Nordwestterritorium und Walter Schartner: Unterschied zwischen den Seiten
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'''Johannes Eugen Walter Schartner''' (* [[3. Dezember]] [[1894]] in [[Berlin]]; † [[24. Mai]] [[1970]] in [[Köln]]) war ein deutscher [[Komponist]] und [[Dirigent]]. |
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:''For the Canadian territory, see [[Northwest Territories]]. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48, see [[Northwestern United States]]. For other related terms, see [[Northwest]]. '' |
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Schartner wuchs in Berlin auf. Nach dem Abitur studierte er am [[Stern’sches Konservatorium|Sternschen Konservatorium]] in Berlin. Bereits im Mai 1916 dirigierte er dort [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber]]'s [[Euryanthe]]. |
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[[Image:Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png|right|Northwest Territory]] |
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Auf eine erste [[Kapellmeister|Kapellmeisterstelle]] in Königsberg folgten Stationen in Münster, Bremerhaven (dort Vorstellung der erweiterten Fassung der Oper ''Menandra'' von [[Hugo Kaun]]) und Görlitz, wo er bis Kriegsende tätig war. Schartner führt das Orchester des [[Görlitz#Theater|Görlitzer Stadttheaters]] in den 1930er Jahren auf ein hohes künstlerisches Niveau, trat auch in den Nachbarstädten auf und spielte in der Sommersaison als Kurorchester in [[Świeradów-Zdrój|Bad Flinsberg]] (heute Polen). |
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The '''Northwest Territory''', also known as the '''Old Northwest''' and the '''Territory North West of the Ohio''', was a governmental region within the early [[United States]]. Passed by the [[Continental Congress]] on [[July 13]], [[1787]], the [[Northwest Ordinance]] provided for the administration of the territories and set rules for admission as a state. On [[August 7]], [[1789]], the new [[United States|U.S. Congress]] affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the [[U.S. Constitution|Constitution]]. The territory included all the land of the United States west of [[Pennsylvania]] and northwest of the [[Ohio River]]. It covered all of the modern states of [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], and [[Wisconsin]], as well as the northeastern part of [[Minnesota]]. The area covered more than 260,000 square miles (673,000 km²) |
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1945 wurde Schartner als Direktor an die [[Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber Dresden|Hochschule für Musik in Dresden]] berufen und übernahm die Leitung der [[Dresdner Philharmonie]]. Bereits ein Jahr später wurde er am Theater in [[Halle (Saale)]] engagiert, wo auch 1948 seine Oper ''Und Pippa tanzt!'' nach dem gleichnamigen Glashüttenmärchen von [[Gerhart Hauptmann]] aufgeführt wurde. Er wurde zum [[Generalmusikdirektor]] ernannt und war Chefdirigent des [[Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Halle|Philharmonischen Staatsorchesters Halle]]. |
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The term is still sometimes (as the ''Northwest'') considered a geographical region.{{reference needed}} |
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Von 1950 bis 1951 war er Kapellmeister der Hofkapelle und Dirigent des [[Loh-Orchester Sondershausen|Loh-Orchesters Sondershausen]], sowie gleichzeitig Leiter der Dirigentenklasse an der [[Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt Weimar|Hochschule für Musik in Weimar]]. Seit 1951 war er Chefdirigent am [[Berliner Rundfunk]]. |
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==History== |
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European exploration of the region began with French [[fur trade]]rs in the seventeenth century. The French explorer [[Jean Nicolet]] was the first recorded entry into the region in 1634. The French exercised control from a number of widely separated posts throughout the region. [[France]] ceded the territory to [[Britain]] in the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]] which ended the [[French and Indian Wars]]. |
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Nach der Flucht nach Westdeutschland 1953 wurde er musikalischer Leiter der ''Frankfurter Operngastspiele'' (zahlreiche Tourneen). |
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However, facing armed opposition by Native Americans (see [[Pontiac's Rebellion]]), the British issued the [[Proclamation of 1763]] which prohibited white settlement west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]] in an attempt to appease the Native Americans. But this action angered American colonists interested in expansion and was a contributing factor to the [[American Revolution]]. |
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Schartner heiratete 1930 in zweiter Ehe (Scheidung 1951) die Tanzlehrerin [[Johanna Schartner]], geb. Krägen (2. September 1897 bis 10. April 1972). Aus dieser Ehe gingen die Kinder Peter Schartner und Monika Bosch, geb. Schartner hervor. In dritter Ehe war Schartner mit der Sängerin Ilse Schartner verheiratet, und schließlich seit 1957 bis zu seinem Tode in vierter Ehe mit der Pianistin und Komponistin Charlotte Christiane Schartner, geb. Roscher (bekannt unter dem Pseudonym [[Jeanette Chéro]]), die derzeit in Köln wohnt und arbeitet. |
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Britain ceded the area north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachians to the United States at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]] with the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]], but the British continued to maintain a presence in the region for many years. In the [[Jay Treaty]] of 1795, British subjects agreed to leave the [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes region]], but that treaty was never fully implemented. The United States' claim to the region was not fully realized until the 1814 [[Treaty of Ghent]], which ended the [[War of 1812]]. |
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[[Image:Statecessions.png|thumb|350px|The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the Territories North and South West of the River Ohio]] |
