View source for Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages

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{{guideline|WP:HOW|WP:COMPLEX}}

This page tells '''how to write articles in Simple English'''. Articles in Simple English Wikipedia are for everyone. This includes children and adults who are learning English. Articles should be about [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] [[Encyclopedia|encyclopedic]] subjects. 

== Think about our readers ==
First, think about our readers. Many readers of [[Wikipedia:Simple English Wikipedia#Simple English|Simple English]] are people whose [[first language]] is not English. Other readers may be young (they may be [[child]]ren who do not have much knowledge of [[English language|English]]) or have [[Learning disability|learning difficulties]]. The language is simple, but the ideas do not have to be. If you find anything wrong, please correct it.

== Basic English and VOA Special English ==
Simple English Wikipedia follows some of the rules of [[Basic English]], but is not so strict about using only a certain number of words. Every day, Simple English changes, and does not have only one word list. A good starting point to writing in Simple English is to learn to write using [[Basic English]] words. This helps you to write with a smaller, controlled [[vocabulary]].

Start with [[Basic English]] (BE) [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist|850]]. Your readers may know the [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist|BE 850]] words. If your writing sounds strange or is not clear, use a less common word. The less common word may be in [[BE 1500]] or [[Special English|Voice Of America (VOA) Special English]].

=== Example ===
The example below shows why we do not insist on using only [[Basic English]] words. The full English sentence is from [[Winston Churchill]]:
:Full English: {{!xt|I have nothing to offer but ''blood, toil, tears, and sweat''.}}
:Basic English [BE 850]: {{xt|''... blood, hard work, drops from eyes, and body water.''}}

* {{xt|''Blood''}} is a [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist|BE 850]] word.
* {{!xt|''Hard work''}} is good for those who understand English as their [[Mother tongue|mother language]]. But a learner could understand the word ''hard'' as "solid" or "difficult to understand". Perhaps {{xt|much work}} is better.
* {{!xt|''Drops from eyes''}} sounds strange to people whose mother language is English. {{xt|''Tears''}} is a [[BE 1500]] word, and you can use it.
* {{!xt|''Body water''}} also sounds strange to a person whose mother language is English. {{xt|''Sweat''}} and {{xt|''perspiration''}} both sound better. {{xt|''Sweat''}} is a more common word, and you can use it by linking to the article on [[sweat]]. Often, for difficult words that are from [[Latin]] (such as "perspiration") there will also be a native ([[Old English]] or [[Anglo-Saxon]]) word such as "sweat" meaning the same thing that is much more common and basic, but this is not always the case.

Another way is to write the more difficult words, but explain what they mean in parentheses, "{{xt|(}}" and "{{xt|)}}", if they cannot be linked.  For example, write "[[blood]], toil (hard work), [[tear]]s, and [[sweat]]".

===Method===
# Write your words normally, as you would in speaking to ordinary people.
# Look for your words in the word lists. Try to use the simplest word list:
## In Basic English [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist|BE 850]] ([[Wikipedia:Basic English picture wordlist|pictures]])
## In Basic English [[BE 1500]]. 
## In [[Special English|VOA Special English]] [[Wikipedia:VOA Special English Word Book|Word Book]].
## If a word is a name, [[idiom]]atic (the meaning of the words is not clear from the roots), or [[jargon]] (special words used by experts), then it should be described in more detail. Linking to an article about the word can also help. 
##: ''Stephen Hawking was a [[cosmology|cosmologist]]—someone who studies the structure of the [[universe]] (stars and space).''
## Not all words can have a good encyclopedia article written about them.  To link to the dictionary definition of a word rather than an encyclopedic article, link to the [[wikt:Main Page|Simple English Wiktionary]] using a link like ''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>wikt:this'''''|''''']]'' (put your word in place of "this"). For a more complex definition, you may also link to the [[:en:wikt:Main Page|English Wiktionary]] like this:'' <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:wikt:this'''''|''''']]''.
# Change to [[Voice (grammar)|active voice]]. Example: change from "The bird was eaten by the cat." ([[Voice (grammar)|passive voice]]) to "The cat ate the bird."
# Look for a Basic English verb in past or present only.
# For writing about science or trade, do as asked by the process of [[Simplified English|AECMA Simplified English]] (see ''Other websites'' below for International Aerospace Maintenance Language).
#After finishing the article, check to have at least one link (to another article in Simple English Wikipedia) and add it to [[Wikidata]]. The first is so the article is not a dead-end article, and the second is so that it gets connected to other language versions.

== Simple sentence structure ==
[[Simple sentence]]s are easier to understand than complex ones. The simplest sentence structure in English is ''subject-verb-object-period'', ''subject-verb-object-period'' and so on. Try to use the simplest sentences that make sense.

