Gälknoeker und Baudienst im Generalgouvernement: Unterschied zwischen den Seiten
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'''Gälknoeker''', auch '''Gäälknœker''', '''Gelknœcker''' oder '''Gälknocker''', ist eine niederdeutsche Sagengestalt, welche in der [[Rostocker Heide]] beheimatet ist. |
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|image=[[File:Baudienst, Kraków, Karol Wojtyła.jpg|360px]] |
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|caption=Baudienst in occupied [[Kraków]] (suburban [[Czyżyny]] area of the [[General Government]]), {{circa}} 1941. Second from right, leaning against the wheel-barrel, is [[Karol Wojtyła]] |
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|headerstyle=background:#ddf; |
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|header1=[[Labour battalion]]s |
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|label2=Period |
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|data2=Created in December 1940 |
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|label3=Territory |
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|data3=[[General Government]] |
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|label4=Victims |
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|data4=45,000 Polish men and women |
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|label5=Designation |
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|data5=Forced labour with token compensation |
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}} |
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'''Baudienst''' (from German, lit. "building service" or "construction service"), full name in German ''Polnischer Baudienst im Generalgouvernement'' (Polish Service of Construction in the General Government), was the [[labour battalion]] created by Nazi Germany in the [[General Government]] territory of [[occupied Poland]] during World War II. Baudienst was subordinate to the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]] (RAD, lit. "Reich Labour Service"). |
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==Formation and activities== |
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== Name und Wesen == |
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The Baudienst construction was formed 1 December 1940, originally in the [[Kraków District]] of the General Government, but it eventually expanded to all districts of the newly-formed region, except for the Warsaw District. The goal of Baudienst was to provide the [[Third Reich]] with a large pool of obligatory labour force.<ref name=Rutk>Jan Rutkiewicz, "BAUDIENST in GG", translation at [http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=91636], original published in Militaria Magazine, n°248, March 2006</ref> |
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Der Name leitet sich vom Niederdeutschen Ausdruck ''Gäl-'' für ''Gelb-'' und ''-knœker'', zu Hochdeutsch ''-knocher'', ab. Nach dem [[Mecklenburgisches Wörterbuch|Mecklenburgischen Wörterbuch]] von [[Hermann Teuchert]] und [[Richard Wossidlo]] gibt es keine weitere deutsche Sagengestalt, die dem Gälknoeker ähnlich ist, Wossidlo sieht in ihr allerdings Ähnlichkeiten mit dem schlesigen Berggeist Rübezahl.<ref> Hermann Teuchert: Gälknœker. In: Wossidlo-Teuchert Mecklenburgisches Wörterbuch. Band 3, Akademie-Verlag GmbH, Berlin 1961, Sp. 25.</ref> Der Gälknœker soll wie ein Mensch ausgesehen haben, allerdings klein und dürr gewesen sein, seine gelbe Hautfarbe verlieh ihm seinen Namen, zudem war er sehr gelenkig. |
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Baudienst laborers were entitled to housing, food rations, working clothes, medical care and a wage of 1 [[złoty]] per day (a wage that was never changed, despite increasing [[inflation]]). Over time, conditions of work deteriorated, as laborers inhabited poor quality barracks (never a priority), and food and clothing rations were slashed.<ref name=Rutk/> |
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== Sagen über ihn == |
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Es wird außerdem vermutet, dass sein Name bezeugt, er habe keine [[Knochen]] gehabt und sei ein [[Gespenst]] gewesen. Andere glauben, dass er eine böse Vorgeschichte habe und jemanden umgebracht haben soll, weshalb er zurückgezogen in dem Berg lebt. Als Spukgestalt ist er vor allem Kindern und Frauen ein Schrecken, er spielt viele [[Streich|Streiche]], stößt Heuhaufen um, kackt [[Senf]] und kann Wirbelwinde erzeugen. Doch armen und kranken Menschen ist er zugetan und hilft ihnen mit Geld aus. Erschlagen wurde er von einem rätselhaften Wesen namens ''Burrerbuck'', ''Burra'' oder ''Burrjahn'', andere Sagen meinem damit das [[Gewitter]] und meinen, er sei vom [[Blitz]] erschlagen wurden.<ref> Hermann Teuchert: Gälknœker. In: Wossidlo-Teuchert Mecklenburgisches Wörterbuch. Band 3, Akademie-Verlag GmbH, Berlin 1961, Sp. 25.</ref> |