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Several states ([[Virginia]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New York]], and [[Connecticut]]) had competing claims on the territory. Other states, such as [[Maryland]], refused to ratitify the [[Articles of Confederation]] so long as these states were allowed to keep their western territory, fearing that those states could continue to grow and tip the balance of power in their favor under the proposed system of federal government. As a concession in order to obtain ratification, these states ceded their claims on the territory to the U.S. government: New York in 1780, Virginia in 1784, Massachusetts and Connecticut in 1785. So the majority of the territory became public domain land owned by the U.S. government. Virginia and Connecticut reserved the land of two areas to use as compensation to military veterans: The [[Virginia Military District]] and the [[Connecticut Western Reserve]]. In this way, the United States included territory and people outside any of the states. |
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== Werke == |
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The [[Land Ordinance of 1785]] established a standardized system for surveying the land into saleable lots, although Ohio had already been partially surveyed several times using different methods, resulting in a patchwork of land surveys in Ohio. The rest of the Northwest Territory was divided into roughly uniform square townships and sections, which facilitated land sales and development. |
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* ''Und Pippa Tanzt'', Oper |
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* Orchesterwerke |
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* Lieder |
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== Diskographie == |
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Difficulties with Native American tribes and with British trading outposts presented continuing obstacles for American expansion until military campaigns of [[Anthony Wayne|Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne]] against the Native Americans culminated with victory at the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] in 1794 and the [[Treaty of Greenville]] of 1795. [[Jay's Treaty]], in 1794, temporarily helped to smooth relations with British traders in the region, where British citizens outnumbered American citizens throughout the 1780s. Ongoing disputes with the British over the region was a contributing factor to the [[War of 1812]]. Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the Northwest Territory with the [[Treaty of Ghent]] in 1814. |
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Aufnahmen mit Schartner als Dirigent gibt es u.a. von der selten gespielten Oper ''[[Regina (Oper)|Regina]]'' von [[Albert Lortzing]] (aufgenommen 14. bis 20. Oktober 1951, anlässlich des 100. Todesjahrs von Lortzing, Chor und Orchester des (Ost-)Berliner Rundfunk, erschienen bei Walhall Eternity Series, 2004). In den frühen fünfziger Jahren erschienen einige wenige Aufnahmen Schartners für den Rundfunk der DDR auf Langspielplatten der amerikanischen Firma Urania. |
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When the territory was created, it was inhabited by about 45,000 [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and 2,000 traders, mostly [[France|French]] and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]]. Officially, American settlement began at [[Marietta, Ohio]] on [[April 7]], [[1788]]. [[Arthur St. Clair]] formally established the government on [[July 15]], 1788 at Marietta. His original plan called for the organization of five initial counties: [[Washington County, Ohio|Washington]] (Ohio east of the [[Scioto River]]), [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton]] (Ohio between the Scioto and the [[Great Miami River|Miami]] Rivers), [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]] (Indiana and eastern Illinois), [[St. Clair County, Illinois|St. Clair]] (Illinois and Wisconsin), and [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]] (Michigan). |
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== Weblinks == |
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On [[July 4]][[1800]], the [[Indiana Territory]] was carved out, reducing the Northwest Territory to the size of Ohio, to prepare for statehood. The Northwest Territory went out of existence when Ohio was admitted as a state on [[March 1]], [[1803]]. |
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* {{DNB-Portal|134509242|TYP=Werke von und über}} |
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{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=134509242|LCCN=no/92/4618|VIAF=266891716}} |
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==Law and government== |
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''Main article: [[Northwest Ordinance]]'' |
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{{SORTIERUNG:Schartner, Walter}} |
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At first, the [[territory]] had a modified form of [[martial law]]. The [[governor]] was also the senior [[army]] [[Commissioned officer|officer]] within the territory and he combined [[legislative]] and [[executive branch|executive authority]]. But, a [[supreme court]] was established, and he shared legislative powers with the [[court]]. [[County]] governments were organized as soon as the [[population]] was sufficient, and these assumed local [[administrative]] and [[judicial]] functions. [[Washington County, Ohio|Washington County]] was the first of these, at [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] in 1788. [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] at [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] followed in 1790. (These areas later became part of [[Ohio]].) |
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[[Kategorie:Deutscher Komponist]] |
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[[Kategorie:Dirigent]] |
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[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (HfM Dresden)]] |
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[[Kategorie:Geboren 1894]] |
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[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1970]] |
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[[Kategorie:Mann]] |
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{{Personendaten |
