Zum Inhalt springen

„David J. Apple“ – Versionsunterschied

aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie
Versionsgeschichte interaktiv durchsuchen
[ungesichtete Version][ungesichtete Version]
← Zum vorherigen VersionsunterschiedZum nächsten Versionsunterschied →
Inhalt gelöscht Inhalt hinzugefügt
VisuellWikitext
Teckelberg7 (Diskussion | Beiträge)
44 Bearbeitungen
Teckelberg7 (Diskussion | Beiträge)
44 Bearbeitungen
(165 dazwischenliegende Versionen von 25 Benutzern werden nicht angezeigt)
Zeile 1: Zeile 1:
'''David J Apple, MD''' (September 14, 1941 – August 18, 2011) was an ophthalmic pathologist who conducted research on the pathology of intraocular lens complications as well as ophthalmic surgery in general. He was a medical historian and biographer of Sir [[Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)|Harold Ridley]], the inventor of the [[intraocular lens]] (IOL).
{{User sandbox}}
:
<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE -->
:''"He often stated that Harold Ridley changed the world. What we can say about David Apple is that he vastly improved the world that Harold Ridley changed"''<ref name="eyeworld">{{cite web|last=Fine|first=I. H.|title=A tribute to David J. Apple MD|url=http://www.eyeworld.org/article-a-tribute-to-david-j--apple--m-d-|publisher=Eyeworld}}</ref>

:
'''David J Apple, MD''': a pioneer in the fields of ophthalmological research and ophthalmic pathology; medical historian and biographer. He is regarded as a pioneer in the fields of ophthalmological research and ophthalmic pathology.
Apple founded the Center for Developing World Ophthalmology while he was Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology at the Storm Eye Institute, Charleston SC..<ref name="AppleDavid">{{cite book|last=Apple|first=David J|title=Sir Harold Ridley and his fight for sight|year=2006|publisher=SLACK incorporated|isbn=1-55642-786-7}}</ref> His laboratory is an official [[WHO Collaborating Centres|Collaborating Center]] of the Prevention of Blindness Programme of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and his research and meetings with WHO officials was instrumental in providing information to WHO on which type of IOL should be used in cataract surgery in developing countries.<ref name="AppleDavid" /><ref name="AppleDavid_a">{{cite journal|last=Apple|first=David J|author2=World Health Organization.|title=Use of intraocular lenses in cataract surgery in developing countries: Memorandum from a WHO meeting|journal=Bull WHO|year=1991|issue=69|pages=657–666.}}</ref>
He was Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Director of the David J. Apple, MD Laboratory for Ophthalmic Devices Research. He was a world-renowned expert in the field of ocular pathology, cataract surgery, intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and refractive surgery. Dr. Apple formed the Center for Developing World Ophthalmology while at the Storm Eye Institute, Charleston SC. His laboratory is an official Collaborating Center of the Prevention of Blindness Programme of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO).





==Background==
==Background==
'''David Joseph Apple''' was born in [[Alton, Illinois]] on September 14, 1941 to Joseph and Margaret Bearden Apple. He had one brother, Robert, who predeceased him.
David Joseph Apple was born in [[Alton, Illinois]] on September 14, 1941 to Joseph and Margaret Bearden Apple. He had one brother, Robert born in 1937 who predeceased him in 1994.


==Education and career==
:"My parents were very capable and honest individuals who had a marked influence on my life. My father had a feed store, where I worked as a child; my mother was a schoolteacher. Unfortunately, my brother died relatively young at age 57 from cardiomyopathy. He was a social worker having worked in the field of working with prisoners. My mother was clearly the major influence in my going into medicine and with her family came an intense love of music, which has continued on throughout my life, even until now." '''<ref>{{cite book|last=Apple|first=David J|title=Sir Harold Ridley and his fight for sight|year=2006|publisher=SLACK incorporated|isbn=1-55642-786-7}}</ref>
David Apple attended East Alton-Wood River High School located in [[Wood River, Illinois|Wood River, IL]] and graduated in 1959.<ref name="AppleDavid"/> He was a graduate of Northwestern University, [[University of Illinois College of Medicine]] and served his internship and residency in Pathology at [[Louisiana State University]]. In 1980 he completed his residency in ophthalmology at the [[University of Iowa]]. He was Assistant and subsequently Associate Professor of Ophthalmology under Morton F. Goldberg, MD at [[The University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary]] and [[Abraham Lincoln School of Medicine]] in Chicago from 1971 to 1975. He then completed his residency in Clinical Ophthalmology under Frederick C. Blodi, MD at the [[University of Iowa]] in 1979.<ref name="hosting-25037.tributes">{{cite web|title=Dr. David Joseph Apple Obituary|url=http://hosting-25037.tributes.com/show/David-Joseph-Apple-92226000}}</ref>


Apple moved to South Carolina in 1988 to become Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Professor and Chairman at the Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston. He held the Pawek-Vallotton Chair of Biomedical Engineering and was Director of the Center or Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices until 2002. During his Chairmanship of the Department of Ophthalmology in Charleston from 1988 to 1996 he successfully led the effort to raise $8.8 million to complete a three-floor expansion and general renovation of the Eye Institute. When he returned, he resigned from the Chair and became Director of Research for the Department.
==Education==
David Apple attended local High School in Alton Ill. was a graduate of Northwestern University, [[University of Illinois College of Medicine]] and served his internship and residency in Pathology at [[Louisiana State University]]. In 1980 he completed his residency in ophthalmology at the [[University of Iowa]]. He was Assistant and subsequently Associate Professor of Ophthalmology under Morton F. Goldberg, MD at the [[University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary]] and [[Abraham Lincoln School of Medicine]] in Chicago from 1971 to 1975. He then completed his residency in Clinical Ophthalmology under Frederick C. Blodi, MD at the [[University of Iowa]] in 1979.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! University !! Mentor
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}
'''1959''' Graduated from Alton High School, Ill.
'''1959-1962''' Undergraduate: Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. first Engineering, then transferred to premed.
'''1962-1966''' Medical School – University of Illinois, Chicago


