central Bank of Venezuela]] released economic data for the first time since 2015. According to this release, the inflation of Venezuela was 274% in 2016, 863% in 2017 and 130,060% in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/05/29/venezuela-l-inflation-a-ete-de-130-060-en-2018_5469091_3210.html|title=Au Venezuela, l'inflation a été de 130 060 % en 2018|date=29 May 2019|work=Le Monde|access-date=31 May 2019|language=fr}}</ref> The new reports imply a contraction of more than half of the economy in five years, according to the ''Financial Times'' "one of the biggest contractions in Latin American history".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5cb83c1c-821b-11e9-b592-5fe435b57a3b|title=Venezuela data offer rare glimpse of economic chaos|last=Long|first=Gideon|date=29 May 2019|website=Financial Times|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> According two undisclosed sources from ''Reuters,'' the release of this numbers was due to pressure from China, a Maduro ally. One of this sources claims that the disclosure of economic numbers may bring Venezuela into compliance with the IMF, making it harder to support [[Juan Guaidó]] during [[2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis|the presidential crisis]].<ref name=reutersIMFdeniesBCV>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-imf-idUSKCN1T01YW|title=IMF denies pressuring Venezuela to release economic data|last=Wroughton|first=Lesley|date=30 May 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=31 May 2019|last2=Pons|first2=Corina}}</ref> At the time, the IMF was not able to support the validity of the data as they had not been able to contact the authorities.<ref name=reutersIMFdeniesBCV /> |
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The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation under 5% is in green.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=299&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=27&pr.y=6|access-date=2018-09-02|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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!Year |
|||
!GDP<br /><small>(in bil. US$ PPP)</small> |
|||
!GDP per capita<br /><small>(in US$ PPP)</small> |
|||
!GDP growth<br /><small>(real)</small> |
|||
!Inflation rate<br /><small>(in percent)</small> |
|||
!Unemployment <br /><small>(in percent)</small> |
|||
!Government debt<br /><small>(in % of GDP))</small> |
|||
|- |
|||
|1980 |
|||
|117.2 |
|||
|7,838 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 4.9% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.4% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1981 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 126.5 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 8,208 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 1.3% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 16.2% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1982 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 137.9 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 8,690 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 2.6% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 9.6% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1983 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 129.2 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 7,919 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 9.9% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 6.2% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1984 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 140.8 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 8,392 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 5.2% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 12.3% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1985 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 146.5 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 8,499 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 0.9% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 11.4% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1986 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 158.6 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 9,088 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 6.1% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 11.5% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1987 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 170.4 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 9,528 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 4.8% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 28.1% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1988 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 187.9 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 10,247 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 6.5% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 29.5% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1989 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 168.0 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 8,945 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 13.9% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 84.5% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1990 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 185.5 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 9,557 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 6.5% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 40.7% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1991 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 210.3 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 10,581 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 9.8% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 34.2% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1992 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 228.2 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 11,214 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 6.1% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 31.4% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1993 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 234.2 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 11,253 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 0.3% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 38.1% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1994 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 233.6 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 10,976 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 2.3% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 60.8% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1995 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 247.9 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 11,397 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 4.0% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 59.9% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1996 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 251.9 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 11,338 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 0.2% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 99.9% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1997 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 272.6 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 12,020 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 6.4% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 50.0% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|- |