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As soon as the number of [[settler]]s exceeded 5,000, the Territorial Legislature was to be created, and this happened in 1798. The full mechanisms of [[government]] were put in place, as outlined in the [[Northwest Ordinance]]. A [[bicameral legislature]] consisted of a [[state legislature|House of Representatives]] and a Council. The first House had 22 [[representative]]s, two [[elect]]ed by each county. The House then nominated 10 citizens to be Council members. The [[nomination]]s were sent to the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]], which [[appoint]]ed five of them as the Council. This [[assembly]] became the [[legislature]] of the Territory, although the Governor retained [[veto]] power. |
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|NAME=Schartner, Walter |
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|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Schartner, Johannes Eugen Walter (vollständiger Name) |
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Article VI of the Articles of Compact within the Northwest Ordinance prohibited the owning of [[slaves]] within the Northwest Territory. However, territorial governments evaded this law by use of indenture laws[http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/publications/terrslavery.html]. The Articles of Compact prohibited legal discrimination on the basis of religion within the territory. |
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|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Komponist und Dirigent |
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|GEBURTSDATUM=3. Dezember 1894 |
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The [[township (United States)|township]] formula created by [[Thomas Jefferson]] was first implemented in the Northwest Territory through the [[Land Ordinance of 1785]]. The square surveys of the Northwest Territory would become a hallmark of the midwest, as [[Section (U.S. land surveying)|section]]s, townships, counties (and states) were laid out scientifically and land was sold quickly and efficiently (although not without some speculative aberrations). |
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|GEBURTSORT=[[Berlin]] |
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|STERBEDATUM=24. Mai 1970 |
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==Leadership== |
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|STERBEORT=[[Köln]] |
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Arthur St. Clair was the Territory's only governor. The original supreme court was made up of [[John Cleves Symmes]], [[James Mitchell Varnum]], and [[Samuel Holden Parsons]]. There were three Secretaries: [[Winthrop Sargent]] ([[July 9]], [[1788]]-[[May 31]], [[1798]]); [[William Henry Harrison]] ([[June 29]], [[1798]]-[[December 31]], [[1799]]); and [[Charles Willing Byrd]] ([[January 1]], [[1800]]- [[January 15]], [[1803]]). |
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}} |
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[[Image:Map of Territorial Growth 1790 sm.jpg|thumb|U.S. territorial growth as of 1790. Map courtesy of the U.S. Dept. of the Interior.]] |
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In 1798, the territory became eligible to send a non-voting delegate to the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Congress]]. |
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The Assembly elected this representative. |
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Representatives were: |
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* [[William Henry Harrison]] 1799-1800 |
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* [[William McMillan]] 1800-[[1801]] |
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* [[Paul Fearing]] 1801-1803 |
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{{further|[[United States congressional delegations from Northwest Territory]]}} |
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==See also== |
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{{Wikisource|The Northwest Ordinance}} |
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* [[Northwest Ordinance]] |
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* [[Northwest Indian War]] |
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* [[State cessions]] |
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* [[Southwest Territory]] |
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* [[Midwestern United States]] |
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* [[Illinois-Wabash Company]] |
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* [[Zane's trace]] |
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* [[Illinois Country]] |
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* [[Illinois Territory]] |
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==External links== |
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* [http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=173 Facsimile of 1789 Act] |
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* [http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/northwest/exjournal The Territory's Executive Journal] |
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*[http://www.maumeevalleyheritagecorridor.org/ Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor] |
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[[Category:Historical regions and territories of the United States]] |
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[[Category:History of the Midwestern United States]] |
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[[Category:1787 establishments]] |
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[[Category:History of Illinois]] |
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[[Category:Northwest Indian War]] |
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[[de:Nordwestterritorium]] |
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[[es:Territorio del Noroeste]] |
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[[pt:Território do Noroeste]] |
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[[vi:Lãnh thổ Tây Bắc]] |
Version vom 14. Dezember 2016, 14:57 Uhr
Johannes Eugen Walter Schartner (* 3. Dezember 1894 in Berlin; † 24. Mai 1970 in Köln) war ein deutscher Komponist und Dirigent.