His laboratory in Charleston (and at later sites: Salt Lake City, Sullivan's Island and Heidelberg) was an official Collaborating Center of the WHO Prevention of Blindness Programme. His meeting with WHO Programme director Dr. Bjorn Thylefors of the Prevent Blindness Division, was instrumental in providing information to WHO on which type of IOL should be used in cataract surgery in developing countries <ref name="AppleDavid" /> and Apple wrote on the subject in 1991.<ref name="AppleDavid_a" />
''':Residencies...'''
'''1966-1970''' Internship & pathology residency - Charity Hospital, New Orleans, La. (LSU)
'''1971''' - 1 year ophthalmic pathology – Lorenz Zimmerman AFIP, Washington, DC., Path brds ‘71
'''1971-1975''' Assist., then Assoc. Prof. Ophth. at Univ. of Illinois Eye & Ear infirmary, Chicago
'''1975 - 1977''' Two years in Germany including in 1975 a one year tenure at the University of Tübingen.
''':1976-79''' residency in Ophthalmology at Univ. of Iowa,
'''1979''' Distinguished American professor in Bonn, Munich. American boards Ophth. 1980.
'''1980''' 1 year professor at Tulane.
''1981''' Recruited by Dr Randal Olson, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,
'''1981''' Dr Apple and Randall Olson, MD founded the Center for Intraocular Lens Research in Salt Lake City.
'''1988''' Moved to Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
'''2002''' Returned to Salt Lake City
'''2008''' Return to South Carolina and new laboratory set up at Sullivan’s Island, Charleston, SC.


He returned to Utah in 2002 and transferred his Center for Intraocular Lens Research back to Salt Lake City, Utah: the city where he had begun his IOL-research.


His career was distinguished by being the only ophthalmologist to have received the four most respected honours in his field:<ref name="hosting-25037.tributes" />
Dr. Apple moved to South Carolina in 1988. He was Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Professor and Chairman Emeritus at the Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston. He held the Pawek-Vallotton Chair of Biomedical Engineering and was Director of the Center or Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices until 2002. During his Chairmanship of the Department of Ophthalmology in Charleston from 1988 to 1996 he successfully led the effort to raise $8.8 million to complete a three-floor expansion and general renovation of the Eye Institute. When he returned, he resigned from the Chair and became Director of Research for the Department.


1) The Life Achievement Honor Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO)
He returned to Utah in 2002.when he transferred his Center back to Salt Lake City, Utah: the city where he began his career in the field of ocular bioengineering.


2) The AAO Ophthalmology Hall of Fame award in 2007
His career was distinguished by one fact, that he was the only ophthalmologist to have received the four most respected honours in his field:


1) The Life Achievement Honor Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology
3) The ASCRS Innovator's (Kelman) Award in 2005


4) The Binkhorst Lecture Medal in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|title=David J Apple a pioneer in ophthalmology and pathology dies at age 69|url=http://eyewiretoday.com/view.asp?20110830-david_j_apple_a_pioneer_in_opthalmology_and_pathology_dies_at_age_69|publisher=eyewiretoday.com}}</ref>
2) The Ophthamology Hall of Fame award


In 1998 he became the only American to have been selected to give the European Guest Lecture at the [[Oxford Ophthalmological Congress]], held annually at the [[University of Oxford]]. He received the Senior Honor Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) in San Diego, CA.<ref name="hosting-25037.tributes" />
3) The Innovator's (Kelman) award
He was elected in 2003 to the German Academy of Research in the Natural Sciences ''Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher 'Leopoldina''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mitgliederverzeichnis|url=http://www.leopoldina.org/de/mitglieder/mitgliederverzeichnis/member/980/|publisher=Leopoldina}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Kohnen|first=T|title=In Gedenken an David J. Apple, m.D. Weltweites Schaffen für die Augenheilkunde|journal=DGGI Aktuell|date=Maerz 2012|url=http://www.dgii.org/mitglieder/DGII_Aktuell_03-2012.pdf}}</ref> In co-authorship with Prof. Dr. Gottfried O.H. Naumann he published in 1990 ''Pathologie des Auges'', a German-language ocular pathology textbook. He published the English version as ''Pathology of the Eye'', in 1986.


In 2006 Apple received an award from the [[The International Intra-Ocular Implant Club (IIIC)|International Intra-Ocular Implant Club]] - the IIIC Medal. His subject was "Sir Harold Ridley and his Fight for Sight" in the centenary year of Ridley's birth.
4) The Binkhorst Lecture and medal.


At the 2012 meeting of the ESCRS in Milan, the Commemorative Lecture ''David J. Apple The Father of IOL Pathology'', was given by Steve Arshinoff MD of Canada:<ref>{{cite web|last=Arshinoff|first=S|title=David J Apple: The Father of IOL Pathology|url=http://www.escrs.org/milan2012/programme/david-apple.asp|work=Programme of the XXXth Congress of the ESCRS|publisher=ESCRS}}</ref>
He received the Senior Honor Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) in San Diego, CA.


:"''David was the first IOL pathologist. He was an "IOL doctor’s doctor", as pathologists often are. He taught us to respect our heritage – those whose struggles to innovate enriched our abilities to care for our patients, but to remember: '''Most innovations fail.''' He also taught us to be cautious with the latest innovation, and to study the long-term effects of each new IOL or gadget, before fully accepting it."''
He was selected as one of the Best Ophthalmologist in America.
:

Proud of his German heritage, among his most favoured and highest academic honors was his election to the German Academy of Research in the Natural Sciences.


