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'''Mireille Parfaite Gaha''' (* [[18. Dezember]] [[1994]]) ist eine [[Elfenbeinküste|ivorische]] [[Sprint|Sprinterin]], die sich auf die [[200-Meter-Lauf|200 Meter]] spezialisiert hat.
{{distinguish|Jordan River}}
{{Geobox | River
<!-- *** Name section *** -->
| name = Jordan River
| category = River
<!-- *** Image *** --->
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
<!-- *** Etymology *** --->
| etymology = Named after the [[Jordan River]]
<!-- *** Country etc. *** -->
| country = United States
| country_flag = 1
| state = Utah
| state_flag = 1
| district_type = County
| district = [[Utah County, Utah | Utah County]]
| district1 = [[Salt Lake County, Utah | Salt Lake County]]
| district2 = [[Davis County, Utah | Davis County]]
<!-- *** Family *** -->
| tributary_left =
| tributary_right =
| city =
| landmark =
<!-- *** Source *** -->
| source = [[Utah Lake]]
| source_location =
| source_region = [[Utah County, Utah | Utah County]]
| source_state = Utah
| source_length_imperial =
| source_lat_d = 40
| source_lat_m = 21
| source_lat_s = 34
| source_lat_NS = N
| source_long_d = 111
| source_long_m = 53
| source_long_s = 40
| source_long_EW = W
| source_coordinates_note = <ref name="gnis">{{GNIS|1442221|Jordan River}}</ref>
| source_elevation_imperial = 4489
| source_elevation_note = (compromise level)<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah_Lake_and_Jordan_River_Water_Rights_and_Management Plan|1989|p=4}}</ref>
<!-- *** Mouth *** -->
| mouth_name = [[Great Salt Lake]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_district =
| mouth_region = [[Davis County, Utah | Davis County]]
| mouth_state = Utah
| mouth_country =
| mouth_note =
| mouth_lat_d = 40
| mouth_lat_m = 53
| mouth_lat_s = 52
| mouth_lat_NS = N
| mouth_long_d = 111
| mouth_long_m = 58
| mouth_long_s = 25
| mouth_long_EW = W
| mouth_coordinates_note = <ref name="gnis"/>
| mouth_elevation_imperial = 4200
| mouth_elevation_note = (historical average)<ref name="GSLelevation">{{Citation | url=http://ut.water.usgs.gov/greatsaltlake | title=Great Salt Lake, Utah | work=Utah Water Science Center | publisher=United States Geological Survey | accessdate=March 25, 2010}}</ref>
<!-- *** Geography *** -->
| length_imperial = 44
| length_round = 0
| length_note =
| watershed_imperial = 805
| watershed_note = <ref name=watershed>{{Citation | url=http://www.waterresources.slco.org/html/jwrc/jrWShed.html | title=Watershed Facts | work=Watershed Planning and Restoration Program | publisher=Salt Lake County | accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref>
| discharge_location =
| discharge_imperial =
| discharge_max_imperial =
| discharge_min_imperial =
<!-- *** Map section *** -->
| map = Utah Locator Map.PNG
| map_size = 300
| map_alt = A map of Utah with a dot in the northern middle showing the location of the mouth to the Jordan River.
| map_caption = Location of the mouth of the Jordan River
| map_locator = Utah
<!-- *** Website *** -->
| website =
<!-- *** Footnotes *** -->
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Jordan River''' is an approximately {{convert|44|mi|km|adj=on}}<ref>Online references give varying lengths, from 40 to 60 miles. Using data from Utah Division of Water resources {{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Basin_Planning_for_the_Future|2010|p=4}}</ref> [[river]] located in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Utah]]. The flow of the river is regulated at its headwaters from [[Utah Lake]] by pumps. The river flows northward, through the [[Salt Lake Valley]], until it empties into the [[Great Salt Lake]]. The river is one of three major tributaries to the Great Salt Lake, the other two being the [[Bear River (Utah) | Bear River]] and the [[Weber River]]. The river flows through [[List of cities in Utah (by population) | four of the five largest cities]] in Utah, [[Salt Lake City, Utah | Salt Lake City]], [[West Valley City, Utah | West Valley City]], [[West Jordan, Utah | West Jordan]] and [[Sandy, Utah | Sandy]].