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Baudienst was to build and maintain infrastructure (construction and repair of roads and canals), and aid with agricultural tasks. The overall objective was not to build infrastructure for the Poles, but for the Germans (with the aim of increasing West-East transport capacity in preparation for [[German invasion of Russia]], and later, to improve the efficiency of German logistics). In some infamous cases, members of Baudienst were used to prepare graves for victims of German mass executions (of Poles, Jews and other victims of the Third Reich) <ref name=Rutk/> or to destroy Jewish houses and hiding places. |
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== Wohnort == |
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Seine Behausung wird zumeist zwischen Behnkenhagen und [[Blankenhagen]] auf dem ''Heid`berg'' verortet bzw. dem naheliegenden Gälknœkerberg. Da der Gälknœkerberg allerdings niedergepflügt wurde, soll er anschließend seine Wohnung im Bucksbrauk zwischen Dammerstorf und Dänschenburg gehabt haben.<ref> Hermann Teuchert: Gälknœker. In: Wossidlo-Teuchert Mecklenburgisches Wörterbuch. Band 3, Akademie-Verlag GmbH, Berlin 1961, Sp. 25.</ref> |
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In the General Government, working was obligatory for any male Pole from 18 to 60 years old; later in the occupation this range extended to children from 14 years old. Baudienst service itself was an obligatory service for Poles aged 21–22. Germans were aiming to have as may as 150,000 Baudienst members, in fact due to constant lack of volunteers and increasing desertions, Baudienst at its height reached less than a third of that number (about 45,000 people).<ref name=Rutk/> |
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== Skulptur in der Rostocker Heide == |
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Seit 2003 ist eine Skulptur des Gälknoekers auf dem erweiterten Modellpfad des [[Forst- und Köhlerhof Wiethagen]] zu sehen. |
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Baudienst workers (some volunteers, but most were conscripted) were under a contract to work at least initially 3 months, increased up to 6–7 months of work during the spring-summer period and eventually a minimum of a year.<ref name=Rutk/> |
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== Literatur == |
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* Hermann Teuchert: Gälknœker. In: Wossidlo-Teuchert Mecklenburgisches Wörterbuch. Band 3, Akademie-Verlag GmbH, Berlin 1961, Sp. 24f. |
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In addition to the Polish Baudienst, Germans created similar [[Heimatdienst]] (lit. "homeland service", ''Ukrains'ka Sluzhba Bat'kivschyni'', USB) for the [[Ukrainians]], and a similar one for the [[Goralenvolk]]. [[Volksdeutsche]] were immune from the service (but could volunteer, and some did for the higher-ranking positions such as foreman), and [[Polish Jews]] were already forced to labor in the ghettos and labor-concentration camps.<ref name=Rutk/> |
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== Weblinks == |
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* [https://www.wossidia.de/ Wossidlo-Archiv; Sagen zum Gälknoeker unter ZTW-Z908 – Zetteltranskriptionen Wossidlos oder ZAW-B611 und B612] |
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==See also== |
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*[[Forced labor in Germany during World War II]] |
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<references /> |
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*[[Organisation Todt]] |
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*[[Sonderdienst]] |
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==External links== |
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[[Kategorie:Deutsche Sagengestalt]] |
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*[http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=91636 Axis Forum] |
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*{{pl icon}} Elżbieta Laska, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080619042909/http://www.kki.pl/pioinf/przemysl/dzieje/foldery/praca.html Praca przymusowa Polaków na rzecz III Rzeszy] |
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*{{pl icon}} [http://wojnawp.republika.pl/niemcy/nn4.html Okupacja niemiecka, cz.4] |
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*{{pl icon}} [http://miasta.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,44425,4329830.html Bezkarni oprawcy z Baudienst], gazeta.pl, 2007-07-20 |