==The Apple Korps==
==The Apple Korps==
During his lifetime Dr Apple trained over 200 students and doctors, calling this group his "Apple Korps". His lab was international with staff and doctors from all over the world.
During his lifetime Dr Apple trained over 200 students and doctors, calling this group his "Apple Korps". His lab was international: with staff and research fellows being selected from all over the world.


==Sir Harold Ridley==
==Sir Harold Ridley==
In Salt Lake City during the 1980s, Apple started to study intraocular lenses (IOLs), including those explanted lenses which had been removed (explanted) from the eye, following complications. His scientific papers, Apple DJ, Mamalis N, Loftfield K, et al: Complications of intraocular lenses: A historical and histopathological review. Surv Ophthalmol 29:1-54, 1984 and Apple DJ, Solomon KD, Tetz MR, et al: Posterior capsule opacification. Surv Opthalmol 37:73-116., 1992)
In Salt Lake City during the 1980s, Apple started to study intraocular lenses (IOLs), including those explanted lenses which had been removed (explanted) from the eye, following complications. His scientific papers on IOLs<ref>{{cite journal|last=Apple DJ, Mamalis N, Loftfield K, et al:|title=Complications of intraocular lenses: A historical and histopathological review|journal=Surv Ophthalmol|year=1984|volume=29|pages=1–54|doi=10.1016/0039-6257(84)90113-9|pmid=6390763|first1=DJ|last2=Mamalis|first2=N|last3=Loftfield|first3=K|last4=Googe|first4=JM|last5=Novak|first5=LC|last6=Kavka-Van Norman|first6=D|last7=Brady|first7=SE|last8=Olson|first8=RJ|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Apple DJ, Solomon KD, Tetz MR, et al|title=Posterior capsule opacification|journal=Surv Ophthalmol|year=1992|volume=37|pages=73–116|doi=10.1016/0039-6257(92)90073-3|pmid=1455302|first1=David J.|last2=Solomon|first2=Kerry D.|last3=Tetz|first3=Manfred R.|last4=Assia|first4=Ehud I.|last5=Holland|first5=Elizabeth Y.|last6=Legler|first6=Ulrich F.C.|last7=Tsai|first7=Julie C.|last8=Castaneda|first8=Victoria E.|last9=Hoggatt|first9=Judy P.|last10=Kostick|first10=Alexandra M.P.|issue=2|display-authors=8}}</ref> attracted the interest of [[Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)|Harold Ridley]], the British inventor of the intraocular lens. Through mutual contacts Ridley asked David Apple to visit him at his home near Salisbury in England. Thus began a friendship which did much to legitimise and restore Ridley's reputation as the inventor of the IOL and Apple's reputation as the foremost researcher in IOL research.<ref name="Mamalis">{{cite journal|last=Mamalis|first=N|coauthors=Rosen ES, Koch DD, Kohnen T, Dupps WJ Jr, Obstbaum SA.|title=In remembrance|journal=J Cataract Refract Surg|year=2011|volume=11|pages=1921–1922|doi=10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.09.025|issue=11}}</ref>
His publications on the subject attracted the interest of Harold Ridley, the British inventor of the intraocular lens. Through mutual contacts Ridley asked David Apple to visit him at his home near Salisbury in England.


==Writing==
==Personal life==
Dr. Apple married Ann Addlestone In 1995 and became stepfather to Scott E. Kabat and Jacqueline B. Kabat. Through his brother, Robert V. Apple's family, he had one nephew: Lee B. Apple and two nieces: Rana Apple Ford and Dione Apple Badkar, all from California.
His publications concerning the IOL studies and his review of the history of IOLs led to the publication of two major textbooks: '''Evolution of Intraocular Lenses''' <ref>{{cite book|last=Apple D J, Geiser S C, Isenberg R A|title=Evolution of Intraocular Lenses|year=1985|publisher=University of Utah Printing Services|location=Salt Lake City}}</ref> in 1985 and '''Intraocular Lenses. Evolution, Designs, Complications, and Pathology'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Apple, DJ. Kincaid MC, Mamalis N, Olson RJ|title=Intraocular Lenses. Evolution, Designs, Complications, and Pathology.|year=1989|publisher=Williams & Wilkins.|location=Baltimore}}</ref> in 1989


In the late 1990s he developed a serious illness (self-diagnosed - correctly - as a metastatic cancer at the base of the tongue.) Between 1999 and 2011 he had numerous bouts of pneumonia and was frequently hospitalised - most seriously with a cerebral vascular stroke two years after his move to Salt Lake City.
Dr. Apple's landmark 2006 biography, '''Sir Harold Ridley and his Fight for Sight: He changed the world so that we may better see it'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Apple|first=David J|title=Sir Harold Ridley and his fight for sight|year=2006|publisher=SLACK incorporated|isbn=1-55642-786-7}}</ref> came about when [[Harold Ridley]], the British inventor of the intraocular lens, asked David Apple to be his official biographer.


Besides ophthalmology, Dr. Apple was passionate about classical music - he served on the Board of the Charleston Symphony, the Board of the Charleston Ballet Theatre and was active in [[Chamber Music Charleston]]. He was an amateur military historian, specialising in [[World War II]] and the [[US Civil War]]. In a tribute I. Howard Fine MD wrote affectionately of his friend,
Dr. Apple presented more than 1,400 scientific lectures, 168 scientific posters, and more than 60 exhibits and videos. He has authored 566 scientific publications, including 23 textbooks, 71 chapters in textbooks.


