David Perry und Australischer Forellenhechtling: Unterschied zwischen den Seiten
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{{Taxobox |
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| Taxon_Name = Australischer Forellenhechtling |
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| Taxon_WissName = Prototroctes maraena |
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| Taxon_Rang = Art |
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| Taxon_Autor = [[Albert Günther (Zoologe)|Günther]], 1864 |
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| Taxon2_Name = Forellenhechtlinge |
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| Taxon2_WissName = Prototroctes |
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| Taxon2_Rang = Gattung |
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| Taxon3_Name = Forellenhechtlinge |
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| Taxon3_WissName = Prototroctinae |
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| Taxon3_Rang = Unterfamilie |
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| Taxon4_Name = Neuseelandlachse |
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| Taxon4_WissName = Retropinnidae |
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| Taxon4_Rang = Familie |
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| Taxon5_WissName = Galaxioidea |
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| Taxon5_Rang = Überfamilie |
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| Taxon6_Name = Stintartige |
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| Taxon6_WissName = Osmeriformes |
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| Taxon6_Rang = Ordnung |
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| Bild = Australian grayling.JPG |
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| Bildbeschreibung = Ein relativ kleiner Australischer Forellenhechtling |
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}} |
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Der '''Australische Forellenhechtling''' ''(Prototroctes maraena)'' ist eine 1864 von [[Albert Günther (Zoologe)|Albert Günther]] beschriebene Art von Fischen innerhalb der Familie der [[Neuseelandlachse]] (Retropinnidae) aus der Gattung der [[Forellenhechtlinge]] (''Prototroctes''). |
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== Merkmale == |
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:''This article is about David Perry, the game developer. For the David Perry who was a co-commentator on the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[video game]] [[television program|TV show]] '[[GamesMaster]]', please see [[Dave Perry]], and for other uses, please see [[David Perry (disambiguation)]]'' |
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Der Australische Forellenhechtling kann eine [[Standardlänge]] von mehr als 30 cm erreichen, übertrifft heute aber nur selten 25 cm.<ref name="Berra"/> Er ist am Rücken dunkelbraun bis olivgrün, an den Seiten grünlich-bronzefarben, gelegentlich mit einem stahlblauen Schimmer. Die [[Kiemendeckel]] sind silberfarben, die Bauchseite und die Unterseite des Kopfes silberweißlich bis gelblich. Die Flossen sind transparent bis gräulich oder strohfarben.<ref name="gov_au"/> Die Rückenflosse sitzt über den Bauchflossen, eine [[Fettflosse]] ist vorhanden. Die Maxillare ist zahnlos, den Unterkiefer umgibt ein horniger Rand. Die Anzahl Wirbel beträgt 62 bis 72.<ref name="Nelson"/> |
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[[Image:David Perry.jpg|thumb|David Perry with a miniature of [[Earthworm Jim]].]] |
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'''David Perry''' (born 1967) is a [[Northern Irish people|Northern Irish]] [[video game developer]] who has created dozens of computer games, the best known of which include ''[[Earthworm Jim]]'', ''[[MDK (game)|MDK]]'', ''[[Messiah (video game)|Messiah]]'' , [[Wild 9]] and ''[[Enter the Matrix]]''. He also founded [[Shiny Entertainment]], where he worked from 1993-2006. The company created games for many internationally-known brands and companies, including [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[7 Up]], [[McDonald's]], [[Orion Pictures]], and [[Warner Bros.]] [http://whatisthematrix.warnerbros.com/html/enternewsindex.html]. On 3 July 2008 David was presented with an honorary doctorate from [[Queen's University Belfast]] for his services to computer gaming. |
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Frisch duftet der Australische Forellenhechtling nach Gurke. Die meisten Tiere werden zwei bis drei, manche bis zu 5 Jahre alt.<ref name="Berra"/> |
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== Biography == |
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Perry was born in April, [[1967]] in [[Lisburn]], [[Northern Ireland]], growing up in the towns of [[Templepatrick]] and [[Donegore]] in [[County Antrim]], attending [[Templepatrick Primary School]] and then [[Methodist College Belfast]]. |
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== Verbreitung == |