|||
|1998 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 276.3 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 11,946 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 0.3% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 35.8% |
|||
|n/a |
|||
|31.4% |
|||
|- |
|||
|1999 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 263.8 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 11,182 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 6.0% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 23.6% |
|||
|14.5% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 31.2% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2000 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 279.8 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 11,468 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 3.7% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 16.2% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 14.0% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 28.2% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2001 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 295.8 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 11,928 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 3.4% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 12.5% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 13.4% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 31.7% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2002 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 273.8 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 10,859 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 8.9% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 22.4% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 16.0% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 55.0% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2003 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 257.6 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 10,053 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 7.8% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 31.1% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 18.2% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 55.8% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2004 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 313.1 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 12,026 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 18.3% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.7% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 15,1% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 42.2% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2005 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 356.5 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 13,480 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 10.3% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 16.0% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 12.2% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 35.6% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2006 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 403.7 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 15,031 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 9.9% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 13.7% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 10.0% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 25.7% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2007 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 450.7 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 16,527 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 8.8% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 18.7% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 8.5% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 26.4% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2008 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 483.8 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 17,474 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 5.3% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 31.4% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 7.4% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 20.3% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2009 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 471.9 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 16,790 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 3.2% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 26.0% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 7.9% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 27.6% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2010 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 470.6 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 16,776 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 1.5% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 28.2% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 8.5% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 36.5% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2011 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 500.3 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 17,286 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 4.2% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 26.1% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 8.2% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 50.6% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2012 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 538.2 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 18,327 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 5.6% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.1% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 7.8% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 58.1% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2013 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 554.2 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 18,607 |
|||