:''On a personal level, David was a good friend and a delightful person with a subtle sense of humor. He had a passion for history, especially the history of science, the Civil War, and music. He liked to inform ophthalmologists that Johann Sebastian Bach died shortly after his health began to deteriorate as a result of a botched cataract surgery by an itinerant surgeon. David reminded us that the first hostilities of the Civil War took place in Charleston, his home, with the Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter. He had an enormous corpus of knowledge and was a great lover of music. While living in Charleston, he served on the boards of the Charleston Symphony and the Charleston Ballet and was active in Chamber Music Charleston. He was pleased that his home was the model for one of the houses on Catfish Row, the stage setting for the American opera "Porgy and Bess." He loved to travel, was fluent in German, and had a special affection for his dachshunds. His wife, Ann, was the love of his life and a favorite of their friends throughout the world. A few years after their marriage, David was diagnosed with a malignancy, which required surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Ann nurtured, maintained, and cared for him magnificently over the ensuing years as he dealt with the chronic pain and the terrible side effects of his surgery and anti-cancer treatments' <ref name="eyeworld" />
==Personal Life==
Dr. Apple was married to Ann Addlestone Apple and was stepfather to Scott E. Kabat and Jacqueline B. Kabat. Through his brother's family he had one nephew: Lee Apple and two nieces: Raina Apple and Dione Apple.


David Apple died on the afternoon of August 18, 2011 in Charleston SC, The funeral service was on Sunday, August 21, 2011 at the Beth Elohim Temple with interment at Beth Elohim Cemetery, Huguenin Avenue. Charleston SC.<ref name="hosting-25037.tributes" />
In the late 1990s he developed a serious illness (sel-diagnosed - correctly - as a metastatic cancer at the base of the tongue.) Between 1999 and 2011 he had numerous bouts of pneumonia and was frequently hospitalised - most seriously with a cerebral vascular stroke two years after his move to Salt Lake City.


==Apple's legacy==
Besides ophthalmology, Dr. Apple was passionate about classical music - he served on the Board of the Charleston Symphony, the Board of the Charleston Ballet Theatre and was active in [[Chamber Music Charleston]]. He was an amateur military historian, specialising in [[World War II]] and the [[US Civil War]].


:'''Miyake-Apple technique''' This method of sectioning the cadaver eye was initially developed by Kansatu Miyake MD and refined by David Apple. The eye is disected posterior to the posterior lens capsule and the anterior segment is mounted above a camera which allows observation of the IOL in-situ in the capsule from a posteior view: thus as though looking out on the world through the lens and cornea.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Apple D, Lim E, Morgan R, et al.|title=Preparation and study of human eyes obtained postmortem with the Miyake posterior photographic technique|journal=Ophthalmology|year=1990|volume=97|pages=810–816|pmid=2374686|first1=DJ|last2=Lim|first2=ES|last3=Morgan|first3=RC|last4=Tsai|first4=JC|last5=Gwin|first5=TD|last6=Brown|first6=SJ|last7=Carlson|first7=AN|issue=6|doi=10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32507-1}}</ref> Using this technique, Apple and his colleagues were able to analyse the performance of IOLs made of different biomaterials and different lens designs.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vargas|first=L G|author2=Peng Q |author3=Apple DJ |author4=Escobar-Gomez M |author5=Pandey SK |author6=Arthur SN |author7=Hoddinott DS |author8=Schmidbauer JM. |title=Evaluation of 3 modern single-piece foldable intraocular lenses: clinicopathological study of posterior capsule opacification in a rabbit model|journal=J Cataract Refract Surg.|date=Jul 2002|volume=28|series=(7)|pages=1241–50.|pmid=12106735|doi=10.1016/S0886-3350(02)01216-6|issue=7}}</ref>
David Apple died on the afternoon of August 18, 2011 in Charleston SC, The funeral services was on Sunday, August 21, 2011 at the Beth Elohim Temple with interment at Beth Elohim Cemetery, Huguenin Avenue. Charleston SC.
:
:'''The Apple Korps''' In what may prove a most enduring legacy Dr Apple trained over 200 students and doctors at his Charleston and Salt Lake City sites and these "students" are now in key positions in ophthalmic education and practice throughout the world.'''<ref name="AppleDavid" />


:'''Research Laboratory'''At the time of his death, Apple's laboratory was in Sullivan's Island near Charleston, South Carolina. In 2012 the '''David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology''' was re-located and re-established at [[Heidelberg University]] in the University Eye Department. Professor Gerd U. Auffarth, Eye Department Chairman - a former research fellow in the Apple Korps - outlined his plans to create an international laboratory for research on intraocular ophthalmic devices, thus continuing and extending the research work initiated by David Apple.<ref>{{cite web|last=Auffarth|first=Gerd U|title=Welcome to the new Apple Lab!|url=http://djapplelab.com/welcome/|accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> The laboratory in Heidelberg holds Professor Apple’s archives, historical laboratory samples and correspondence. <ref>{{cite web|title=David-Apple Laboratory launched at University of Heidelberg|url=http://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/ophthalmic-business/news/online/%7BE924728B-4058-4570-8B61-39FD5F67F7F8%7D/David-Apple-Laboratory-launched-at-University-of-Heidelberg|publisher=www.healio.com/ophthalmology/ophthalmic-business/news/online/}}</ref>
==His legacy==
It was announced in 2012 that work was recently completed on the initial phase of establishing the '''David Apple Laboratory''' at the '''University of Heidelberg''', Germany where the University Eye Department is celebrating its 150th anniversary. Professor Gerd U. Auffarth, Eye Department Chairman and a former student and research fellow in the Apple Korps: outlined plans to create an international laboratory for research on intraocular ophthalmic devices, thus extending the research work initiated by David Apple. The move of the laboratory was undertaken with the approval of Ann Apple.