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He began writing computer game programming books in 1982 at the age of 15, creating his own games for the [[Sinclair ZX81]]. According to an interview with the BBC, Perry recalls that his first game was a driving game, "a black blob avoiding other black blobs", which he wrote and sent to a magazine, which printed it. He sent them more games and they sent him a check for [[Pound sterling|GBP]]£450—a bit of a problem for a teenager who did not yet have a bank account. His work continued though, until he was offered a job making just £3,500/year. |
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Vorkommen des Australischen Forellenhechtlings sind im Südosten Australiens, vom [[Grose River]] im Osten des Bundesstaates [[New South Wales]] bis zum [[Hopkins River (Australien)|Hopkins River]] (Bundesstaat [[Victoria (Australien)|Victoria]]) bekannt. Er ist auch in [[Tasmanien]] und auf [[King Island (Tasmanien)|King Island]] |
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am westlichen Ende der [[Bass Strait]] zu finden.<ref name="IUCN"/> |
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== Lebensraum und Lebensweise == |
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At the age of 17, he moved to [[London]], where he developed games for publishers such as [[Elite Systems]], [[Mirrorsoft]], and [[Virgin Games]], working on titles such as ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (video games)|The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' and ''[[The Terminator]]''. |
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Der Australischen Forellenhechtling ist eine [[amphidrom]]e Art die die Oberläufe klarer, mäßig bis schnell fließenden Flüsse bewohnt. Manchmal ist er in Höhen über 1000 m zu finden. Er laicht in küstennahen Flüssen, die Laichzeit im australischen Herbst variiert je nach Fluss und Umwelteinflüssen. Ein Weibchen kann annähernd 47.000 Eier legen. Die demersalen (zu Boden sinkenden), nicht anhaftenden Eier haben einen Durchmesser von 0,9 mm. Die Fischlarven werden von den Flüssen ins Meer gespült, wo sich die jungen Australischen Forellenhechtlinge die ersten 6 Monate ihres Lebens aufhalten, danach kehren sie in die Flüsse zurück, wo sie den Rest ihres Lebens verbringen. Der Australische Forellenhechtling ernährt sich von Algen und Wasserinsekten. Mit den kammartigen Kieferzähnen können Insekten von Fadenalgen aufgenommen werden, das schwarze [[Peritoneum|Bauchfell]] könnte von pflanzlichem Anteil in der Nahrung herrühren. <ref name="Berra"/> |
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== Gefährdung == |
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In 1991, he moved to the [[United States]] to work for the American division of Virgin Games, leading the development teams for several award-winning products, including [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s ''[[Disney's Aladdin (video game)|Aladdin]]'', [[7-UP]]'s ''[[Cool Spot]]'', and [[McDonald's]] ''[[Global Gladiators]]. |
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In den 1880er Jahren wurde von einem Massensterben der Australischen Forellenhechtlinge berichtet, das mit der Einführung von Forellen in [[Tasmanien]] zusammenfiel. Saville-Kent deutete 1888 an, dass eine tödliche Krankheit mit den Forellen eingeschleppt wurde und berichtete, dass tote und sterbende Tiere gesehen wurden:<ref name="Recovery_Plan"/>{{Zitat|zu Tausenden die Flüsse hinabtreibend, bedeckt ... mit einem watteartigen Pilzbefall}} |
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Heute sind die Australischen Forellenhechtlinge in vielerlei Hinsicht bedroht. Zum einen durch Dämme und [[Wehr (Wasserbau)|Wehre]], die die Wanderungen zum Meer und zurück, von denen die Art abhängig ist, behindern. Rodungen führen zu einer Verschlammung und Verschlechterung der Wasserqualität. Eingeführte Forellenarten bedrohen die Art durch Verdrängung.<ref name="IUCN"/> |
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On October 1, 1993, Perry formed his own company in [[Laguna Beach, California]], Shiny Entertainment, naming the company after the song "[[Shiny Happy People]]" by [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]]. The company's first game [[Earthworm Jim]] was a hit, selling millions of copies on multiple platforms, including [[Sega Genesis]], [[Super Nintendo]] and PC. The title character, an "average worm" who stumbled upon a magical suit which turned him into a superhero, became immensely popular, and spawned a variety of other types of merchandise: [[action figures]], [[comic books]], and a syndicated television [[cartoon series]] on the Warner Kids Network, with the title character voiced on the show by [[Dan Castellaneta]] (also known as the voice behind [[Homer Simpson]]). |
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Der Australische Forellenhechtling wird unter den bedrohten Arten der Australiens Environment Protection und Biodiversity Conservation 1999 mit dem EPBC Act Status „gefährdet“ (Vulnerable) aufgeführt.<ref name="environment"/> Die [[International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] (IUCN) stuft die Art, da sie von Schutzmaßnahmen abhängig ist, als gering gefährdet, Vorwarnliste (Near Threatened, NT) ein.<ref name="IUCN"/> |
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In [[2002 in video gaming|2002]], Shiny Entertainment was acquired by [[Atari, Inc.]] in a [[United States dollar|US]]$47M deal, with Perry signed to a longterm contract to continue on as President. Also in 2002, Perry collaborated with the [[Wachowski Brothers]] on games in coordination with their [[The Matrix series|Matrix]] series of movies. [http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/fun.games/05/15/cnna.matrix.game/index.html] |