You should begin by writing simple sentences naturally when you add something to Simple Wikipedia. In your mind, do not phrase your sentence obscurely and then try to convert it to something simpler. Get in the habit of thinking in clear, direct English, without unnecessary words. But never be afraid to add a few words to make a sentence clearer. Simple English is ''not'' shorter English, although it frequently has shorter sentences.

Often, simple English ''needs'' more words than ordinary English. Sometimes this is because of "filler words" (extra words), where the words act as a mental pause, allowing the reader to catch up with your thought. When changing an article from the English Wikipedia, often your Simple English article uses 25% to 50% more words than in standard English. When the original English is poorly structured, you may need much more space.

Please remember to use this guideline and all Wikipedia rules with [[common sense]]. It is more important to follow the main ideas of simple sentence structure than it is to cut every possible sentence to its simplest form.

=== Guidelines ===
# '''Always start by using ''simple sentences'''''. For example:
#* {{xt|John Smith walked his dog.}}
#:'''Subject''': {{xt|''John Smith''}}
#:'''Verb''': {{xt|''walked''}}
#:'''Direct object''': {{xt|''his dog''}}
#::and
#* {{xt|John Smith walked his dog to the supermarket.}}
#:'''Subject''': {{xt|''John Smith''}}
#:'''Verb''': {{xt|''walked''}}
#:'''Direct object''': {{xt|''his dog''}}
#:'''Indirect object''' (also prepositional phrase): {{xt|''to the supermarket''}}
#::but, if possible, not
#* {{xt|John Smith walked to the supermarket with his dog.}}
#:'''Subject''': {{xt|''John Smith''}}
#:'''Verb''': {{xt|''walked''}}
#:Two '''indirect objects''' referring to the subject: {{xt|''to the supermarket''}} and {{xt|''with his dog''}}
# '''Try to avoid ''compound sentences''''' &ndash; those with embedded conjunctions (and, or, but, however, etc.) &ndash; when possible. Write this:
#* '''Good''': {{xt|John Smith walked his dog. Later, he was tired.}}
#::instead of
#* '''Less good''': {{!xt|John Smith walked his dog but later he was tired.}}
#::''But'' this is not a guideline in favor of short sentences. For example:
#* '''Good''': {{xt|John Smith walked his big, hairy dog, Bluto, to the supermarket on Main Street. Later, he was so tired that he collapsed onto his bed exhausted.}}
# If you must use ''complex sentences'' &ndash; those with both independent clauses (which express a complete thought) and at least one subordinate clause (starting with a word like although, because, who, which, etc.) &ndash; '''try to have only one subordinate clause''', like this:
#* {{xt|John Smith walked his dog to the supermarket because he was hungry.}}
#:'''Subject''': {{xt|''John Smith''}}
#:'''Verb''': {{xt|''walked''}}
#:'''Direct object''': {{xt|''his dog''}}
#:'''Indirect object''' (also prepositional phrase): {{xt|''to the supermarket''}}
#:'''Dependent clause''': {{xt|''because he was hungry''}}
#::For example:
#* '''Bad''': {{!xt|John Smith, who was very tired, walked his dog to the supermarket because he was hungry but he returned to his home still hungry and even more tired because the market was closed.}}
#* '''Clauses''': {{xt|''who was very tired''}}; {{xt|''because he was hungry''}}; {{xt|''but he returned to his home''}}; {{xt|''and even more tired''}} and {{xt|''because the market was closed''}}
#* '''Better''': {{xt|John Smith was very tired. Nevertheless, he walked his dog to the supermarket because he was hungry. But the market was closed. So he returned to his home still hungry and even more tired.}}
# '''Try not to use ''compound-complex sentences''''', with multiple independent and dependent clauses.
#* '''Bad''': {{!xt|John Smith walked his dog to the supermarket where he thought he might buy some apples, but Mary Jones, who considered herself superior to John (although many people believed that she didn't have any reason to feel that way), arrived first and spitefully bought the remaining three apples and so John, who was very mad at Mary by this time, had to go home hungry anyway.}}
#* '''Better''': {{xt|John Smith walked his dog to the supermarket, thinking he might buy some apples. However, Mary Jones arrived first, and bought the last three. She did this just for spite. She considered herself superior to John, though many thought she had no reason to feel that way. By this time, John was very mad at Mary, but he had to go home hungry anyway.}}

{| style="margin:auto; width: 50%; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;" <!-- The hidden comments keep wikitext readable. Please don't remove them. -->
|+ To sum up, the preferred sentence forms are:
|- style="background: #CCC;"
| 1. || Subject || - || Verb || - || DirectObject ||   || <!--       --> ||   || <!--          -->
|- style="background: #FFF;"
| 2. || Subject || - || Verb || - || <!--     --> ||   || IndirectObject ||   || <!--          -->
|- style="background: #CCC;"
| 3. || Subject || - || Verb || - || DirectObject || - || IndirectObject ||   || <!--          -->
|- style="background: #FFF;"
| 4. || Subject || - || Verb || - || DirectObject || - || <!--       --> ||   || SubordinateClause
|- style="background: #CCC;"
| 5. || Subject || - || Verb || - || DirectObject || - || IndirectObject || - || SubordinateClause
|}

=== Rewriting existing sentences ===
Here are some suggestions about how to change complex sentence structures into simpler ones. They can be applied over and over again to the same sentence until you feel the sentence is simple enough for this Wikipedia. Although listed in order of complexity, the ideas can be applied in any order.