:'''Amon-Apple Enhanced Square Edge''' is a barrier to cell proliferation at the haptic-optic junction of single-piece IOLs. The Edge was first developed by Peter Toop and Mike Ring - both engineers at the IOL manufacturer Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited in 2003, after taking advice from Prof. Michael Amon, Ophthalmic Surgeon in Vienna, Austria together with David Apple. The design feature is intended to reduce Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) by creating an insurmountable physical barrier to cell migration from the haptic surface onto the optic surface of the lens. Both Amon and Apple recognised in 2002 (through respectively a laboratory study on Centerflex minus power lenses and a clinical study of the regular power Centerflex lenses<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vargas|first=LG|author2=Izak AM |author3=Apple DJ |author4=Werner L |author5=Pandey SK |author6=Trivedi RH. |title=Implantation of a single-piece, hydrophilic, acrylic, minus-power foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens in a rabbit model: clinicopathologic study of posterior capsule opacification|journal=J Cataract Refract Surg.|date=Aug 2003|volume=29|series=(8)|pages=1613–20.|pmid=12954315|doi=10.1016/S0886-3350(03)00215-3|issue=8}}</ref> ) that all modern single-piece, injectable IOLs in 2002 had a weakness (which Apple termed the "Achilles heel") at the haptic-optic junction: where there is no square edge and thus an incomplete barrier to PCO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enhanced Square Edge Technology|url=http://www.rayner.com/products/technology/ESET|publisher=Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited}}</ref>'''<ref name="AppleDavid" />
At the time of his death in August 2011, Apple's laboratory was in Sullivan's Island near Charleston, South Carolina. That address will remain open for the receipt of device samples from US surgeons. However, the international side of the laboratory is now in Heidelberg where all of Professor Apple’s archives, historical laboratory samples and correspondence are housed.<ref>{{cite web|title=David-Apple Laboratory launched at University of Heidelberg|url=http://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/ophthalmic-business/news/online/%7BE924728B-4058-4570-8B61-39FD5F67F7F8%7D/David-Apple-Laboratory-launched-at-University-of-Heidelberg|publisher=www.healio.com/ophthalmology/ophthalmic-business/news/online/}}</ref>


==Writing==
==Incomplete List of Presentations and Publications==
His publications concerning the IOL studies and his review of the history of IOLs led to the publication of two textbooks: ''Evolution of Intraocular Lenses''<ref>{{cite book|last=Apple D J, Geiser S C, Isenberg R A|title=Evolution of Intraocular Lenses|year=1985|publisher=University of Utah Printing Services|location=Salt Lake City}}</ref> in 1985 and ''Intraocular Lenses. Evolution, Designs, Complications, and Pathology''<ref>{{cite book|last=Apple, DJ. Kincaid MC, Mamalis N, Olson RJ|title=Intraocular Lenses. Evolution, Designs, Complications, and Pathology.|year=1989|publisher=Williams & Wilkins.|location=Baltimore}}</ref> in 1989.


Dr. Apple's 2006 biography, ''Sir Harold Ridley and his Fight for Sight: He changed the world so that we may better see it''<ref name="AppleDavid" /> came about when [[Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)|Harold Ridley]], the British inventor of the intraocular lens, asked David Apple to be his biographer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robinson|first=Katrina|title=Dr David J. Apple writes notable book following cancer diagnosis|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20090326/ARCHIVES/303269864|newspaper=The Post & Courier|date=March 26, 2009}}</ref>
'''1984'''


Dr. Apple presented more than 1,400 scientific lectures, 168 scientific posters, and more than 60 exhibits and videos. He authored 566 scientific publications, including 23 textbooks, 71 chapters in textbooks.<ref name="hosting-25037.tributes" />
Apple DJ, Craythorn JM, Olson RJ. et al. Anterior segment complications and neovascular glaucoma following implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens. Ophthalmology. 1984;91403- 419


==See also==
Apple DJ, Mamalis N, Loftfield K, Googe JM, Novak LC, Kavka-Van Norman D, et al. Complications of intraocular lenses: A historical and histopathological review. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;29:1-54.
*[[Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)]]

*[[Intraocular lens]]
'''1988'''

Apple DJ. Ridley Lecture. In: Presented at the Sixth European Intraocular Implant Lens Council. Copenhagen, Denmark. August 14–18, 1988

'''1989'''

Apple DJ, Kincaid MC, Mamalis N. et al. Intraocular Lenses: Evolution, Designs, Complications, and Pathology. Baltimore, Md Williams & Wilkins 1989;

'''1991'''

Apple D, Rabb M. In: ed 4. Ocular Pathology, Clinical Applications and Self-Assessment. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1991;p. 112–181

Apple DJ. What Cataract Surgery Technique and IOL would I want in My Mother's Eye?. In: Presented at the Annual Meeting of the New England Ophthalmology Society. Boston. December 13, 1991

Apple DJ, Assia EI, Blumenthal M, Legler UFC. Verformbare Linsen. Das Konzept der ausdehnbaren Hydogellinse und die Wiederherstellung der naturlichen Kapelsackanatomie. In: Wenzel HVM, Reim M, Freyler H, Hartmann C editor. Transactions of the German Ophthalmol Soc, March 8 and 9, 1991, in Aachen, German: 5. Kongress der Deutschsprachigen Gelellschaft fur Intraokularlinsen Implantation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1991;p. 744–753

Apple D, Assia E, Wasserman D, et al. Evidence in support of the continuous tear anterior capsulectomy (capsulorhexis technique). In: Cangelosi GC editors. Advances in Cataract Surgery. Thorofare: Slack Inc; 1991;p. 21–47