|{{Increase}} 1.3% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 43.5% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 7.5% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 72.3% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2014 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 542.2 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 17,951 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 3.9% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 57.3% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 6.7% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 63.5% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2015 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 514.0 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 16,786 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 6.2% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 111.8% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 7.4% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 31.9% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2016 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 434.9 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 14,016 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 16.5% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 254.4% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 20.6% |
|||
|{{decreasePositive}} 31.3% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2017 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 380.7 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 12,113 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 14.0% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 1,087.5% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 27.1% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 34.9% |
|||
|- |
|||
|2018 (est.) |
|||
|{{decrease}} 331.0 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 10,399 |
|||
|{{Decrease}} 15.0% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 13,864.6% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 33.4% |
|||
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 162.0% |
|||
|} |
|||
=== Currency black market === |
|||
[[File:Venezuela_inflation_on_the_black_market_(DolarToday)_on_a_logarithmic_scale.png|thumb|According to DolarToday.com, the value of one US dollar in Venezuelan bolívares fuertes on the black market through time: blue and red vertical lines represent every time the currency has lost 90% of its value, which has happened seven times since 2012, meaning that the currency is worth (as of mid-February 2019) 30,000,000 times less than in August 2012, since it has lost more than 99.99999% of its value]] |
|||
[[File:Time_BsF_would_take_to_lose_90_percent_of_its_value.png|thumb|Inflation represented by the time it would take for money to lose 90% of its value (301-day [[rolling average]], inverted logarithmic scale)]] |
|||
The parallel exchange rate is what Venezuelans believe the Venezuelan currency is worth compared to the US$.<ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela's black market rate for US dollars just jumped by almost 40%|url=http://qz.com/192395/venezuelas-black-market-rate-for-us-dollars-just-jumped-by-almost-40/#/h/56869,3/|access-date=27 March 2014|newspaper=Quartz|date=26 March 2014}}</ref> In the first few years of Chávez's office, his newly created social programs required large payments in order to make the desired changes. On 5 February 2003, the government created CADIVI, a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures. Its creation was to control [[capital flight]] by placing limits on individuals and only offering them so much of a foreign currency.<ref>[http://www.cadivi.gov.ve/cadivi/cadivi.html CADIVI, una medidia necesaria] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205143924/http://www.cadivi.gov.ve/cadivi/cadivi.html |date=5 December 2008 }}</ref> This limit to foreign currency led to a creation of a currency [[black market]] economy since Venezuelan merchants rely on foreign goods that require payments with reliable foreign currencies. As Venezuela printed more money for their social programs, the bolívar continued to devalue for Venezuelan citizens and merchants since the government held the majority of the more reliable currencies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hanke|first=Steve|title=The World's Troubled Currencies|url=http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article41552.html|publisher=The Market Oracle|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> |
|||
As of January 2018, the strongest official exchange rate was 1 US$ to 10 [[Venezuelan bolívar|VEF]] while the free market exchange rate was over 200,000 VEF to 1 US$.<ref name=BBCEconomy/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dolartoday.com/indicadores|title=Indicadores Economía Venezolana|website=dolartoday.com|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Since merchants can only receive so much necessary foreign currency from the government, they must resort to the black market which in turn raises the merchant's prices on [[consumers]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Girish|title=The 'Cheapest' Country in the World|url=http://world.time.com/2014/01/23/venezuelas-currency-controls-propels-those-with-connections/|access-date=26 January 2014|newspaper=TIME|date=24 January 2014}}</ref> The high rates in the black market make it difficult for businesses to purchase necessary goods since the government often forces these businesses to make price cuts. This leads to businesses selling their goods and making a low profit, such as Venezuelan [[McDonald's]] franchises offering a Big Mac meal for only $1.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pons|first=Corina|title=McDonald's Agrees to Cut the Price of a Venezuelan Big Mac Combo|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-14/mcdonald-s-agrees-to-cut-the-price-of-a-venezuelan-big-mac-combo.html|access-date=26 January 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=14 January 2014}}</ref> Since businesses make low profits, this leads to shortages since they are unable to import the goods that Venezuela is reliant on. Venezuela's largest food producing company, [[Empresas Polar]], has stated that they may need to suspend some production for nearly the entire year of 2014 since they owe foreign suppliers $463 million.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goodman|first=Joshua|title=Venezuela overhauls foreign exchange system|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2014-01-22/venezuela-food-giant-warns-production-at-risk|access-date=26 January 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=22 January 2014}}</ref> The last report of shortages in Venezuela showed that 22.4% of necessary goods are not in stock.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vyas|first=Kejal|title=Venezuela's Consumer Prices Climbed 56% in 2013|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304137304579290692238841828|access-date=26 January 2014|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription |date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615184334/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304137304579290692238841828|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was the last report by the government since the central bank no longer posts the scarcity index. This has led to speculation that the government is hiding its inability to control the economy which may create doubt about future economic data released.<ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela inflation data under scrutiny|url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/148634/venezuela-inflation-data-under-scrutiny|access-date=26 January 2014|newspaper=Buenos Aires Herald|date=31 December 2013}}</ref> |