Mit der [[4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel|4 x 100-Meter-Staffel]] der [[Elfenbeinküste]] gewann sie bei den [[Leichtathletik-Afrikameisterschaften 2012|Afrikameisterschaften 2012]] eine Bronzemedaille und [[Leichtathletik-Afrikameisterschaften 2014|2014]] eine Silbermedaille. 2017 gewann sie eine Goldmedaille bei den [[Spiele der Frankophonie|Spielen der Frankophonie]]. Einzeln erreichte sie bei den [[Leichtathletik-Afrikameisterschaften 2012|Afrikanischen Meisterschaften 2012]] und [[Leichtathletik-Afrikameisterschaften 2016|2016]] das Halbfinale über 200 Meter.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor= |url=http://www.athleticskenya.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/20th-CAA-Africa-Senior-Championshiops-Durban-Results-2016.pdf |titel=20TH CAA AFRICAN SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIPS |werk= |hrsg= |datum= |abruf=2020-07-08 |format=PDF |sprache=en}}</ref>Bei den Spielen der Frankophonie 2017 wurde sie dann Vierte im Finale.
Members of the Desert Archaic Culture were the earliest known inhabitants with an archaeological site found along the river that dates back 3,000 years. [[Mormon pioneers]], led by [[Brigham Young]], were the first European settlers, arriving in July, 1847. Subsequently over the next ten years, they established farms and settlements along the river and its tributaries. With constant need for more drinking water and irrigation water for farming; ditches, canals and dams were erected.


Ihre persönliche Bestzeit beträgt 23,60 Sekunden und wurde im Juli 2016 in [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]], erreicht.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor= |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/cote-divoire/mireille-gaha-14523965 |titel=Mireille Parfaite GAHA {{!}} Profile |werk= |hrsg= |datum= |abruf=2020-07-08 |sprache=en}}</ref>
The Jordan River and surrounding groundwater have been plagued with pollution problems, including four sites on the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency‎|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] [[Superfund]] list and one site designated in the 1978 Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act. However, in recent years, the river has been flourishing with restored wetlands and the addition of parks and trails.


== Einzelnachweise ==
==Course==
<references />


{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaha, Mireille Parfaite}}
The Jordan River emerges from the northern end of Utah Lake, the lake's only outflow. The Jordan River meanders its way north through the [[Utah Valley]] for approximately {{convert|8|mi|km}} until it goes through a gorge in the [[Traverse Mountains]] known as the Jordan Narrows. The river then flows through the middle of the [[Salt Lake Valley]], flanked on the west side by the [[Oquirrh Mountains]] and on the east side by the [[Wasatch Mountains]]. The river gathers Big Cottonwood Creek, Little Cottonwood Creek, Mill Creek, City Creek and Red Butte Creek, plus some other minor tributaries in the Salt Lake Valley. The five main tributaries provide 80% of surface water flow to the river.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Basin_Planning_for_the_Future|2010|pp4-5}}</ref> The length of the river and the elevation of its mouth varies year to year depending on weather conditions. The Great Salt Lake has an average elevation of {{convert|4200|ft|m}} which can vary by {{convert|10|ft|m}}.<ref name="GSLelevation" />


[[Kategorie:Frau]]
==Watershed==
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1994]]

[[Kategorie:Ivorer]]
[[Image:Jordan River (Utah) Watershed.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A map showing the Salt Lake Valley, mountains on either side of the valley and a lake at the bottom and top.|A map of the Jordan River watershed and canals]]
[[Kategorie:200-Meter-Läufer (Elfenbeinküste)]]

[[Kategorie:4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel-Läufer (Elfenbeinküste)]]
From approximately 75,000 to 8,000 years ago, much of northern Utah was covered by a [[pleistocene]] lake called [[Lake Bonneville]]. At its greatest extent, Lake Bonneville reached an elevation of {{convert|5200|ft|m}} above sea level and had a surface area of {{convert|19800|sqmi|km2}}. The lake left behind [[lacustrine | lacustrine sediments]] that caused the bottom of the lake bed and thus today's valley floors to be relatively flat. As the region shifted to a warmer and more drier climate, Lake Bonneville's water levels receded leaving the [[Great Salt Lake]] and [[Utah Lake]] behind as remnants.<ref>{{Harvnb|Geology_of_Utah_Lake|1981|pp=25–27}}</ref>

The watershed is a [[Endorheic basin | closed basin]] with a roughly rectangular area of about {{convert|805|mi2|km2}}.<ref name=watershed /> The topography varies greatly with mountain ranges on either side of the watershed. The Wasatch Mountains rise on the east with a high point of {{convert|11100|ft|m}} above sea level at [[Twin Peaks (Utah) | Twin Peaks]], near [[Alta, Utah | Alta]]. The Oquirrh Mountains rise on the west with a highpoint of over {{convert|9000|ft|m}} above sea level at [[Farnsworth Peak]]. The low point of {{convert|4200|ft|m}} is at the river's mouth, where the river enters the Great Salt Lake. The river has the greatest slope of {{convert|27|ft/mi|m/km}} in the Jordan Narrows, while the rest of the river has a gentile slope of {{convert|2|to|4|ft/mi|m/km}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Stability_Study|1992|pp=3–5}}</ref>.

