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There had always been a Xinjiang police station manned by a Chinese police force with Chinese sentry posts before and after 1945.<ref>{{harvp|Wu|1967|p=233}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Perkins|1947|p=563}}</ref>
There had always been a Xinjiang police station manned by a Chinese police force with Chinese sentry posts before and after 1945.<ref>{{harvp|Wu|1967|p=233}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Perkins|1947|p=563}}</ref>


As Commander of the First Cavalry Division, [[Salar people|Salar]] Muslim Maj. Gen. [[Han Youwen]] was sent to Beitashan by the Kuomintang military command to reinforce Hui Muslim Gen. Ma Xizhen with a company of troops, approximately three months before the fighting broke out.<ref>{{harvp|Wang|1999a|p=274}}</ref> At Pei-ta-shan, Maj. Gen. Han Youwen was in command of all Muslim cavalry defending against Soviet and Mongol forces.<ref>{{harvp|Morrison|1949}}</ref> Han Youwen (Han Yu-wen) said "that he believed the border should be about 40 miles to the north of the mountains" to [[A. Doak Barnett]], an American reporter.<ref name="Andrew D. W. Forbes 1986 215"/>
As Commander of the First Cavalry Division, [[Salar people|Salar]] Muslim Maj. Gen. [[Han Youwen]] was sent to Beitashan by the Kuomintang military command to reinforce Hui Muslim Gen. Ma Xizhen with a company of troops, approximately three months before the fighting broke out.<ref>{{harvp|Wang|1999a|p=274}}</ref> At Beitashan, Han Youwen was in command of all Muslim cavalry defending against Soviet and Mongol forces.<ref>{{harvp|Morrison|1949}}</ref> Han said "that he believed the border should be about 40 miles to the north of the mountains" to [[A. Doak Barnett]], an American reporter.<ref name="Andrew D. W. Forbes 1986 215"/>


Chinese Muslim and Turkic Kazakh forces working for the Chinese [[Kuomintang]] battled Soviet and Mongol troops. In June 1947 the Mongols and the Soviets launched an attack against the Kazakhs, driving them back to the Chinese side. However, fighting continued for another year, 13 clashes taking place between 5 June 1947 and July 1948.<ref name="Andrew D. W. Forbes 1986 215"/>
Chinese Muslim and Turkic Kazakh forces working for the Chinese [[Kuomintang]] battled Soviet and Mongol troops. In June 1947 the Mongols and the Soviets launched an attack against the Kazakhs, driving them back to the Chinese side. However, fighting continued for another year, 13 clashes taking place between 5 June 1947 and July 1948.<ref name="Andrew D. W. Forbes 1986 215"/>

Version vom 13. Dezember 2017, 07:36 Uhr

Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Infobox military conflict

Vorlage:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War

The Beitashan Incident or Battle of Baitag Bogd Mountain (Vorlage:Lang-mn; chinesisch 北塔山事件, Pinyin Běitǎshān shìjiàn, W.-G. Pei-ta-shan shih-chien; alternatively Baitak Bogdo incident)[1] was a border conflict between the Republic of China, the Mongolian People's Republic, and the Soviet Union. The Mongolian People's Republic became involved in a border dispute with the Republic of China, as a Chinese Muslim Hui cavalry regiment was sent by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions.[2]

There had always been a Xinjiang police station manned by a Chinese police force with Chinese sentry posts before and after 1945.[3][4]

As Commander of the First Cavalry Division, Salar Muslim Maj. Gen. Han Youwen was sent to Beitashan by the Kuomintang military command to reinforce Hui Muslim Gen. Ma Xizhen with a company of troops, approximately three months before the fighting broke out.[5] At Beitashan, Han Youwen was in command of all Muslim cavalry defending against Soviet and Mongol forces.[6] Han said "that he believed the border should be about 40 miles to the north of the mountains" to A. Doak Barnett, an American reporter.[7]

Chinese Muslim and Turkic Kazakh forces working for the Chinese Kuomintang battled Soviet and Mongol troops. In June 1947 the Mongols and the Soviets launched an attack against the Kazakhs, driving them back to the Chinese side. However, fighting continued for another year, 13 clashes taking place between 5 June 1947 and July 1948.[7]

Mongolia invaded Xinjiang with the intention of assisting Li Rihan, the pro-Soviet Special Commissioner, in gaining control of Xinjiang, over Special Commissioner Us Man (Osman) who was pro-ROC. The Chinese defence ministry spokesman announced that Outer Mongolian soldiers were captured at Pei-ta-shan, and stated that troopsVorlage:Clarify were resisting near Pei-ta-shan.[8]

Elite Qinghai Chinese Muslim cavalry were sent by the Chinese Kuomintang to destroy the Mongols and the Soviets in 1947.[9][10]