'''1992'''

Apple DJ, Solomon KD, Tetz MR. et al. Posterior capsule opacification. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;3773- 116

Apple DJ. Intraocular lens biocompatibility (Guest Editorial). J Cataract Refract Surg. 1992;18(5):217–218

'''1996'''

Apple DJ, Sims J. Harold Ridley and the invention of the intraocular lens. Surv Ophthalmol. 1996; 40279- 292

'''1999'''

Apple DJ. Harold Ridley, MA, MD, FRCS: a golden anniversary celebration and a golden age [editorial]. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117827- 828

Apple DJ, Peng Q, Ram J. The 50th anniversary of the intraocular lens and a quiet revolution[editorial]. Ophthalmology. 1999;1061861- 1862

'''2000'''

Apple DJ. Sir Harold Ridley receives England's highest honor. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000; 44542

Apple DJ, Ram J, Foster A, Peng Q. Elimination of cataract blindness: A global perspective entering the new millennium. Surv Ophthalmol 2000;45(Suppl):S1-S196.

Apple DJ, Auffarth GU, Peng Q, Visessook N. Foldable Intraocular Lenses: Evolution, Clinicopathologic Correlations, Complications. Thorofare, NJ Slack Incorporated 2000;

Apple DJ, Peng Q. Harold Ridley knighted. Ophthalmology. 2000;107412- 413

'''2002'''

Apple DJ. Sir Nicholas Harold Ridley: all's well that ends well [obituary]. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133131- 133

'''2003'''

Trivedi RH, Apple DJ, Pandey SK, Werner L, Izak AM, Vasavada AR, Ram J. Sir Nicholas Harold Ridley.He Changed the World, So that We Might Better See It. Indian J Ophthalmol 2003;51:211-6

'''2006'''

Apple, David J (2006). Sir Harold Ridley and his fight for sight. Thorofare, NJ. SLACK incorporated. ISBN 1-55642-786-7


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


<!-- This will add a notice to the bottom of the page and won't blank it! The new template which says that your draft is waiting for a review will appear at the bottom; simply ignore the old (grey) drafted templates and the old (red) decline templates. A bot will update your article submission. Until then, please don't change anything in this text box and press "Save page". -->
[[Category:Charleston, South Carolina]]

[[Category:Ophthalmologists]]
{{Persondata
[[Category:Pathologists]]
| NAME = Apple, David J.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American ophthalmologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 14, 1941
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = August 18, 2011
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Apple, David J.}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Charleston, South Carolina]]
[[Category:American ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:American pathologists]]
[[Category:American medical historians]]
[[Category:People from Alton, Illinois]]

Version vom 22. Mai 2015, 17:11 Uhr

David J Apple, MD (September 14, 1941 – August 18, 2011) was an ophthalmic pathologist who conducted research on the pathology of intraocular lens complications as well as ophthalmic surgery in general. He was a medical historian and biographer of Sir Harold Ridley, the inventor of the intraocular lens (IOL).

"He often stated that Harold Ridley changed the world. What we can say about David Apple is that he vastly improved the world that Harold Ridley changed"[1]

Apple founded the Center for Developing World Ophthalmology while he was Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology at the Storm Eye Institute, Charleston SC..[2] His laboratory is an official Collaborating Center of the Prevention of Blindness Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) and his research and meetings with WHO officials was instrumental in providing information to WHO on which type of IOL should be used in cataract surgery in developing countries.[2][3]


Background

David Joseph Apple was born in Alton, Illinois on September 14, 1941 to Joseph and Margaret Bearden Apple. He had one brother, Robert born in 1937 who predeceased him in 1994.

Education and career

David Apple attended East Alton-Wood River High School located in Wood River, IL and graduated in 1959.[2] He was a graduate of Northwestern University, University of Illinois College of Medicine and served his internship and residency in Pathology at Louisiana State University. In 1980 he completed his residency in ophthalmology at the University of Iowa. He was Assistant and subsequently Associate Professor of Ophthalmology under Morton F. Goldberg, MD at The University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary and Abraham Lincoln School of Medicine in Chicago from 1971 to 1975. He then completed his residency in Clinical Ophthalmology under Frederick C. Blodi, MD at the University of Iowa in 1979.[4]

Apple moved to South Carolina in 1988 to become Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Professor and Chairman at the Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston. He held the Pawek-Vallotton Chair of Biomedical Engineering and was Director of the Center or Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices until 2002. During his Chairmanship of the Department of Ophthalmology in Charleston from 1988 to 1996 he successfully led the effort to raise $8.8 million to complete a three-floor expansion and general renovation of the Eye Institute. When he returned, he resigned from the Chair and became Director of Research for the Department.

His laboratory in Charleston (and at later sites: Salt Lake City, Sullivan's Island and Heidelberg) was an official Collaborating Center of the WHO Prevention of Blindness Programme. His meeting with WHO Programme director Dr. Bjorn Thylefors of the Prevent Blindness Division, was instrumental in providing information to WHO on which type of IOL should be used in cataract surgery in developing countries [2] and Apple wrote on the subject in 1991.[3]

He returned to Utah in 2002 and transferred his Center for Intraocular Lens Research back to Salt Lake City, Utah: the city where he had begun his IOL-research.