Approximately {{convert|237000|acre|km2}} (46% of land area) of the Jordan River Watershed is in the Wasatch, Oquirrh and Traverse Ranges.<ref name=watershed /> The United States Forest Service, manages {{convert|91,333|acre|km2}}, all in the Wasatch Range. The vast majority of the Oquirrh Range watershed is in private hands<ref>{{Harvnb|Oquirrh_Mountains|1999|p=2}}</ref> with [[Kennecott Copper Mine]] owning most of the land. The State of Utah has scattered land holdings of {{convert|9778|acre|km2}} throughout the watershed and owns the beds of all navigable streams and lakes.<ref name=watershed />

The Jordan River watershed has two distinct climate zones. The lower elevations are characterized as a [[Semi-arid_climate#Cold_Semi-arid_climates | cold, semi-arid climate]], with four distinct seasons. Both summer and winter are long with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Salt Lake City receives {{convert|16.5|in|cm}} of precipitation annually.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/slc/climate/slcclimate/SLC/table29.php | title=Maximum and Minimum Calendar Year Precipitation | publisher=National Weather Service | accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref> Upper elevations of the mountains come with two distinct seasons of winter and summer. The upper elevation site of Alta, receives {{convert|510|in|cm}} of snow and a total of {{convert|53.5|in|cm}} of precipitation.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ut0072 | title=Alta, Utah: Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary | publisher=Western Regional Climate Center | accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref> Vegetation is closely tied to elevation and precipitation levels. About 30% of the basin, mostly at higher elevation levels, is covered with [[oak | oaks]], [[aspen | aspens]] and [[conifer]] trees. While at the lower levels, 27% of the basin is covered with mountain-brush, [[sagebrush]], [[Juniperus_osteosperma | juniper]] and grasses. About 34% is classified as urban.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Basin_Planning_for_the_Future|2010|pp6-7}}</ref>

==History==

The first known inhabitants were members of the Desert Archaic Culture, who were nomadic hunter-gatherers. A 3,000 year-old archeology site, called the Soo'nkahni Village, is found next to the Jordan River and has been explored with over 30,000 artifacts having been found.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_14515513 | title=Tribal leaders say UTA 'ignores' them | newspaper=Salt Lake Tribune | date=March 4, 2010 | accessdate=April 1, 2010}}</ref> The next recorded inhabitants were the [[Fremont culture|Fremont people]] who consisted of scattered bands of hunters and farmers living in southern [[Idaho]], western [[Nevada]] and most of Utah from 400 A.D. to around 1350 A.D.<ref>{{Citation | editor-first=Kent | editor-last=Powell | url=http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/f/FREMONT%2CTHE.html | title=The Fremont | encyclopedia=Utah History Encyclopedia | year=1994 | publisher=University of Utah Press | location=Salt Lake City | accessdate=March 21, 2010}}</ref> The disappearance of the Freemont people was caused by the changing climatic conditions that put an end to favorable farming, and the movement into the area of ancestors to the [[Ute Tribe | Ute]], [[Paiute]], and [[Northwestern Shoshone]] moving into the area.<ref>{{Harvnb|Madsen|2002|pp=13-14}}</ref> When the Mormon settlers arrived, the area around the Salt Lake Valley bordered several tribes with the Timpanogot band of the Utes lived in [[Utah Valley]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Janetski|1991|pp=32–33}}</ref> the [[Goshute | Goshutes]] lived on the western side of the [[Oquirrh Mountains | Oquirrh Mountain Range]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Cuch|2000|p=75}}</ref> and the Northwestern Shoshone occupied the land north of the Salt Lake Valley.<ref>{{Harvnb|Madsen|1985|pp=6–7}}</ref>

In 1776, Franciscan missionary [[Silvestre Vélez de Escalante]] was trying to find a land route from [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]] to [[Monterey]], [[California]]. His party included twelve Spanish colonials and two Utes from the Utah Valley Timpanogots band who acted as guides. On September 23, 1776, the party entered Utah Valley at present day [[Spanish Fork, Utah | Spanish Fork]]. The local Timanogots village fed them and told them of the lake to the north.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/dominguez-escalanteexpedition.html | title=Dominguez-Escalante Expedition | work=Utah History to Go | publisher=Utah State Historical Society | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> From Escalante's journal, he describes Utah Lake as, "The lake, which must be six leagues wide and fifteen leagues long, extends as far as one of these valleys. It runs northwest through a narrow passage, and according to what they told us, it communicates with others much larger." The Great Salt Lake was described as, "The other lake with which this one communicates, according to what they told us, covers many leagues, and its waters are noxious and extremely salty."<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.mith2.umd.edu/eada/gateway/diario/diary.html#september25 | title=Derrotero y Diario | work=Early Americas digital archive | publisher=Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

The next Europeans to see the Jordan River was the party of [[Étienne Provost]], a French-Canadian trapper. In October of 1824, Provost's party was lured into a Shoshone camp somewhere along the Jordan River. The people responsible for the attack were planning revenge against the trappers for a murder of a local Chief by a member of [[Peter Skene Ogden]]'s party. The men were caught off guard and fifteen perished; but, Provost and two others escaped.<ref>{{Citation | last=Alter | first=Cecil | title=Journal of W.A. Ferris 1830-1835| journal=Utah Historical Quarterly | volume=9 | year=1941 | pages=105–106}}</ref>