|||
=== Socioeconomic indicators === |
|||
{{outdated section|date=September 2014}} |
|||
Like most Latin American countries, Venezuela has an unequal distribution of wealth. Although distribution improved when the surplus of rural labor started to diminish and the educational system improved in the middle of the 20th century,<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=150|isbn=9781107507180}}</ref> equality is far from coinciding with western standards. The rich tend to be very rich and the poor very poor. In 1970, the poorest fifth of the population had 3% of national income while the wealthiest fifth had 54%.<ref name="World Bank 1980, p. 156">World Bank. "Table 24." ''World Development Report''. 1980. pp. 156–57.</ref> For comparison, the United Kingdom 1973 figures were 6.3% and 38.8% and the United States in 1972, 4.5% and 42.8%.<ref name="World Bank 1980, p. 156"/> |
|||
The more recent income distribution data available is for distribution per capita, not per household. The two are not strictly comparable because poor households tend to have more members than rich households, thus the per household data tends to show less inequality than the per capita data. The table below shows the available per capita data for recent years from the World Bank. |
|||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
|+Personal income distribution |
|||
|- |
|||
!rowspan=2|Year |
|||
!colspan=6|Share of personal income (%) received by: |
|||
!rowspan=2|GINI index |
|||
|- |
|||
!Poorest fifth |
|||
!2nd fifth |
|||
!3rd fifth |
|||
!4th fifth |
|||
!Wealthiest fifth |
|||
!Wealthiest 10% |
|||
|- |
|||
|1987 |
|||
|4.7 |
|||
|9.2 |
|||
|14.0 |
|||
|21.5 |
|||
|50.6 |
|||
|34.2 |
|||
|~43.42 |
|||
|- |
|||
|1995 |
|||
|4.3 |
|||
|8.8 |
|||
|13.8 |
|||
|21.3 |
|||
|51.8 |
|||
|35.6 |
|||
|46.8 |
|||
|- |
|||
|1996 |
|||
|3.7 |
|||
|8.4 |
|||
|13.6 |
|||
|21.2 |
|||
|53.1 |
|||
|37.0 |
|||
|48.8 |
|||
|- |
|||
|2000 |
|||
|4.7 |
|||
|9.4 |
|||
|14.5 |
|||
|22.1 |
|||
|45.4 |
|||
|29.9 |
|||
|42.0 |
|||
|- |
|||
|2004 |
|||
|3.5 |
|||
|— |
|||
|12.9 |
|||
|— |
|||
|54.8 |
|||
|— |
|||
|45.59 |
|||
|- |
|||
|2007 |
|||
|5.1 |
|||
|— |
|||
|14.2 |
|||
|— |
|||
|47.7 |
|||
|— |
|||
|42.37 |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
|2010 |
|||
|5.7 |
|||
|— |
|||
|14.9 |
|||
|— |
|||
|44.8 |
|||
|— |
|||
|38.98 |
|||
|- |
|||
|2011 |
|||
|5.7 |
|||
|— |
|||
|15.9 |
|||
|— |
|||
|44.8 |
|||
|— |
|||
|39.02 |
|||
|- |
|||
|2013 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|44.8 |
|||
|- |
|||
|2015 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|46.9 |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan="8" style="text-align:left; font-size:88%; padding-left:1em;" | |
|||
Note that personal (per capita) income distribution, given in this table, is not exactly comparable with household income distribution, given in the previous table, because poor households tend to have more members. |
|||
; Sources |
|||
: 1987 data: 1991 ''World Development Report'', Table 30, pp. 262–63. |
|||
: 1995 data: 1998 ''World Development Report'', Table 2.8, p. 70. |
|||
: 1996 data: 2000/2001 ''World Development Report'', Table 5, pp. 282–83. |
|||
: 2000 data: 2006 ''World Development Indicators'', Table 2.8. |
|||
All of the above publications are by the World Bank. |
|||
: 2004 data: ''Instituto Nacional de Estadística'', p. 8<ref name="ine.gov.ve">[http://www.ine.gov.ve/documentos/Boletines_Electronicos/Estadisticas_Sociales_y_Ambientales/Sintesis_Estadistica_de_Pobreza_e_Indicadores_de_Desigualdad/pdf/BoletinPobreza.pdf Instituto Nacional de Estadística][https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gov.ve%2Fdocumentos%2FBoletines_Electronicos%2FEstadisticas_Sociales_y_Ambientales%2FSintesis_Estadistica_de_Pobreza_e_Indicadores_de_Desigualdad%2Fpdf%2FBoletinPobreza.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1]</ref> |
|||
: 2007 data: ''Instituto Nacional de Estadística'', p. 8<ref name="ine.gov.ve" /> |
|||
: 2010 data: ''Instituto Nacional de Estadística'', p. 8<ref name="ine.gov.ve" /> |
|||
: 2011 data: ''Instituto Nacional de Estadística'', p. 8<ref name="ine.gov.ve" /> |
|||
: 2013 data: ''[[United Nations Development Programme]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Income Gini coefficient |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> |
|||
:2015 data: ''[[United Nations Development Programme]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2016|website=[[UNDP]]}}</ref> |
|||
|} |
|||
Poverty in Venezuela increased during the 1980s and early 1990s, but it decreased greatly in the mid to late 1990s. The decreasing trend continued through the Chávez presidency, with the exception of the troubled years 2002 and 2003. Under the Bolivarian government, poverty decreased initially when Venezuela acquired oil funds, though poverty began to increase to its highest level in decades in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Venezuela: a nation in a state|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/02/graphics-political-and-economic-guide-venezuela|access-date=5 March 2016|agency=[[The Economist]]|date=18 February 2016}}</ref> |
|||
The table below shows the percentage of people and the percentage of households whose income is below a poverty line which is equal to the price of a market basket of necessities such as food.<ref>[http://www.ine.gov.ve/fichastecnicas/idh/fichaindicalineapobreza.htm "Ficha Técnicas de Línea de Pobreza por Ingreso."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529062832/http://www.ine.gov.ve/fichastecnicas/idh/fichaindicalineapobreza.htm|date=29 May 2009}} Estadísticas Sociales y Ambientales. El Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Retrieved 4 September 2010. ''The Instituto Nacional de Estadística describes their method for compiling these statistics.''</ref> |
|||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
|+Percentage of people and households with income below national poverty line |
|||
|- |
|||
!Year |
|||
|1989 |
|||
|1997 |
|||
|1998 |
|||
|1999 |
|||
|2000 |
|||
|2001 |
|||
|2002 |
|||
|2003 |
|||
|2004 |
|||
|2005 |
|||
|2006 |
|||
|2007 |
|||
|2008 |
|||
|2009 |
|||
|2010 |
|||
|2011 |
|||
|2012 |
|||
|2013 |
|||
|2014 |
|||
|2015 |
|||
|2016 |
|||
|2017 |
|||
|- |
|||
!Households |
|||
|– |
|||
|48.1 |
|||
|43.9 |
|||
|42.0 |
|||
|40.4 |
|||
|39.0 |
|||
|48.6 |
|||
|55.1 |
|||
|47.0 |
|||
|37.9 |
|||
|30.6 |
|||
|28.5 |
|||
|27.5 |
|||
|26.7 |
|||
|26.9 |
|||
|26.5 |
|||
|21.1 |
|||
|27.3 |
|||
|48.4 |
|||
|73.0 |
|||
|81.8 |
|||
|87.0 |
|||
|- |
|||
!People |