His career was distinguished by being the only ophthalmologist to have received the four most respected honours in his field:[4]

1) The Life Achievement Honor Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO)

2) The AAO Ophthalmology Hall of Fame award in 2007

3) The ASCRS Innovator's (Kelman) Award in 2005

4) The Binkhorst Lecture Medal in 1988.[5]

In 1998 he became the only American to have been selected to give the European Guest Lecture at the Oxford Ophthalmological Congress, held annually at the University of Oxford. He received the Senior Honor Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) in San Diego, CA.[4]

He was elected in 2003 to the German Academy of Research in the Natural Sciences Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher 'Leopoldina.[6][7] In co-authorship with Prof. Dr. Gottfried O.H. Naumann he published in 1990 Pathologie des Auges, a German-language ocular pathology textbook. He published the English version as Pathology of the Eye, in 1986.

In 2006 Apple received an award from the International Intra-Ocular Implant Club - the IIIC Medal. His subject was "Sir Harold Ridley and his Fight for Sight" in the centenary year of Ridley's birth.

At the 2012 meeting of the ESCRS in Milan, the Commemorative Lecture David J. Apple The Father of IOL Pathology, was given by Steve Arshinoff MD of Canada:[8]

"David was the first IOL pathologist. He was an "IOL doctor’s doctor", as pathologists often are. He taught us to respect our heritage – those whose struggles to innovate enriched our abilities to care for our patients, but to remember: Most innovations fail. He also taught us to be cautious with the latest innovation, and to study the long-term effects of each new IOL or gadget, before fully accepting it."

The Apple Korps

During his lifetime Dr Apple trained over 200 students and doctors, calling this group his "Apple Korps". His lab was international: with staff and research fellows being selected from all over the world.

Sir Harold Ridley

In Salt Lake City during the 1980s, Apple started to study intraocular lenses (IOLs), including those explanted lenses which had been removed (explanted) from the eye, following complications. His scientific papers on IOLs[9][10] attracted the interest of Harold Ridley, the British inventor of the intraocular lens. Through mutual contacts Ridley asked David Apple to visit him at his home near Salisbury in England. Thus began a friendship which did much to legitimise and restore Ridley's reputation as the inventor of the IOL and Apple's reputation as the foremost researcher in IOL research.[11]

Personal life

Dr. Apple married Ann Addlestone In 1995 and became stepfather to Scott E. Kabat and Jacqueline B. Kabat. Through his brother, Robert V. Apple's family, he had one nephew: Lee B. Apple and two nieces: Rana Apple Ford and Dione Apple Badkar, all from California.

In the late 1990s he developed a serious illness (self-diagnosed - correctly - as a metastatic cancer at the base of the tongue.) Between 1999 and 2011 he had numerous bouts of pneumonia and was frequently hospitalised - most seriously with a cerebral vascular stroke two years after his move to Salt Lake City.

Besides ophthalmology, Dr. Apple was passionate about classical music - he served on the Board of the Charleston Symphony, the Board of the Charleston Ballet Theatre and was active in Chamber Music Charleston. He was an amateur military historian, specialising in World War II and the US Civil War. In a tribute I. Howard Fine MD wrote affectionately of his friend,

On a personal level, David was a good friend and a delightful person with a subtle sense of humor. He had a passion for history, especially the history of science, the Civil War, and music. He liked to inform ophthalmologists that Johann Sebastian Bach died shortly after his health began to deteriorate as a result of a botched cataract surgery by an itinerant surgeon. David reminded us that the first hostilities of the Civil War took place in Charleston, his home, with the Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter. He had an enormous corpus of knowledge and was a great lover of music. While living in Charleston, he served on the boards of the Charleston Symphony and the Charleston Ballet and was active in Chamber Music Charleston. He was pleased that his home was the model for one of the houses on Catfish Row, the stage setting for the American opera "Porgy and Bess." He loved to travel, was fluent in German, and had a special affection for his dachshunds. His wife, Ann, was the love of his life and a favorite of their friends throughout the world. A few years after their marriage, David was diagnosed with a malignancy, which required surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Ann nurtured, maintained, and cared for him magnificently over the ensuing years as he dealt with the chronic pain and the terrible side effects of his surgery and anti-cancer treatments' [1]

David Apple died on the afternoon of August 18, 2011 in Charleston SC, The funeral service was on Sunday, August 21, 2011 at the Beth Elohim Temple with interment at Beth Elohim Cemetery, Huguenin Avenue. Charleston SC.[4]

Apple's legacy

Miyake-Apple technique This method of sectioning the cadaver eye was initially developed by Kansatu Miyake MD and refined by David Apple. The eye is disected posterior to the posterior lens capsule and the anterior segment is mounted above a camera which allows observation of the IOL in-situ in the capsule from a posteior view: thus as though looking out on the world through the lens and cornea.[12] Using this technique, Apple and his colleagues were able to analyse the performance of IOLs made of different biomaterials and different lens designs.[13]
The Apple Korps In what may prove a most enduring legacy Dr Apple trained over 200 students and doctors at his Charleston and Salt Lake City sites and these "students" are now in key positions in ophthalmic education and practice throughout the world.[2]
Research LaboratoryAt the time of his death, Apple's laboratory was in Sullivan's Island near Charleston, South Carolina. In 2012 the David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology was re-located and re-established at Heidelberg University in the University Eye Department. Professor Gerd U. Auffarth, Eye Department Chairman - a former research fellow in the Apple Korps - outlined his plans to create an international laboratory for research on intraocular ophthalmic devices, thus continuing and extending the research work initiated by David Apple.[14] The laboratory in Heidelberg holds Professor Apple’s archives, historical laboratory samples and correspondence. [15]
Amon-Apple Enhanced Square Edge is a barrier to cell proliferation at the haptic-optic junction of single-piece IOLs. The Edge was first developed by Peter Toop and Mike Ring - both engineers at the IOL manufacturer Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited in 2003, after taking advice from Prof. Michael Amon, Ophthalmic Surgeon in Vienna, Austria together with David Apple. The design feature is intended to reduce Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) by creating an insurmountable physical barrier to cell migration from the haptic surface onto the optic surface of the lens. Both Amon and Apple recognised in 2002 (through respectively a laboratory study on Centerflex minus power lenses and a clinical study of the regular power Centerflex lenses[16] ) that all modern single-piece, injectable IOLs in 2002 had a weakness (which Apple termed the "Achilles heel") at the haptic-optic junction: where there is no square edge and thus an incomplete barrier to PCO.[17][2]

Writing

His publications concerning the IOL studies and his review of the history of IOLs led to the publication of two textbooks: Evolution of Intraocular Lenses[18] in 1985 and Intraocular Lenses. Evolution, Designs, Complications, and Pathology[19] in 1989.