On July 27, 1847, a party led by [[Brigham Young]] crossed the Jordan River and bathed in the Great Salt Lake.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bancroft|1889|p=263}}</ref> The similarities of the drainage system, where the [[Jordan River | River Jordan]] drains the [[Sea of Galilee]] into the salty lake of the [[Dead Sea]], influenced the early settlers in naming the local river. On August 22, 1847, a conference was held and the name, Western Jordan River, was decided upon.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bancroft|1889|p=266}}</ref> The name was later shortened to the Jordan River. The first bridge over the river was constructed in 1848.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bancroft|1889|p=279}}</ref> Settlements were established by 1850 along the Jordan River, Big Cottonwood Creek, Little Cottonwood Creek, Mill Creek, Parley's Creek and Emigration Creek.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Basin_Planning_for_the_Future|2010|p=24}}</ref> Also in 1850, Captain [[Howard Stansbury]], of the United States Army's Corp of Topographical Engineers, traveled the entire length of the Jordan River<ref>{{Harvnb|Stansbury|1852|pp=156–157}}</ref>, surveying and <ref>{{Harvnb|Stansbury|1852|p=297}}</ref> making observation of the wildlife.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stansbury|1852|pp=307–397}}</ref>

==River modifications==

[[Image:Jordan_River_Pumps.jpg|thumb|left|Jordan River pumping station at Utah Lake]]

A field of potatoes was irrigated from waters diverted from City Creek on July 23, 1847, the second day after the Mormon Pioneers entered the Salt Lake Valley.<ref>{{Citation | first=Thomas G. | last=Alexander | title=Irrigating the Mormon Heartland: The Operation of the Irrigation Companies in Wasatch Oasis Communities, 1847-1880 | journal=Agricultural History | volume=6 | issue=2 | pages=172–197 | date=Spring 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bancroft|1889|p=261}}</ref> This started the first modification of the river that has not stopped to this day.

Several small dams and ditches were constructed in the first twenty-five years. The earliest dam and ditch along the Jordan River was constructed in the year 1849 by Ferimortz Little and others to irrigate land on the west side of the river near present-day [[Taylorsville, Utah|Taylorsville]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|p=55}}</ref> Other ditches included one built by [[Archibald Gardner]], a founder of West Jordan in the year 1850, to provide water for his mill and one built by Alexander Beckstead, a founder of [[South Jordan, Utah| South Jordan]], who built the Beckstead Ditch in the year 1859 to provide water for farmland. All of these ditches only irrigated a small amount of land in the Jordan River floodplain, with the Beckstead Ditch being the largest by irrigating {{convert|580|acre|km2}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|p=60}}</ref>.

[[Image:Jordan River dam and pumping station.jpg|thumb|right|Dam in the Jordan Narrows that diverts water to several canals]]

By the late 1860s, it became apparent that new, larger canals needed to be built if more acreage were to be farmed. The first dam in the Jordan Narrows was put into place in 1872 and rebuilt again in 1874. The dam was raised in 1880 and this sparked an outcry by the residents who lived near Utah Lake. They thought the dam was responsible for raising the level of Utah Lake. After several years of dispute, a commission, headed by [[LDS Church]] President [[John Taylor (Mormon)|John Taylor]] set the compromise elevation of Utah Lake at {{convert|4516|ft|m}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|pp=63–64}}</ref> The 1885 compromise said that if the Utah Lake level was above compromise, the Jordan River must not be impeded. However, if the lake level was below compromise, the river could be dammed and water held for storage in Utah Lake. After the 1983-1984 floods, the compromise level was lowered to {{convert|4489|ft|m}}, which had the effect of the Jordan River channel being above the level of Utah Lake until the Jordan Narrows.<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah_Lake_and_Jordan_River_Water_Rights_and_Management Plan|1989|p=4}}</ref>As of March, 2010, Utah Lake has an elevation of {{convert|4488|ft|m}}.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://water.cuwcd.com/reservoirs/res_template.php?res=ulake | title=Utah Lake | work=Current Reservoir & Streamflow Data | publisher=The Utah Lake Commission | accessdate=March 25, 2010}}</ref>

In 1875, the first large canal, the South Jordan Canal, was completed and brought water above the bluffs of the Jordan River for the first time.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|p=42}}</ref> All told, five large canals were completed. The river was dredged from Utah Lake to below the old dam and a second, new dam was built in 1890.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mead|1904|pp=64–65}}</ref> The drought of 1901-1902 caused the Jordan River to stop flowing at times. In response to the drought, a pumping plant was installed at the outlet of the Jordan River from Utah Lake. It was the largest pumping plant in the United States at the time. The plant contained seven pumps with a total capacity of {{convert|700|cuft|m3}} per second.<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah_Lake_and_Jordan_River_Water_Rights_and_Management Plan|1989|p=8-9}}</ref>