|||
|31.3 |
|||
|54.5 |
|||
|50.4 |
|||
|48.7 |
|||
|46.3 |
|||
|45.4 |
|||
|55.4 |
|||
|62.1 |
|||
|53.9 |
|||
|43.7 |
|||
|36.3 |
|||
|33.6 |
|||
|32.6 |
|||
|31.8 |
|||
|32.5 |
|||
|31.6 |
|||
|25.4 |
|||
|32.1 |
|||
|– |
|||
|– |
|||
|– |
|||
|– |
|||
|- |
|||
|colspan=23 style="font-size:88%"| |
|||
; Sources: |
|||
: World Bank, 1997 ''World Development Indicators'', p. 52; |
|||
: [http://www.ine.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=104&Itemid=45# Venezuela, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, ''Pobreza por línea de ingreso, 1er semestre 1997 - 2do semestre 2013'']. Retrieved December 2014. |
|||
:[https://www.ucab.edu.ve/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/02/ENCOVI-2017-presentación-para-difundir-.pdf ENCOVI – Encuesta sobre Condiciones de Vida en Venezuela Febrero 2018] |
|||
; Note |
|||
: Datum is from the World Bank and as far as we know is a whole year average (1989) |
|||
: End of year data provided by Instituto Nacional de Estadística (1997–2013) |
|||
: ENCOVI used due to lack of government-provided statistics (2014–2017) |
|||
|} |
|||
[[File:INE Venezuela poverty rate 1990 to 2013.png|thumb|Venezuela's extreme poverty rate from 1990 to 2013<br />Source: INE<ref>{{cite web|title=Pobreza|url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=104&Itemid=45#|website=instituto nacional de estadistica|access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Venezuela Achieves Millennium Goals|url=http://venezuela-us.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/venezuela-achieves-millennium-goals-2.pdf|website=Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903112831/http://venezuela-us.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/venezuela-achieves-millennium-goals-2.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />Note: interim presidents excluded and one-year delay of data transferred during presidential term changes due to new policies, inaugurations and so on]] |
|||
{|class="sortable wikitable" |
|||
|+Venezuela economic indicators (2017)<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
|||
|-bgcolor=#efefef |
|||
!indicator || % |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"|Real GDP growth || -14.0% |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"|Inflation || 1.087.5% |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"|Gross national saving (% of GDP) || 12.1% |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
{|class="sortable wikitable" |
|||
|+Foreign trade<ref name="CIAWFVE"/> |
|||
|-bgcolor=#efefef |
|||
!Leading markets 2013 || % of total || Leading suppliers || % of total |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"|United States || 39.1 || United States || 31.7 |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"|China || 14.3 || China || 16.8 |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"|India || 12.0|| Brazil || 9.1 |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"|Netherlands Antilles || 7.8 || Colombia || 4.8 |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
{|class="sortable wikitable" |
|||
|+Foreign trade<ref name="Factsheet">{{cite news|title=Factsheet |url=http://www.economist.com/countries/Venezuela/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet |access-date=17 February 2009 |work=The Economist|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203180437/http://www.economist.com/countries/Venezuela/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet |archive-date=3 February 2009 }}</ref> |
|||
|-bgcolor=#efefef |
|||
!Major exports || % of total || Major imports || % of total |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"|Oil and gas || 90.4 || Raw materials and intermediate goods || 44.5 |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"|Other || 9.6 || Consumer goods || 24.5 |
|||
|- |
|||
|align="left"| || || Capital goods || 31.0 |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
== Social development == |
|||
In the early 2000s when oil prices soared and offered Chávez funds not seen since the beginning of Venezuela's economic collapse in the 1980s, Chávez's government became "semi-authoritarian and hyper-populist" and consolidated its power over the economy in order to gain control of large amounts of resources.<ref name=FTWD/><ref name=FPdontblame>{{cite news|last1=Corrales|first1=Javier|title=Don't Blame It on the Oil|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/07/dont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro/|access-date=10 May 2015|agency=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Domestically, Chávez used such oil funds for [[populist]] policies, creating the [[Bolivarian missions]], aimed at providing public services to improve economic, cultural and social conditions.<ref name=FTWD/><ref name="changing-venezuela-69">{{cite book|title=Changing Venezuela By Taking Power: The History and Policies of the Chavez Government|author=Gregory Wilpert|author-link=Gregory Wilpert|publisher=[[Verso Books|Verso]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84467-552-4|page=69|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/changingvenezuel00wilp}}</ref> From 1999 to 2009, 60% of government revenues focused on social programs<ref name=fact>[http://venezuela-us.org/live/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/10-12-2010-FS-Millennium-Development-Goals.pdf "Fact Sheet: Millennium Development Goals."] Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. 12 October 2010. Web 4 March 2012.</ref>{{better source|date=December 2015}} while social investment went from 8.4% of GDP in 1988 to 18.8% in 2008.<ref name=Janicke>Janicke, Kiraz. [http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/4629 "Venezuela Reaches the Millennium Development Goals."] Venezuela Analysis. |
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14 July 2009. Web 4 March 2012.</ref>{{better source|date=December 2015}} Despite warnings near the beginning of Chávez's tenure in the early 2000s,<ref name=FTWD/> Chávez's government continuously overspent in social spending and did not save enough money for any future economic turmoil, which Venezuela faced shortly before and after his death.<ref name=FPdontblame/><ref name=NPRdec2014>{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Robert|title=For Venezuela, Drop in Global Oil Prices Could Be Catastrophic|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/12/25/373128433/for-venezuela-drop-in-global-oil-prices-could-be-catastrophic|access-date=4 January 2015|agency=NPR|date=25 December 2014}}</ref> On the year of Chávez's death, Venezuela was still categorized as having high human development on its [[Human Development Index]] in 2013 according to the [[United Nations Development Programme]], although human development began to decline in Venezuela within a year, with the country dropping 10 ranks by 2014.<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–5}}</ref> |
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=== Poverty and hunger === |