Dr. Apple's 2006 biography, Sir Harold Ridley and his Fight for Sight: He changed the world so that we may better see it[2] came about when Harold Ridley, the British inventor of the intraocular lens, asked David Apple to be his biographer.[20]

Dr. Apple presented more than 1,400 scientific lectures, 168 scientific posters, and more than 60 exhibits and videos. He authored 566 scientific publications, including 23 textbooks, 71 chapters in textbooks.[4]

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist


Vorlage:Persondata

  1. ↑ a b I. H. Fine: A tribute to David J. Apple MD. Eyeworld;
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g David J Apple: Sir Harold Ridley and his fight for sight. SLACK incorporated, 2006, ISBN 1-55642-786-7.
  3. ↑ a b David J Apple, World Health Organization.: Use of intraocular lenses in cataract surgery in developing countries: Memorandum from a WHO meeting. In: Bull WHO. Nr. 69, 1991, S. 657–666.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Dr. David Joseph Apple Obituary.
  5. ↑ David J Apple a pioneer in ophthalmology and pathology dies at age 69. eyewiretoday.com;
  6. ↑ Mitgliederverzeichnis. Leopoldina;
  7. ↑ T Kohnen: In Gedenken an David J. Apple, m.D. Weltweites Schaffen für die Augenheilkunde. In: DGGI Aktuell. (dgii.org [PDF]).
  8. ↑ S Arshinoff: David J Apple: The Father of IOL Pathology. In: Programme of the XXXth Congress of the ESCRS. ESCRS;
  9. ↑ DJ Apple DJ, Mamalis N, Loftfield K, et al:, N Mamalis, K Loftfield, JM Googe, LC Novak, D Kavka-Van Norman, SE Brady, RJ Olson: Complications of intraocular lenses: A historical and histopathological review. In: Surv Ophthalmol. 29. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 1984, S. 1–54, doi:10.1016/0039-6257(84)90113-9, PMID 6390763.
  10. ↑ David J. Apple DJ, Solomon KD, Tetz MR, et al, Kerry D. Solomon, Manfred R. Tetz, Ehud I. Assia, Elizabeth Y. Holland, Ulrich F.C. Legler, Julie C. Tsai, Victoria E. Castaneda, Judy P. Hoggatt, Alexandra M.P. Kostick: Posterior capsule opacification. In: Surv Ophthalmol. 37. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 1992, S. 73–116, doi:10.1016/0039-6257(92)90073-3, PMID 1455302.
  11. ↑ N Mamalis, Rosen ES, Koch DD, Kohnen T, Dupps WJ Jr, Obstbaum SA.: In remembrance. In: J Cataract Refract Surg. 11. Jahrgang, Nr. 11, 2011, S. 1921–1922, doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.09.025.
  12. ↑ DJ Apple D, Lim E, Morgan R, et al., ES Lim, RC Morgan, JC Tsai, TD Gwin, SJ Brown, AN Carlson: Preparation and study of human eyes obtained postmortem with the Miyake posterior photographic technique. In: Ophthalmology. 97. Jahrgang, Nr. 6, 1990, S. 810–816, doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32507-1, PMID 2374686.
  13. ↑ L G Vargas, Peng Q, Apple DJ, Escobar-Gomez M, Pandey SK, Arthur SN, Hoddinott DS, Schmidbauer JM.: Evaluation of 3 modern single-piece foldable intraocular lenses: clinicopathological study of posterior capsule opacification in a rabbit model. In: J Cataract Refract Surg. (= (7)). 28. Jahrgang, Nr. 7, Juli 2002, S. 1241–50., doi:10.1016/S0886-3350(02)01216-6, PMID 12106735.
  14. ↑ Gerd U Auffarth: Welcome to the new Apple Lab! Abgerufen am 27. Januar 2013.
  15. ↑ David-Apple Laboratory launched at University of Heidelberg. www.healio.com/ophthalmology/ophthalmic-business/news/online/;
  16. ↑ LG Vargas, Izak AM, Apple DJ, Werner L, Pandey SK, Trivedi RH.: Implantation of a single-piece, hydrophilic, acrylic, minus-power foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens in a rabbit model: clinicopathologic study of posterior capsule opacification. In: J Cataract Refract Surg. (= (8)). 29. Jahrgang, Nr. 8, August 2003, S. 1613–20., doi:10.1016/S0886-3350(03)00215-3, PMID 12954315.
  17. ↑ Enhanced Square Edge Technology. Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited;
  18. ↑ Apple D J, Geiser S C, Isenberg R A: Evolution of Intraocular Lenses. University of Utah Printing Services, Salt Lake City 1985.
  19. ↑ Apple, DJ. Kincaid MC, Mamalis N, Olson RJ: Intraocular Lenses. Evolution, Designs, Complications, and Pathology. Williams & Wilkins., Baltimore 1989.
  20. ↑ Katrina Robinson: Dr David J. Apple writes notable book following cancer diagnosis In: The Post & Courier, March 26, 2009 
Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_J._Apple&oldid=159696218“