In the 1950s, as part of flood control, large sections of the river were straightened in Salt Lake County. The river was also shifted to opposite sides of the flood plain in [[Midvale, Utah | Midvale]] and [[Murray, Utah | Murray]] as part of smelter operations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Stability_Study|1992|p=3-9 to 3-12}}</ref>

==Biology==

===Pre-European===
[[Image:rubber rabbitbrush 01.jpg|left|thumb|alt=A plant in bloom along a river and trail|Rubber rabbitbrush along the Jordan River Parkway]]
Native mammals that used lowland riparian habitats would have included [[bighorn sheep]], [[mule deer]], [[coyote]], [[wolves]], [[beaver]], [[muskrat]] and [[jack rabbit | jack rabbits]]. A "varmint hunt" was organized by [[John D. Lee]] a year after the arrival of Mormon settlers. The final count of the hunt included "two bears, two wolverines, two wildcats, 783 wolves, 409 foxes, 31 minks, nine eagles, 530 magpies, hawks and owls, and 1,026 ravens."<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Natural_Conservation_Corridor_Report|2000|p=2-11}}</ref>

Combined with Utah Lake and the Great Salt Lake, the Jordan River would have offered one of the region's richest bird resources. Over 200 bird species used the river for breeding habitat and many more used the river as a stop over on their migratory route.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Natural_Conservation_Corridor_Report|2000|p=2-13}}</ref>

The river would have been a cold-watered fishery that included [[Bonneville cutthroat trout]], [[Utah Lake sculpin]], [[June sucker]] and the [[Utah Sucker]].<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.junesuckerrecovery.org/achi-nonn.html | title=Achieving Recovery: Nonnative & Sportfish Management | publication=June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program | accessdate=March 29, 2010}}</ref>

Vegetation that would have inhabited the Jordan River floodplain would have included [[willow trees]], [[Populus_sect._Aegiros | cottonwood trees]], [[foxtail barley]], [[saltgrass]], [[bulrush | bulrushes]], [[cattails]] and other reeds. Vegitation above the floodplain would have included [[sagebrush]], [[Chrysothamnus | rabbitbrush]], and [[Gutierrezia sarothrae | broom snakeweed]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Natural_Conservation_Corridor_Report|2000|p=2-18}}</ref>

===Present day===

Since the arrival of the Mormon settlers, the forest has been cut, the river channeled, the water polluted, many oxbows and wetlands filled, flood flows captured in upstream reservoirs, river flow regulated by pumps, livestock allowed to graze, urban sprawl stopping migratory patterns and exotic species introduced.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Natural_Conservation_Corridor_Report|2000|pp=2–8 to 2-18}}</ref>

All large mammals are no longer found along the Jordan River. They have been replaced by [[raccoons]], [[red foxes]] and domestic pets.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Natural_Conservation_Corridor_Report|2000|p=2-12}}</ref> Today, the [[willow flycatcher]], [[gray catbird]], [[warbling vireo]], [[American redstart]], [[black tern]], and [[yellow-billed cuckoo]] are no longer found along the river. However, the [[common yellowthroat]] and [[yellow-breasted chat]] are still found in small isolated populations. The native birds have been replaced by [[black-billed magpie]], [[mourning dove]], [[ring-necked pheasant]] and [[starlings]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Natural_Conservation_Corridor_Report|2000|p=2-14}}</ref> Of the thirteen native species of fish found originally in the river and Utah Lake, only two are still present, at extremely low numbers, in Utah Lake. They are the June Sucker and the Utah Sucker. The most common fish is the [[common carp]] that was introduced in the Jordan River and Utah Lake<ref>{{Citation | url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KZQdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NjEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1560,916030&dq=canal+jordan-river&hl=en | title=Isciculture in Utah | newspaper=Deseret News | Location=Salt Lake City | date=November 9, 1889 | accessed=March 29, 2010}}</ref> as a source of food after native species had been depleted by overfishing.<ref>{{Harvnb|Carp_In_Utah_Lake_Impacting_Ecosystem|2004|p=1}}</ref> [[Russian olive]] and the [[tamarisk]] or salt cedar are the dominate trees found today. Exotic pasture grasses such as [[orchard grass]], [[poa | bluegrass]], [[Agrostis_gigantea | redtop bentgrass]], [[quackgrass]], [[wheatgrass]] and [[fescue]] have become the common species of grass.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Natural_Conservation_Corridor_Report|2000|p=2-20}}</ref>

==Pollution==

The Jordan River has been a refuge for waste since the settling of the Salt Lake Valley. Raw sewage was dumped into the river for 100 years without being treated, farming and animal runoff occurred, mining operations led to 40 smelters being built and contaminating the river with heavy metals, mostly [[Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater | arsenic]] and [[lead]]. In 1948, the river in Murray recorded a total [[coliform]] level of 29,400,000 per 100 millimeters.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19621117&id=eDsjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HEoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6634,4068310 | title=Pollution Unit Calls For River Action | publisher=Deseret News | location=Salt Lake City | date=November 16, 1972 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> State of Utah criteria for the number of total coliform bacteria in water samples should not exceed 5,000 per 100 millimeters. In 1965, a new [[Sewerage treatment | sewer treatment plant]] came on-line in Salt Lake City that stopped {{convert|32000000|USgal|L}} per day of raw sewage being dumped into a canal.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.ci.slc.ut.us/utilities/NewsEvents/news1998/news9281998-1.htm | title=Conduits of Civilization | publisher=Salt Lake City | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