In early June 1947 Pei-ta-shan was re-taken by Chinese troops, who continued to fight against Soviet and Mongolian bomber planes; China's Legislative Yuan demanded stronger policies against the Soviet Union in response to the Mongol invasion.[11] The bombs started dropping from Mongol and Soviet planes on 5 June.[12]

Republic of China forces took eight Outer Mongolian troops prisoner while 30 horses and two Republic of China soldiers died in a bombing.[13] The Republic of China issued a protest against the border attack by the Mongols and Soviets.[14] The Republic of China accused Soviet planes of being involved in the attack.[15] The American Ambassador to China branded the Outer Mongolian state as a tool and arm of the Soviet Union.[16] The Soviets were aiming their intervention against the Kazakhs.[17] Chinese Gen. Sung displayed captured Soviet-style Mongolian military headgear and a Soviet map to the American ambassador.[18] The Soviet Tass news agency claimed that Mongolian officers were gruesomely murdered and mutilated.[19] Douglas Mackiernan was sent to Peitashan on June 19, 1947.[20] The Mongolians possessed Russian weapons which were seized from Russian troops in battle.[21] The Kazakhs were suffering from a dearth of edible supplies.[22] The entire Peitashan was threatened by Outer Mongol occupation according to Kazakh leader Osman.[23]

Chinese Gen. Ma Xizhen and Kazakh Osman Batur fought against the Mongol troops and airplanes throughout June as fierce fighting erupted.[24] The MPR used a battalion-size force and had Soviet air support in June 1947.[25] The Mongolians repeatedly probed the Chinese lines.[26][27]

The border constantly shifted around the area. In January 1948 seven hundred Chinese cavalry crossed the border into Khobdo and battled Mongolian border posts.[28] Osman continued to fight against the Uyghur forces of the Yili regime in north Ashan after being defeated by the Soviet forces.[29]

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Bibliography

Vorlage:Refbegin

  • Li Chang: The Soviet grip on Sinkiang. In: Foreign Affairs. 32. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 1954, S. 491–503, JSTOR:20031047.
  • Andrew D. W. Forbes: Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 1986, ISBN 0-521-25514-7 (google.com).
  • Hsiao-ting Lin: Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West. Taylor & Francis, 2010, ISBN 0-415-58264-4 (google.com).
  • Xiaoyuan Liu: Reins of Liberation: An Entangled History of Mongolian Independence, Chinese Territoriality, and Great Power Hegemony, 1911–1950. Stanford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8047-5426-8 (google.com).
  • Ian Morrison: Some notes on the Kazaks of Sinkiang. In: Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 36. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 1949, S. 67–71, doi:10.1080/03068374908731315.
  • E. Ralph Perkins (Hrsg.): The Far East: China (= Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947. Band VII). United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1947, Documents 450–495, Unsuccessful attempts to resolve political problems in Sinkiang; extent of Soviet aid and encouragement to rebel groups in Sinkiang; border incident at Peitashan, S. 546–587 (wisc.edu [PDF]).
  • David D. Wang: Under the Soviet Shadow – The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949. Chinese University Press, Hong Kong 1999, ISBN 962-201-831-9 (google.com).
  • David D. Wang: Clouds over Tianshan: Essays on Social Disturbance in Xinjiang in the 1940s. NIAS Press, 1999, ISBN 87-87062-62-3 (google.com).
  • Ai-ch'ên Wu: China and the Soviet Union: a Study of Sino-Soviet Relations. Kennikat Press, 1967, ISBN 978-0-8046-0515-1.

Vorlage:Refend

Vorlage:USSR conflicts

  1. ↑ Howard L. Boorman, Richard C. Howard, Joseph K. H. Cheng: Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. Columbia University Press, 1967, ISBN 978-0-231-08957-9, S. 47– (google.com).
  2. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  3. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  4. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  5. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  6. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  7. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Andrew D. W. Forbes 1986 215.
  8. ↑ Political Implications in Mongolian Invasion of N. China Province In: The Canberra Times, 13 June 1947 
  9. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  10. ↑ Mark Dickens: The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911-1949. Oxus Communications, archiviert vom Original am 23. Oktober 2008; abgerufen am 18. November 2008.
  11. ↑ Chinese troops recapture Pei-ta-shan In: The Canberra Times, 13 June 1947 
  12. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  13. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  14. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  15. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  16. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  17. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  18. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  19. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  20. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  21. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  22. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  23. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  24. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  25. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  26. ↑ CHINA: Encirclement In: TIME magazine, 6 October 1947 
  27. ↑ A Letter From The Publisher, Oct. 20, 1947 In: TIME magazine, 20 October 1947 
  28. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
  29. ↑ Vorlage:Harvp
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