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== Einzelnachweise == |
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In May 2006, Perry then formed a company called [http://www.gameconsultants.com GameConsultants.com], a consultancy firm planning to offer executive level video game industry advice.[http://biz.gamedaily.com/industry/feature/?id=12690] |
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<references> |
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<ref name="Berra">[[Tim M. Berra]]: ''Freshwater Fish Distribution.'' University of Chicago Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0226044422, S. 261-262.</ref> |
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<ref name="environment">''Guidelines for detecting fish listed as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.'' ([http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/publications/pubs/survey-guidelines-fish.pdf Online]; PDF; 602 kB)</ref> |
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<ref name="IUCN">{{IUCN|Year=2011.2|ID=18383|ScientificName=Prototroctes maraena|YearAssessed=2009|Assessor=A. Jenkins, F.F. Kullander, H.H. Tan|Download=17. März 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="gov_au">Australian Government - Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities: ''[http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=26179 Prototroctes maraena — Australian Grayling]''</ref> |
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<ref name="Nelson">Joseph S. Nelson, ''Fishes of the World'', John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 978-0471250319, S. 196.</ref> |
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<ref name="Recovery_Plan">G. Backhouse, J. Jackson, J. O’Connor: ''National Recovery Plan for the Australian Grayling Prototroctes maraena.'' 2008, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, S. 7. ([http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/recovery/australian-grayling/pubs/australian-grayling.pdf Online]; PDF; 694 kB)</ref> |
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</references> |
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== Weblinks == |
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In August 2006, Perry directed an MMORPG called [http://www.2moonsgame.com 2Moons], published by Acclaim Inc. He also created the games BOTS, and a future project, Top Secret, all published by Acclaim. |
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* {{fishbase|g=Prototroctes|s=maraena}} |
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[[Kategorie:Stintartige]] |
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In September 2006, Perry then formed a company called [http://www.gameinvestors.com GameInvestors.com], a business to business company to help video game development teams get funded. |
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In October 2006, Perry announced that he is Directing the first club style Dancing MMO for the United States PC Online Market, this title called [http://dance.acclaim.com DANCE!], due for release in the first quarter of 2007. |
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In February 2008, Perry re-released his [http://www.gameindustrymap.com Game Industry Map] website, a giant, free, games database, mapping thousands of games and game companies on a map of the world, allowing students and industry employees to look up where games are made and companies based. |
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In April 2008, Perry announced [http://www.thefanawards.org thefanawards.org], a Free to Play games site, promoting emerging game design talent, and giving awards and prizes to the best free casual games. Due for release in May 2008. |
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Perry is on the advisory board for the [[Game Developers Conference]], and has spoken at industry venues such as [[E3]], [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]], Hollywood and Games, Digital Hollywood, iHollywood, the Game Developers Conference, [[SIGGRAPH]], Entertainment in the Interactive Age, What Teens Want, TED 2006 [http://www.ted.com], The Banff Summit, IGDA Meetings, as well as at major universities such as [[University of Southern California|USC]], and [[MIT]] [http://web.mit.edu/cms/games/speakers.html]. In 2006 he co-hosted the annual [[Game Developers Choice Awards]] with [[Tommy Tallarico]]. |
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== Works == |
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{{Advert|date=December 2007}} |
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Perry has released an open source reference book (the first of its kind) in Wiki format for game developers to help create with him. [http://www.dpfiles.com/dpfileswiki/index.php?title=DAVID_PERRY%27S_GAME_DESIGN_REFERENCE_GUIDE David Perry Game Design Reference Book] |