The [[Utah Division of Water Quality]] and Utah Division of Drinking Water are responsible for the regulation and management of water quality in the State of Utah. Streams that exceed the standard levels are placed on the DEQ 303d list in accordance with the [[Clean Water Act]]. The Act also requires states to identify impaired water bodies every two years and develop a [[total maximum daily load]] (TMDL) for pollutants that may cause impairments in the various water bodies.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.waterquality.utah.gov/TMDL/ | title=Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) | publisher=Utah Division of Water Quality | accessdate=April 1, 2010}}</ref> The entire Jordan River, plus Little Cottonwood Creek, are currently on the 2006 303d list. Parameters that exceeded the standard level for at least part of the Jordan River are: temperature, [[Dissolved_oxygen#Environmental_sciences | dissolved oxygen]], [[total dissolved solids]], [[Escherichia coli | E. Coli]] and salinity.<ref>{{Harvnb|Utah’s_2006_Integrated_Report_Volume_II_-_303(d)_List_of_Impaired_Waters|2006|pp=II–26 to II-27}}</ref>

===EPA Superfund sites===

The Kennecott South Zone/Bingham site contains contamination from [[Kennecott Copper Mine | Kennecott Copper Mine's]] operation spread from [[Copperton, Utah | Copperton]], at the base of the Oquirrh Mountains to Bingham Creek, Butterfield Creek and a {{convert|72|mi2|km2|adj=on}} plume of lead, arsenic and [[Sulfates#Environmental_effects | sulfates]] contaminating the ground water all the way to the Jordan River. The largest inland [[reverse osmosis]] plant in the country was built in 2006 to clean up the ground water, with a second plant scheduled to be constructed. Ground water cleanup is not projected to be completed till 2040. In 1998, the site was taken off of the Superfund list due to Kennecott's progress in the cleanup and a [[consent decree]] legally obligating Kennecott to continue the rest of the cleanup.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/kennecottsouth/ | title=Kennecott South Zone/Bingham Superfund Program | publisher=Environmental Protection Agency | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.allbusiness.com/environment-natural-resources/toxic-hazardous/11813303-1.html | first=Francis | last=Johnson | title=Kennecott invests $400 million in removing Utah land from proposed inclusion on EPA's Superfund list | publisher=The Enterprise | location=Salt Lake City | date=February 16, 2009 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

The Midvale Slag site is a {{convert|446|acre|km2|adj=on}} site adjacent to {{convert|6800|ft|m}} of the Jordan River. From 1871 to 1958, the site contained five separate smelters that processed ores from Kennecott and other mines. The site was contaminated with lead, arsenic, [[Chromium#Precautions | chromium]], and [[Cadmium#Toxicity | cadmium]].<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/midvale/ | title=Midvale Slag Superfund Program | publisher=Environmental Protection Agency | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> Cleanup of the property is complete with only the Jordan River Riparian Project still underway.<ref>{{Harvnb|Riparian_Improvement_Project_Fact_Sheet|2008|p=1-3}}</ref>

The Murray Smelter site was the location of a large lead smelter that ran from 1872 until 1949. The {{convert|142|acre|km2|adj=on}} site contained groundwater contamination from arsenic and lead. The majority of the cleanup was completed in 2001.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/murray/index.html | title=Murray Smelter Superfund Program | publisher=Environmental Protection Agency | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

Sharon Steel was a {{convert|460|acre|km2|adj=on}} site that sat adjacent to the Jordan River. From 1902 to 1971, the site was used for smelting copper from Kennecott Copper Mine and was contaminated with lead, arsenic, [[Iron#Precautions | iron]], [[Manganese#Precautions | manganese]], and [[Zinc#Environmental_impact | zinc]]. Cleanup was completed and the site taken off the Superfund list in 2004.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/sharonsteel/index.html | title=Sharon Steel Superfund Program | publisher=Environmental Protection Agency | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

===Uranium Mill Tailings site===

Vitro Uranium Mill was {{convert|128|acre|km2|adj=on}} site located in [[South Salt Lake, Utah | South Salt Lake]] and was surrounded by the Jordan River, Mill Creek, a small wetland and traversed by the South Vitro Ditch. The site contained a uranium mill and storage for uranium that operated from 1953 to 1964. In 1989, surface contamination cleanup was completed with tailings, radioactively contaminated soil material, and debris removed from the site.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/umtra/salt_lake_title1.html | title=Salt Lake City Mill Site | publisher=United States Department of Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration | date=October, 2005 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> However, {{convert|700000000|USgal|L}} of contaminated shallow ground water still remain and studies are underway to determine what action should be taken.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Basin_Planning_for_the_Future|2010|p=167}}</ref>