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*[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Kwgdj1vAvt4J:www.almamater.uj.edu.pl/118/15.pdf+polnische+baudienst&hl=pl&gl=pl&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgoBzywoUUvOoHCqFrMpuR0VkhKGmK2vkz_5RH10PxBDzwsERKl1X0pOzJxaycgsrWQ1vX1eHeIXAIhci7zrhadSOponUstUnljhBVUP0A0btKGZf81vCEFP04C7cyPWzNoaf3K&sig=AHIEtbRdiHXEll7ID61qlAFhgx8YLS105g Racial research] |
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==Further reading== |
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*Mścisław Wróblewski, ''Służba Budowlana (Baudienst) w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie, 1940–1945'', 1984, Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. (Warszawa), {{ISBN|83-01-04986-3}} |
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*Jan Grabowski, ''Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland'', 2013 |
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==References== |
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<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Collaborators with Nazi Germany]] |
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[[Category:Poland in World War II]] |
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[[Category:Economy of Nazi Germany]] |
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Version vom 27. März 2018, 17:32 Uhr
| Baudienst im Generalgouvernement |
|---|
Baudienst (from German, lit. "building service" or "construction service"), full name in German Polnischer Baudienst im Generalgouvernement (Polish Service of Construction in the General Government), was the labour battalion created by Nazi Germany in the General Government territory of occupied Poland during World War II. Baudienst was subordinate to the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD, lit. "Reich Labour Service").
Formation and activities
The Baudienst construction was formed 1 December 1940, originally in the Kraków District of the General Government, but it eventually expanded to all districts of the newly-formed region, except for the Warsaw District. The goal of Baudienst was to provide the Third Reich with a large pool of obligatory labour force.[1]
Baudienst laborers were entitled to housing, food rations, working clothes, medical care and a wage of 1 złoty per day (a wage that was never changed, despite increasing inflation). Over time, conditions of work deteriorated, as laborers inhabited poor quality barracks (never a priority), and food and clothing rations were slashed.[1]
Baudienst was to build and maintain infrastructure (construction and repair of roads and canals), and aid with agricultural tasks. The overall objective was not to build infrastructure for the Poles, but for the Germans (with the aim of increasing West-East transport capacity in preparation for German invasion of Russia, and later, to improve the efficiency of German logistics). In some infamous cases, members of Baudienst were used to prepare graves for victims of German mass executions (of Poles, Jews and other victims of the Third Reich) [1] or to destroy Jewish houses and hiding places.
In the General Government, working was obligatory for any male Pole from 18 to 60 years old; later in the occupation this range extended to children from 14 years old. Baudienst service itself was an obligatory service for Poles aged 21–22. Germans were aiming to have as may as 150,000 Baudienst members, in fact due to constant lack of volunteers and increasing desertions, Baudienst at its height reached less than a third of that number (about 45,000 people).[1]
Baudienst workers (some volunteers, but most were conscripted) were under a contract to work at least initially 3 months, increased up to 6–7 months of work during the spring-summer period and eventually a minimum of a year.[1]
In addition to the Polish Baudienst, Germans created similar Heimatdienst (lit. "homeland service", Ukrains'ka Sluzhba Bat'kivschyni, USB) for the Ukrainians, and a similar one for the Goralenvolk. Volksdeutsche were immune from the service (but could volunteer, and some did for the higher-ranking positions such as foreman), and Polish Jews were already forced to labor in the ghettos and labor-concentration camps.[1]
See also
External links
- Axis Forum
- Vorlage:Pl icon Elżbieta Laska, Praca przymusowa Polaków na rzecz III Rzeszy
- Vorlage:Pl icon Okupacja niemiecka, cz.4
- Vorlage:Pl icon Bezkarni oprawcy z Baudienst, gazeta.pl, 2007-07-20
- Racial research
Further reading
- Mścisław Wróblewski, Służba Budowlana (Baudienst) w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie, 1940–1945, 1984, Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. (Warszawa), Vorlage:ISBN
- Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, 2013