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On Feb 23rd, 2007 Perry announced the development of an [[MMOG]] with [[Acclaim Games]], codenamed ''[[Top Secret (video game)|Top Secret]]''. He announced that the creation of the game content would be made by the community who signs up into the team. The project has over 52,000 team members and is being covered by press around the world. The prize to a single individual will be to become (regardless of prior experience) the Director of a future Acclaim MMO title. This person will earn royalties from any games they direct for Acclaim. The goal for the prize was to create a competition with the biggest career boost seen in our industry. As they are going to be thrown in at the deep end, David Perry has even offered himself as an Executive Producer, available to make sure things keep moving forward for them. The others receive credit for the work they put into the game & experience working in a major title. Some get promoted to senior positions like Advisory Board or Moderator and some have already been hired into professional jobs (David Perry made his first hire within 7 days right out of the forums, his second a month later. The second hire is now Perry's Creative Director on a number of web based projects.) The site is being monitored closely by Headhunters who also make themselves available to answer questions and who are on the lookout for talent that surfaces during the development of the project. The net result should be the biggest team in the world making the first major community game together, the biggest career boost prize in gaming history, and a lot of spin-off teams and jobs for the talent that can demonstrate significant talent. |
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NOTE: This has been updated as there have been major mis-understandings what the terms of the prizes are. For more detail just visit www.videogameteam.com |
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Perry has worked on many titles, including: |
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=== Games === |
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{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" align="center" |
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!'''DESCRIPTION''' |
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!'''PUBLISHED BY''' |
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!National ZX80/ZX81 Users Club Magazine (1982) |
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!Interface Publications |
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!Tim Hartnell's Giant Book of Spectrum Games (1983) |
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!Interface Publications |
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!49 Explosive Games for the ZX Spectrum (1983) |
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!Interface Publications |
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|- |
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!Astounding Arcade Games for your Spectrum + & Spectrum (1984) |
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!Interface Publications|- |
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|- |
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!Sord M5 Graphics Demos [Written in BASIC] (1982) |
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!Sord |
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!Drakmaze (Original IP) |
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!Mikro-Gen Software Ltd. |
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!Pot-Holing Pete (Original IP) |
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!Mikro-Gen Software Ltd. |
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!Pyjamarama (Conversion) |
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!Mikro-Gen Software Ltd. |
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!Herbert's Dummy Run (Original IP) |
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!Mikro-Gen Software Ltd. |
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!Three Weeks in Paradise (Original IP) |
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!Mikro-Gen Software Ltd. |
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!Stainless Steel (Original IP) |
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!Mikro-Gen Software Ltd. |
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|- |
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![[Ikari Warriors]] (Arcade Game Conversion - Not Released) |
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!Elite Systems Ltd. |
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!Great Gurianos (Arcade Game Conversion) |
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!Elite Systems Ltd. |
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!Beyond the Ice Palace (Original IP) |
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!Elite Systems Ltd. |
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|- |
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![[Trantor: The Last Stormtrooper]] (Conversion) |
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!via Probe Software -> Go / U.S. Gold Ltd. |
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|- |
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![[Savage (video game)|Savage]] (Original IP) |
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!via Probe Software -> Go / U.S. Gold Ltd. |
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!Tintin on the moon (Comic Book License) |