==Recreation==

[[Image:More parkway.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A river with plants on either side|The river in Cottonwood Grove Park, Murray Utah]]
{{main | Jordan River Parkway}}

In 1971, the [[Jordan River Parkway]] was originally conceived as a flood control measure<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Parkway,_An_Alternative|1971|p=15}}</ref> with two reservoirs, shoreline roads for cars, walking trails and parks.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Parkway,_An_Alternative|1971|pp=94–108}}</ref> By 1986, $18 million had been used to purchase lands around the Jordan River and to construct the [[Murray, Utah | Murray]] Golf Course, several smaller parks and about {{convert|4|mi|km}} of canoe runs and trails.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Sp8oAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D4QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2547,2876272&dq=jordan+parkway&hl=en | title=Jordan Parkway: Two rivers in search of a new identity | newspaper=Deseret News | location=Salt Lake City | date=January 22, 1986 | accessdate=April 2, 2010}}</ref> As of 2010, the majority of the {{convert|40|mi|km|adj=on}} continuous mixed-use trail has been finished along the river from Utah Lake to the Davis County border.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.slcgov.com/transportation/bicycletraffic/JRPT.htm | title=Jordan River Parkway Trail | publisher=Salt Lake City | accessdate=April 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Trail_Master_Plan|2008|pp=4–1 to 3-54}}</ref> A water trail for [[canoe | canoeing]] and [[kayak | kayaking]] is also being constructed, but dams, bridges, [[weir | weirs]] and other obstacles litter the river.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jordan_River_Trail_Master_Plan|2008|pp=4–1 to 4-34}}</ref>

Riverside parks include the [[International Peace Gardens]], {{convert|8.5|acre|km2}} of gardens with each garden representing a different country;<ref>{cite web | url=http://www.internationalpeacegardens.org/ | title=International Peace Gardens | publisher=International Peace Gardens | accessdate=April 20, 2010}}</ref> Redwood Nature Area, about {{convert|50|acre|km2}} of natural areas;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.parks.slco.org/redwoodNatureArea/index.html | title=Redwood Nature Area | publisher=Salt Lake County | accessdate=April 20, 2010}}</ref> South Jordan's Riverfront Park, {{convert|59|acre|km2}} of trails, fishing ponds and natural areas;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sjc.utah.gov/recreation/parks-riverfrontpark.asp | title=Riverfront Park | publsiher=South Jordan City | accessdate=April 20, 2010}}</ref> [[Thanksgiving Point]], includes fifteen themed gardens spread over {{convert|59|acre|km2}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thanksgivingpoint.org/visit/gardens/about.html | title=Gardens | publisher=Thanksgiving Point | accessdate=April 20, 2010}}</ref> and a {{convert|200|acre|km2|adj=on}} 18-hole golf course<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thanksgivingpoint.org/visit/golf/about.html | title=Golf | publisher=Thanksgiving Point | accessdate=April 20, 2010}}</ref>; and Utah County's Willow Park, {{convert|50|acre|km2}} of camping and wildlife areas.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.utahcountyonline.org/Dept/PubWrks/Parks/ParkDetails.asp?IDNO=11 | title=Willow Park | publisher=Utah County | accessdate=March 28, 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Utah rivers]]

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==

===Books===

{{refbegin}}
*{{citation | last=Bancroft | first=Hubert Howe | title=History of Utah: 1540-1886 | publisher=The History Company | location=San Francisco | year=1889 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1TAPAAAAYAAJ | isbn=978-1153386128 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}
*{{citation | last=Cuch | first=Forrest S. (ed) | title=A History of Utah's American Indians | publisher=Utah State University Press | location=Logan | year=2000 | isbn=978-0913738481 | url=http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/ethnic_cultures/the_history_of_utahs_american_indians | accessdate=March 20, 2010}}
*{{citation | last=Janetski | first=Joel C | title=The Ute of Utah Lake | publisher=University of Utah Press | location=Salt Lake City | year=1991 | isbn=978-0874803433}}
*{{citation | last=Madsen | first=Brigham D. | title=The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre | publisher=University of Utah Press | location=Salt Lake City | year=1985 | isbn=978-0874804942}}
*{{citation | last=Madsen | first=David B. | title=Exploring the Fremont | publisher=Utah Museum Natural History | location=Salt Lake City | year=2002 | isbn=978-0940378353}}
*{{citation | last=Mead | first=Elwood| title=Report of irrigation investigations in Utah | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations | location=Washington D.C. | year=1904 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QLYgAAAAMAAJ | isbn=978-978-1142174187 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}
*{{citation | last=Stansbury | first=Howard | title=Exploration and Survey of the valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah | publisher=United States Senate | year=1852 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7nUUAAAAYAAJ | isbn=978-0548219287 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}
{{refend}}