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Extreme poverty and lack of food and medicines has pushed more than three million Venezuelans to leave the country in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36319877|title=Venezuela crisis: How the political situation escalated|access-date=24 January 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> [[Andres Bello Catholic University]] conducted a study of poverty that found the poorest 20% of Venezuelans had 1.4% of the nation's wealth, down from 3.4% in 2014, while the richest 10% had 61% of the nation's wealth, up from 30%.<ref name= LosesGrip>{{cite news |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/maduro-loses-grip-on-venezuelas-poor-a-vital-source-of-his-power-11553014207 |work= The Wall Street Journal|title= Maduro loses grip on Venezuela's poor, a vital source of his power |author= Luhnow, David |date= 19 March 2019 |access-date= 20 March 2019}}</ref> |
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According to government figures released in April 2017, 1,446 children under the age of 1 died in 2016, representing a 30 percent increase in one year.<ref name=":0" /> As of August 2017, 31 million people suffered from severe food shortages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/26/nicolas-maduro-donald-trump-venezuela-hunger|title=Hunger eats away at Venezuela's soul as its people struggle to survive|last=Graham-Harrison|first=Emma|date=2017-08-26|work=The Observer|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> The ENCOVI universities survey found that 73% of Venezuelans said they had lost 9 kg (19 lbs) of body weight in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fundacionbengoa.org/noticias/2017/images/ENCOVI-2016-Alimentacion.pdf|title=ENCOVI, Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida, Venezuela 2016, Alimentación|last=Landaeta-Jiménez|first=Maritza|display-authors=etal|date=February 2017|website=ENCOVI, Fundación Bengoa para la Alimentación y Nutrición|language=es|trans-title=National Survey of Living Conditions, Venezuela 2016, Food|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> and 64% had lost 11 kg (25 lbs) in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucab.edu.ve/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/02/ENCOVI-Alimentaci%C3%B3n-2017.pdf|title=ENCOVI, Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida, Venezuela 2017, Alimentación I|last=Landaeta-Jiménez|first=Maritza|display-authors=etal|date=February 2018|website=Universidad Catolica Andres Bello|language=es|trans-title=ENCOVI, National Survey of Living Conditions, Venezuela 2017, Food 1|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |
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When the country's economy collapsed in 2014, hunger and malnutrition became a severe problem.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/17/world/americas/venezuela-children-starving.html|title=As Venezuela Collapses, Children Are Dying of Hunger|last=Kohut|first=Meredith|date=2017-12-17|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2015, close to 45% of Venezuelans said they were unable to afford food at times. In 2018, this figure rose to 79%, one of the highest rates in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/06/young-venezuelans-want-to-flee-as-economy-collapses-poll-finds|title=Over half of young Venezuelans want to flee as economy collapses, poll finds|last=Graham-Harrison|first=Emma|date=2018-03-06|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> |
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Although poverty initially declined under Chávez, Venezuela's poverty rate increased to 28% by 2013, with extreme poverty rates increasing 4.4% to 10% according to the Venezuelan government's INE.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pobreza|url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=104&Itemid=45#|website=INE|access-date=31 August 2014}}</ref> Estimates of poverty by the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]] (ECLAC) and [[Luis Pedro España]], a sociologist at the [[Universidad Católica Andrés Bello]], showed an increase of poverty in Venezuela.<ref name=CSM25march>{{cite news|last1=Gallagher|first1=J. J.|title=Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government?|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2015/0325/Venezuela-Does-an-increase-in-poverty-signal-threat-to-government|access-date=29 March 2015|agency=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=25 March 2015}}</ref> ECLAC showed a 2013 poverty rate of 32% while Pedro España calculated a 2015 rate of 48%.<ref name=CSM25march/> The Venezuelan government estimated that 33% were in poverty in the first half of 2015 and then stopped producing statistics.<ref name=":1" /> According to Venezuelan NGO [[PROVEA]], by the end of 2015 there would be the same number of Venezuelans living in poverty as there was in 2000, reversing the advancements against poverty by Chávez.<ref name=CSM25march/> The ENCOVI annual survey by three universities estimated poverty at 48% in 2014, 82% in 2016 and 87% in 2017.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/21/venezuelans-report-big-weight-losses-in-2017-as-hunger-hits.html|title=Venezuelans report big weight losses in 2017 as hunger hits|date=2018-02-21|work=CNBC|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref> |
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In relation to [[hunger]], under-nutrition, undernourishment and the percentage of children under the age of five who are moderately or severely underweight decreased earlier in Chávez's tenure.<ref name=Indicators>[http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Search.aspx?q=venezuela "Millennium Development Goals Indicators."] United Nations Statistics Division. Web 4 March 2012.</ref> However, [[shortages in Venezuela]] as a result of [[price control]] policies left the majority of Venezuelans without adequate products after his death. |
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=== Education === |
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{{main|Education in Venezuela}} |
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The total net enrollment ratio in primary education for both sexes increased from 87% in 1999 to 93.9% in 2009.<ref name=Indicators/> The primary completion rate for both sexes reached 95.1% in 2009 as compared to 80.8% in 1991.<ref name=Indicators/> The literacy rates of 15- to 24-year-olds in 2007, for men and women, were 98% and 98.8%, respectively.<ref name=Indicators/> During the [[Bolivarian diaspora]], a large percentage of the millions of Venezuelans who left the country were highly educated, resulting in a [[brain drain]] in the country.<ref name=ENHaug28>{{cite news|last1=Maria Delgado|first1=Antonio|title=Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html|access-date=28 August 2014|agency=El Nuevo Herald|date=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=Elimpulso23AUG>{{cite news|title=El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria|url=http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria#|access-date=28 August 2014|agency=El Impulso|date=23 August 2014}}</ref> |