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!via Probe Software -> Infogrames |
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!Dan Dare III : The Escape (Comic Book License) |
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!via Probe Software -> Virgin Games Ltd |
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![[Paperboy (video game)|Paperboy - II]] (Arcade Game Conversion) |
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!Mindscape International Ltd. |
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![[Captain Planet and the Planeteers|Captain Planet]] (TV Show License) |
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!Mindscape International Ltd. |
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!Extreme (Original IP) |
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!Digital Integration Ltd. |
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![[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles]] (TV Show License) |
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!via Probe Software -> Mirrorsoft Ltd. / Konami |
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![[Smash TV|Smash T.V.]] (Arcade Game Conversion) |
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!via Probe Software -> Ocean Software Ltd. |
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!Supremacy (UK) / Overlord (USA) (Original IP) |
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!via Probe Software -> Virgin Games Ltd. |
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![[The Terminator (1992 video game)|The Terminator]] (Movie License) |
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!via Probe Software -> Virgin Games Ltd. |
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!McDonald's Global Gladiators (Based on McD Characters) |
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!Virgin Games Ltd. |
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![[Cool Spot|7-UP's Cool Spot]] (AdvertGame) |
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!Virgin Games Ltd. |
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!Disney's "Aladdin" (Movie License) |
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!Virgin Games Ltd. |
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!Disney's "The Jungle Book" (Movie License - Not Completed) |
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!Virgin Games Ltd. |
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!The Terminator Sega CD (Licensed DP's Game Engine) |
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!Virgin Games Ltd. |
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!Robocop vs Terminator (Licensed DP's Game Engine) |
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!Virgin Games Ltd. |
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![[Earthworm Jim]] |
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!Playmates Interactive Entertainment |
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![[Earthworm Jim 2]] |
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!Playmates Interactive Entertainment |
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!Earthworm Jim Special Ed. |
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!Interplay Entertainment, Inc. |
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!Earthworm Jim Handheld LCD Game (Not Completed) |
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!Playmates Interactive Entertainment |
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![[MDK (video game)|MDK]] |
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!Playmates Interactive / Interplay Entertainment. |
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![[Wild 9]] |
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!Interplay Entertainment, Inc. |
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!R/C Stunt Copter |
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!Interplay Entertainment Inc. / Titus Games. |
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|- |
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![[Messiah (video game)|Messiah]] |
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!Interplay Entertainment, Inc. |
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![[Enter the Matrix]] |
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!Atari Inc. |
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|- |
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![[The Matrix: Path of Neo]] |
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!Atari Inc. |
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|- |
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!Plague (On Hold - Resigned) |
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!Atari Inc. |
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|- |
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!Earthworm Jim: PSP (On Hold - Resigned) |
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!Atari Inc. |
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|- |
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!Shiny PSP Fighting Game (On Hold - Resigned) |
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!Atari Inc. |
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|- |
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!2Moons (Directing MMORPG) |