===PDF documents===

{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFCarp_In_Utah_Lake_Impacting_Ecosystem2004 | url=http://www.junesuckerrecovery.org/pdfs/june24.pdf | title=Carp In Utah Lake Impacting Ecosystem | publisher=June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program | date=June, 2004 | accessdate=March 29, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFGeology_of_Utah_lake1981 | last1=Brimhall | first1=Willis H. | last2=Merritt | first2=Lavere B. | title=Geology of Utah Lake: Implications for Resource Management | journal=Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs | issue=Issue 5: Utah Lake Monograph | date=1981 | pp=25-27 | url=https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/ojs/index.php/gbnmem/article/view/2942/3290 | accessdate=April 19, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFJordan_River_Basin_Planning_for_the_Future2010 | url=http://www.water.utah.gov/Planning/SWP/Jord_riv/FinalWeb0310.pdf | title=Jordan River Basin Planning for the Future | work=Utah State Water Plan | publisher=Utah Division of Water Resources | date=March, 2010 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFJordan_River_Natural_Conservation_Corridor_Report2000 | url=http://www.mitigationcommission.gov/wetlands/pdf/wetlands_jornac.pdf | title=Jordan River Natural Conservation Corridor Report | publisher=Utah Reclamation Mitigation and Conservation Commission & US Fish and Wildlife Service | date=September, 2000 | accessdate=March 29, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFJordan_River_Parkway,_An_Alternative1971 | url=http://www.waterresources.slco.org/pdfWLibr/JRparkwayAlternative1971.pdf | title=Jordan River Parkway, An Alternative | publisher=Urban Technology Associates | date=1971 | accessdate=April 2, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFJordan_River_Stability_Study1992 | url=http://www.waterresources.slco.org/pdfWLibr/JRstabilityStudy1of3.pdf | title=Jordan River Stability Study | work=Watershed Planning and Restoration Program | publisher=Salt Lake County | date=December, 1992 | accessdate=March 25, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFJordan_River_Trail_Master_Plan2008 | url=http://www.recreation.slco.org/planning/PDFdocs/JRT_Master_Plan.pdf | title=Jordan River Trail Master Plan | publisher=Salt Lake County Parks and Recreation | date=2008 | accessdate=April 6, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFOquirrh_Mountains1999 | url=http://www.access.gpo.gov/blm/utah/pdf/nw11.pdf | title=Oquirrh Mountains | work=Utah Wilderness Survey | publisher=Bureau of Land Management | accessdate=March 26, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFRiparian_Improvement_Project_Fact_Sheet2008 | url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/ut/midvale/RiparianFactSheetOct08.pdf | title=Riparian Improvement Project Fact Sheet | work=Midvale Slag Superfund Program | publisher=Environmental Protection Agency | date=October, 2008 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFUtah_Lake_and_Jordan_River_Water_Rights_and_Management_Plan1989 | url=http://www.slcgov.com/utilities/PDF%20Files/utah&jordan.PDF | title=Utah Lake and Jordan River water rights and management plan | publisher=Salt Lake City | date=1989 | accessdate=March 28, 2010}}
*{{Citation | ref=CITEREFUtah’s_2006_Integrated_Report_Volume_II_-_303(d)_List_of_Impaired_Waters2006 | url=http://www.waterquality.utah.gov/document/2006_303d_submittal_3-31-06.pdf | title=Utah’s 2006 Integrated Report Volume II - 303(d) List of Impaired Waters | publisher=Department of Environmental Quality Division of Water Quality | date=2006 | accessdate=march 27, 2010}}
{{refend}}

{{commonscat | Jordan River (Utah)}}
[[Category:Great Basin]]
[[Category:Rivers of Utah]]
[[Category:Salt Lake County, Utah]]
[[Category:Utah County, Utah]]

[[da:Jordan River (Utah)]]
[[sv:Jordan (Utah)]]

Version vom 8. Juli 2020, 12:23 Uhr

Mireille Parfaite Gaha (* 18. Dezember 1994) ist eine ivorische Sprinterin, die sich auf die 200 Meter spezialisiert hat.

Mit der 4 x 100-Meter-Staffel der Elfenbeinküste gewann sie bei den Afrikameisterschaften 2012 eine Bronzemedaille und 2014 eine Silbermedaille. 2017 gewann sie eine Goldmedaille bei den Spielen der Frankophonie. Einzeln erreichte sie bei den Afrikanischen Meisterschaften 2012 und 2016 das Halbfinale über 200 Meter.[1]Bei den Spielen der Frankophonie 2017 wurde sie dann Vierte im Finale.

Ihre persönliche Bestzeit beträgt 23,60 Sekunden und wurde im Juli 2016 in Cape Coast, Ghana, erreicht.[2]

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ 20TH CAA AFRICAN SENIOR CHAMPIONSHIPS. (PDF) Abgerufen am 8. Juli 2020 (englisch).
  2. ↑ Mireille Parfaite GAHA | Profile. Abgerufen am 8. Juli 2020 (englisch).
Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_River_(Utah)&oldid=201682817“