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Since starting in 2003, the free government program [[Mission Robinson]] had taught more than 2.3 million people to read and write as of 2012. The program also focused much of its attention on reaching out to geographically isolated and historically excluded members of the population, including indigenous groups and Afro-descendants.<ref>Ellis, Edward. [http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5770 "Venezuela Celebrates Five Years Free of Illiteracy."] Venezuela Analysis. 7 November 2010. Web. 20 March 2012.</ref>{{Better source|reason=Venezuelanalysis is a POV source. Attributing data to VA would diminish quality of article|date=December 2014}} In 2008, Francisco Rodríguez of [[Wesleyan University]] in Connecticut and Daniel Ortega of [[Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración|IESA]] stated that there was "little evidence" of "statistically distinguishable effect on Venezuelan illiteracy" during the Chávez administration.<ref name=ECONread>{{cite news|title=Propaganda, not policy|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10766504|access-date=3 May 2014|newspaper=The Economist|date=28 February 2008}}</ref> The Venezuelan government claimed that it had taught 1.5 million Venezuelans to read,<ref name="Márquez">{{cite web|last=Márquez|first=Humberto|title=Venezuela se declara libre de analfabetismo|publisher=[[Inter Press Service]]|url=http://ipsnoticias.net/nota.asp?idnews=35621|date=28 October 2005|access-date=29 December 2006|language=es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112614/http://www.ipsnoticias.net/2005/10/educacion-venezuela-se-declara-libre-de-analfabetismo/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> but the study found that "only 1.1m were illiterate to begin with" and that the illiteracy reduction of less than 100,000 can be attributed to adults that were elderly and died.<ref name=ECONread/> |
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=== Health care === |
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{{main|Health care in Venezuela}} |
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[[File:Venezuela's health expenditure; 1999 -.png|thumb|Healthcare spending by percentage of Venezuela's GDP<br />Source: [http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS?page=3 World Bank]]] |
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Following the Bolivarian Revolution and the establishment of the Bolivarian government, initial healthcare practices were promising with the installation of a free healthcare system parallel to the existing national public health system, with the assistance received from Cuban medical professionals providing aid. The Bolivarian government's failure to concentrate on healthcare for Venezuelans, the reduction of healthcare spending and government corruption eventually affected medical practices in Venezuela, causing avoidable deaths along with an emigration of medical professionals to other countries.<ref name="BGapril2015"/><ref name=FPchavezcare>{{cite news|last1=Wilson|first1=Peter|title=The Collapse of Chávezcare|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/27/chavez-maduro-healthcare-venezuela-cuba/|access-date=17 May 2015|agency=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> |
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Venezuela's reliance on imported goods and its complicated exchange rates initiated under Chávez led to increasing shortages during the late-2000s and into the 2010s that affected the availability of medicines and medical equipment in the country.<ref name=FPchavezcare/> The United Nations reported an increase in the maternal mortality ratio, which increased from 93 per 100,000 in 1990 to 110 per 100,000 in 2013.<ref name=UNmaternal2013>{{cite web|title=Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births|url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=553&crid=862|website=Millennium Development Goals Indicators|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Following shortages of many medical and common goods in 2014, Venezuelan women have had difficulties accessing contraceptives and were forced to change prescriptions or search several stores and the Internet for their medications.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Higuerey|first1=Edgar|title=Escasez de anticonceptivos hace cambiar tratamientos|url=http://eltiempo.com.ve/locales/regionales/salud/escasez-de-anticonceptivos-hace-cambiar-tratamientos/152952|access-date=7 September 2014|agency=El Tiempo|date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908025649/http://eltiempo.com.ve/locales/regionales/salud/escasez-de-anticonceptivos-hace-cambiar-tratamientos/152952|archive-date=8 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shortage of antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV/AIDS affected about 50,000 Venezuelans in 2014 as well, potentially causing thousands of Venezuelans with HIV to develop AIDS.<ref name=FOXlatino2014>{{cite news|title=Venezuela Faces Health Crisis Amid Shortage of HIV/Aids Medication|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/health/2014/05/14/venezuela-faces-health-crisis-amid-shortage-hivaids-medication/|access-date=31 August 2014|agency=Fox News Latino|date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903210356/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/health/2014/05/14/venezuela-faces-health-crisis-amid-shortage-hivaids-medication/|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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Venezuela is also the only country in Latin America where the incidence of [[malaria]] is increasing, allegedly due to illegal mining. In 2013, Venezuela registered the highest number of cases of malaria in the past 50 years, with 300 of 100,000 Venezuelans being infected with the disease.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pardo|first1=Daniel|title=The malaria mines of Venezuela|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-28689066|access-date=31 August 2014|agency=BBC|date=23 August 2014}}</ref> |
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=== Technology === |