Schartner wuchs in Berlin auf. Nach dem Abitur studierte er am Sternschen Konservatorium in Berlin. Bereits im Mai 1916 dirigierte er dort Weber's Euryanthe.
Auf eine erste Kapellmeisterstelle in Königsberg folgten Stationen in Münster, Bremerhaven (dort Vorstellung der erweiterten Fassung der Oper Menandra von Hugo Kaun) und Görlitz, wo er bis Kriegsende tätig war. Schartner führt das Orchester des Görlitzer Stadttheaters in den 1930er Jahren auf ein hohes künstlerisches Niveau, trat auch in den Nachbarstädten auf und spielte in der Sommersaison als Kurorchester in Bad Flinsberg (heute Polen).
1945 wurde Schartner als Direktor an die Hochschule für Musik in Dresden berufen und übernahm die Leitung der Dresdner Philharmonie. Bereits ein Jahr später wurde er am Theater in Halle (Saale) engagiert, wo auch 1948 seine Oper Und Pippa tanzt! nach dem gleichnamigen Glashüttenmärchen von Gerhart Hauptmann aufgeführt wurde. Er wurde zum Generalmusikdirektor ernannt und war Chefdirigent des Philharmonischen Staatsorchesters Halle.
Von 1950 bis 1951 war er Kapellmeister der Hofkapelle und Dirigent des Loh-Orchesters Sondershausen, sowie gleichzeitig Leiter der Dirigentenklasse an der Hochschule für Musik in Weimar. Seit 1951 war er Chefdirigent am Berliner Rundfunk.
Nach der Flucht nach Westdeutschland 1953 wurde er musikalischer Leiter der Frankfurter Operngastspiele (zahlreiche Tourneen).
Schartner heiratete 1930 in zweiter Ehe (Scheidung 1951) die Tanzlehrerin Johanna Schartner, geb. Krägen (2. September 1897 bis 10. April 1972). Aus dieser Ehe gingen die Kinder Peter Schartner und Monika Bosch, geb. Schartner hervor. In dritter Ehe war Schartner mit der Sängerin Ilse Schartner verheiratet, und schließlich seit 1957 bis zu seinem Tode in vierter Ehe mit der Pianistin und Komponistin Charlotte Christiane Schartner, geb. Roscher (bekannt unter dem Pseudonym Jeanette Chéro), die derzeit in Köln wohnt und arbeitet.
Werke
- Und Pippa Tanzt, Oper
- Orchesterwerke
- Lieder
Diskographie
Aufnahmen mit Schartner als Dirigent gibt es u.a. von der selten gespielten Oper Regina von Albert Lortzing (aufgenommen 14. bis 20. Oktober 1951, anlässlich des 100. Todesjahrs von Lortzing, Chor und Orchester des (Ost-)Berliner Rundfunk, erschienen bei Walhall Eternity Series, 2004). In den frühen fünfziger Jahren erschienen einige wenige Aufnahmen Schartners für den Rundfunk der DDR auf Langspielplatten der amerikanischen Firma Urania.
Weblinks
- Werke von und über Walter Schartner im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Personendaten | |
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NAME | Schartner, Walter |
ALTERNATIVNAMEN | Schartner, Johannes Eugen Walter (vollständiger Name) |
KURZBESCHREIBUNG | deutscher Komponist und Dirigent |
GEBURTSDATUM | 3. Dezember 1894 |
GEBURTSORT | Berlin |
STERBEDATUM | 24. Mai 1970 |
STERBEORT | Köln |