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!Acclaim Inc. |
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|- |
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!DANCE! (Directing MMO) |
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!Acclaim Inc. |
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|- |
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!TOP SECRET! (Directing MMO) |
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!Acclaim Inc. |
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|- |
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!Simpsons Game (Consulting) |
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!Electronic Arts |
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|} |
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==References== |
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* ''[[BBC]]'' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3041572.stm "Top developer's code for success"], July 4, 2003 |
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* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0675024/ IMDB entry for David Perry] |
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* [http://www.shiny.com Official Shiny Entertainment website] |
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* [http://www.dperry.com DPerry.com (David Perry's official site)] ([http://www.dperry.com/articles/2003/12/about-dp/ official biography]) |
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* [http://www.dpfiles.com DPFILES.COM Talent Pool Forum] |
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* [http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles/archive/g0810/154g10/154g10.asp&guid= Smart computing, "The Emerald Isle’s ‘Shiny,’ Happy Game Developer"], October 2000 |
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* [http://www.gamedev.net/columns/events/gdc2004/view.asp?SectionID=48 Gamedev.net Interview] |
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* [http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=58 Eurogamer.net Interview] |
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* [http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=62975 Eurogamer.net "Dave Perry resigns from Shiny"], February 20, 2006 |
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* [http://www.disposablemedia.co.uk/8.html Disposable Media Interview, part 1] |
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* [http://www.disposablemedia.co.uk/9.html Disposable Media Interview, part 2] |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/david_perry_on_videogames.html David Perry TEDTalk: Will videogames become better than life?] |
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*[http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,812/ ''David Perry''] profile on [[MobyGames]] |
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*http://www.dperry.com DPERRY.COM - Built to help new Talent into the Video Game Industry. |
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*http://www.dpchat.com DPCHAT.COM - Built to let new Talent discuss the Video Game Industry. |
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*http://www.dpfiles.com/dpfileswiki DPWIKI - Built to let new Talent collaborate on projects. |
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*http://www.gameconsultants.com GameConsultants.com - Perry's company formed in 2006 |
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*[http://topsecret.acclaim.com Project Top Secret] |
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*http://www.gameindustrymap.com GameIndustryMap.com - Perry's free industry resource, a visual games database on a map of the world |
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*http://www.thefanawards.org TheFanAwards.org - Free to Play Games site promoting emerging game talent (in development, signup now open) |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Perry, David}} |
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[[Category:British video game designers]] |
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[[Category:1967 births]] |
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[[Category:Living people]] |
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[[Category:Northern Irish inventors]] |
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[[Category:Irish-Americans]] |
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[[Category:People from Newport Beach, California]] |
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[[Category:People from Lisburn]] |
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[[es:David Perry]] |
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[[fr:David Perry (programmeur)]] |
Version vom 30. März 2013, 08:23 Uhr
Australischer Forellenhechtling | ||||||||||||
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Ein relativ kleiner Australischer Forellenhechtling | ||||||||||||
Systematik | ||||||||||||
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Wissenschaftlicher Name | ||||||||||||
Prototroctes maraena | ||||||||||||
Günther, 1864 |
Der Australische Forellenhechtling (Prototroctes maraena) ist eine 1864 von Albert Günther beschriebene Art von Fischen innerhalb der Familie der Neuseelandlachse (Retropinnidae) aus der Gattung der Forellenhechtlinge (Prototroctes).