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In 1990, the number of [[Internet]] users was minimal, but 35.63% of Venezuelans were Internet users by 2010.<ref name=Indicators/> In fact, the number of Internet subscribers has increased sixfold.<ref name=UK>{{cite web |url=http://www.embavenez-uk.org/pdf/fs_millenium_goals.pdf |title=Fact Sheet: Venezuela and the Millennium Development Goals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523210553/http://www.embavenez-uk.org/pdf/fs_millenium_goals.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2011 |publisher=Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the UK and Ireland |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> Programs such as the National Technological Literacy Plan, which provides free software and computers to schools, have assisted Venezuela in meeting this goal.<ref name=UK /> However, several experts state that the poor infrastructure in Venezuela had created a poor quality of Internet in Venezuela, which has one of the slowest Internet speeds in the world.<ref name=BBCinternet>{{cite news|last1=Pardo|first1=Daniel|title=¿Por qué internet en Venezuela es tan lento?|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2014/09/140922_venezuela_internet_lento_dp.shtml?ocid=socialflow_twitter|access-date=25 September 2014|agency=BBC|date=22 September 2014}}</ref> The lack of US$ due to the Venezuelan governments currency controls has also damaged Internet services because technological equipment must be imported into Venezuela.<ref name=BBCinternet/> |
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The number of [[fixed telephone lines]] per 100 inhabitants was 7.56 in 1990. The number increased to 24.44 in 2010.<ref name=Indicators/> In 2000, 2,535,966 Venezuelans had [[Landline|landline telephones]]. By 2009, this had increased to 6,866,626.<ref name=fact/> |
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The Bolivarian government has also launched an aerospace program in cooperation with the People's Republic of China who built and launched two satellites that are currently in orbit—a communications satellite called [[Venesat-1|Simón Bolívar]] and a remote sensing satellite called [[VRSS-1|Miranda]]. In July 2014, President Maduro announced that a third satellite would be built by Chinese–Venezuelan bilateral cooperation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/economia/en-7-claves---los-acuerdos-china-venezuela-firmado.aspx | title=En 7 claves - Los acuerdos China-Venezuela firmados este lunes | publisher=Últimas Noticias | access-date=28 September 2014 | quote="The agreement, signed for the development of the program satellite VRSS2, provides for the two nations to share knowledge about the manufacture of the new remote sensing satellite, which will serve to strengthen mapping capabilities in the country, and to contribute to the development of the Venezuelan aerospace industry. " | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107104809/http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/economia/en-7-claves---los-acuerdos-china-venezuela-firmado.aspx | archive-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="spacepioneer">{{cite web | url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/publications/2013/08/23/venezuela-latin-americas-next-space-pioneer-2/ | title=Venezuela: Latin America's Next Space Pioneer? | publisher=Satellite Today | date=23 August 2013 | access-date=28 September 2014 | author=Magan, Veronica}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Money}} |
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* [[1980–89 world oil market chronology|1980–1989 world oil market chronology]] |
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* [[2010s oil glut]] |
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* [[List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal)]] |
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* [[List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (PPP)]] |
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* [[List of Venezuelan companies]] |
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* [[List of banks in Venezuela]] |
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* [[List of Venezuelan cooperatives]] |
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* [[Venezuela and the International Monetary Fund]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist|group=note}} |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{commons category-inline}} |
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{{OPEC}} |
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{{SACN}} |
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{{South America in topic|Economy of}} |
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{{Venezuela topics}} |
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{{World Trade Organization}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of Venezuela}} |
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[[Category:Economy of Venezuela| ]] |
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[[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] |
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[[Category:World Trade Organization member economies|Venezuela]] |
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[[Category:OPEC|Venezuela]] |
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]] |
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Version vom 8. Oktober 2021, 18:41 Uhr
Joachim Praetorius (* 11. November 1566 in Lüneburg; † 18. April 1633 in Stettin) war ein deutscher lutherischer Theologe, Hochschul- und Gymnasiallehrer und Kirchenlieddichter.
Leben
Der Sohn des Seidenhändlers Johann Schulze und dessen Frau Katharine, geborene Lüders erhielt seine Schulbildung in Salzwedel und Lüneburg. Er studierte ab 1587 an der Universität Rostock.[1] Von dort ging er 1592 an die Universität Wittenberg, wo er 1594 den Grad eines Magisters erhielt.
Herzog Bogislaw XIII. von Pommern berief ihn 1595, in seiner Eigenschaft als Vormund des jungen Herzogs Philipp Julius, als Professor der Logik und der Hebräischen Sprache an die Universität Greifswald. 1596 wurde er von Herzog Johann Friedrich zum Archidiakon der Stettiner Marienkirche und Professor für Hebräisch am fürstlichen Pädagogium bestellt. Die Stelle konnte er aber erst nach Ostern 1597 antreten.
Praetorius verfasste Leichenpredigten und anderen Gelegenheitsschriften. Sein Kirchenlied „So geb ich mich zufrieden“ wurde in evangelische Gesangbücher aufgenommen, unter anderem in das von Laurentius David Bollhagen.
Familie
Joachim Praetorius heiratete am 12. September 1597 Sophrosyne Stymmel, Tochter des Christoph Stymmelius und der Barbara Weidlich. Von ihren drei Söhnen wurde Joachim Christoph brandenburgischer Konsistorialrat. Weiterhin hatten die beiden vier Töchter:
- Sophrosyne († vor 1630) ⚭ 1627 Johann Micraelius
- Maria ⚭ Martin Leuschner, Rektor des Pädagogiums
- Barbara († 1668) ⚭ 1634 Christian Groß
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ Siehe dazu den Eintrag der Immatrikulation von Joachim Praetorius im Rostocker Matrikelportal
Literatur
- Gottfried von Bülow: Praetorius, Joachim. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 26, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1888, S. 518 f.
Weblinks
| Personendaten | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Praetorius, Joachim |
| KURZBESCHREIBUNG | deutscher lutherischer Theologe, Hochschul- und Gymnasiallehrer und Kirchenlieddichter |
| GEBURTSDATUM | 11. November 1566 |
| GEBURTSORT | Lüneburg |
| STERBEDATUM | 18. April 1633 |
| STERBEORT | Stettin |