Merkmale
Der Australische Forellenhechtling kann eine Standardlänge von mehr als 30 cm erreichen, übertrifft heute aber nur selten 25 cm.[1] Er ist am Rücken dunkelbraun bis olivgrün, an den Seiten grünlich-bronzefarben, gelegentlich mit einem stahlblauen Schimmer. Die Kiemendeckel sind silberfarben, die Bauchseite und die Unterseite des Kopfes silberweißlich bis gelblich. Die Flossen sind transparent bis gräulich oder strohfarben.[2] Die Rückenflosse sitzt über den Bauchflossen, eine Fettflosse ist vorhanden. Die Maxillare ist zahnlos, den Unterkiefer umgibt ein horniger Rand. Die Anzahl Wirbel beträgt 62 bis 72.[3]
Frisch duftet der Australische Forellenhechtling nach Gurke. Die meisten Tiere werden zwei bis drei, manche bis zu 5 Jahre alt.[1]
Verbreitung
Vorkommen des Australischen Forellenhechtlings sind im Südosten Australiens, vom Grose River im Osten des Bundesstaates New South Wales bis zum Hopkins River (Bundesstaat Victoria) bekannt. Er ist auch in Tasmanien und auf King Island am westlichen Ende der Bass Strait zu finden.[4]
Lebensraum und Lebensweise
Der Australischen Forellenhechtling ist eine amphidrome Art die die Oberläufe klarer, mäßig bis schnell fließenden Flüsse bewohnt. Manchmal ist er in Höhen über 1000 m zu finden. Er laicht in küstennahen Flüssen, die Laichzeit im australischen Herbst variiert je nach Fluss und Umwelteinflüssen. Ein Weibchen kann annähernd 47.000 Eier legen. Die demersalen (zu Boden sinkenden), nicht anhaftenden Eier haben einen Durchmesser von 0,9 mm. Die Fischlarven werden von den Flüssen ins Meer gespült, wo sich die jungen Australischen Forellenhechtlinge die ersten 6 Monate ihres Lebens aufhalten, danach kehren sie in die Flüsse zurück, wo sie den Rest ihres Lebens verbringen. Der Australische Forellenhechtling ernährt sich von Algen und Wasserinsekten. Mit den kammartigen Kieferzähnen können Insekten von Fadenalgen aufgenommen werden, das schwarze Bauchfell könnte von pflanzlichem Anteil in der Nahrung herrühren. [1]
Gefährdung
In den 1880er Jahren wurde von einem Massensterben der Australischen Forellenhechtlinge berichtet, das mit der Einführung von Forellen in Tasmanien zusammenfiel. Saville-Kent deutete 1888 an, dass eine tödliche Krankheit mit den Forellen eingeschleppt wurde und berichtete, dass tote und sterbende Tiere gesehen wurden:[5]
„zu Tausenden die Flüsse hinabtreibend, bedeckt ... mit einem watteartigen Pilzbefall“
Heute sind die Australischen Forellenhechtlinge in vielerlei Hinsicht bedroht. Zum einen durch Dämme und Wehre, die die Wanderungen zum Meer und zurück, von denen die Art abhängig ist, behindern. Rodungen führen zu einer Verschlammung und Verschlechterung der Wasserqualität. Eingeführte Forellenarten bedrohen die Art durch Verdrängung.[4]
Der Australische Forellenhechtling wird unter den bedrohten Arten der Australiens Environment Protection und Biodiversity Conservation 1999 mit dem EPBC Act Status „gefährdet“ (Vulnerable) aufgeführt.[6] Die International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) stuft die Art, da sie von Schutzmaßnahmen abhängig ist, als gering gefährdet, Vorwarnliste (Near Threatened, NT) ein.[4]
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ a b c Tim M. Berra: Freshwater Fish Distribution. University of Chicago Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0226044422, S. 261-262.
- ↑ Australian Government - Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities: Prototroctes maraena — Australian Grayling
- ↑ Joseph S. Nelson, Fishes of the World, John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 978-0471250319, S. 196.
- ↑ a b c Prototroctes maraena in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011.2. Eingestellt von: A. Jenkins, F.F. Kullander, H.H. Tan, 2009. Abgerufen am 17. März 2012.
- ↑ G. Backhouse, J. Jackson, J. O’Connor: National Recovery Plan for the Australian Grayling Prototroctes maraena. 2008, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, S. 7. (Online; PDF; 694 kB)
- ↑ Guidelines for detecting fish listed as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. (Online; PDF; 602 kB)
Weblinks
- Australischer Forellenhechtling auf Fishbase.org (englisch)