==== Suggestions ====
# When you see ''and'', ''or'', ''but'', ''for'', ''so'', ''yet'' and other [[wikt:conjunction|conjunctions]] that link two independent thoughts in the same sentence:
## Remove the conjunction.
## Add a period at the end of the word that preceded the conjunction.
## Capitalize the first word that followed the conjunction.
## You may have to add new punctuation, usually in the second sentence.
#:Example:
#::{{!xt|John Smith walked his dog but later he was tired.}}
#:::becomes
#::{{xt|John Smith walked his dog. Later, he was tired.}}
# When the subject is missing from the second thought, add the appropriate [[wikt:pronoun|pronoun]].
#:Example:
#::{{!xt|John Smith walked his dog and later petted Mary's cat.}}
#:::becomes
#::{{xt|John Smith walked his dog. Later, he petted Mary's cat.}}
# You can always split a sentence at a [[semicolon]].
#:Example:
#::{{!xt|John Smith liked to walk his dog''';''' today, however, the dog was sick.}}
#:::becomes
#::{{xt|John Smith liked to walk his dog. Today, however, the dog was sick.}}
#* a. When the [[conjunction]] expresses significant meaning (usually how or why the subject arrived at the current state), you might consider leaving the conjunction in place as the start of the second sentence.
#*:Example:
#::{{!xt|John Smith walked his dog, but he didn't like it.}}
#:::becomes
#::{{xt|John Smith walked his dog. But he did not like it.}}
#::(here {{xt|''but''}} is the conjunction that now starts the next sentence).
#* b. You might also want to change the order of the sentences, and change the conjunction if necessary.
#*:Example:
#::{{!xt|John Smith walked his dog even though he was very tired.}}
#:::becomes
#::{{xt|John Smith was very tired. Even so, he walked his dog.}}
# If you see more than one subordinate or dependent clause in a sentence, you can usually isolate all but one by:
## Changing the order of the sentences so that the most important information comes first.
## Starting all but the first sentence with the filler words: ''this'' or ''this is'' or ''this was due to'' and so forth.
#:Example:
#::{{!xt|John Smith walked his dog, which made him angry because the dog always cut into on-coming traffic, which, in turn, made the drivers angry at John, not the dog.}}
#:::becomes
#::{{xt|John Smith was angry while walking his dog. This was because the dog would always cut into on-coming traffic. This, in turn, made the drivers irritated at John, not the dog.}}
# When you see a dependent clause occurring in the middle of a sentence (normally separated by commas or parentheses), you can usually detach it and make it a separate sentence, again with the appropriate pronoun.
#:Example:
#::{{!xt|''John Smith, who was very tired, walked his dog...''}}
#:::becomes
#::{{xt|''John Smith was very tired. He walked his dog...''}}

====A real-world example====
Before changing, these two paragraphs were in the Wikipedia article on the [[Sun]]:

:[[Earth]]'s fate is still a bit of a mystery. Previous calculations show that due to the [[solar wind]] (which drops 30% of the sun's mass), Earth could escape to a higher orbit. But a newer study shows that, due to the tidal forces, Earth would possibly vanish itself while the sun continues to get bigger, although the sun will lose mass.

:Anyway, Earth's ocean and air would long have worn out, even if the sun is still in its main sequence stage. After the Sun reaches a point where it can no longer get bigger, the Sun will literally explode, but not like a [[supernova]], but rather, it will expand rapidly and lose its layers, forming a [[planetary nebula]]. Eventually the sun will shrink into a [[white dwarf]], and over several hundred billion, even trillion years (100,000,000,000 to 1,000,000,000,000 years), fade to a [[black dwarf]]

After changing, these paragraphs looked like this:

:[[Earth]]'s fate is still a bit of a mystery. In the long term, the Earth's future depends on the Sun, and the Sun is going to be fairly stable for the next 5 [[billion]] years.<ref>The Sun's evolution. [http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~infocom/The%20Website/evolution.html]</ref><ref>Goldsmith D. & Owen T. 2001. ''The search for life in the universe''. University Science Books, p. 96. {{ISBN|978-1-891389-16-0}}</ref>  Calculations suggest that the Earth might move to a wider orbit. This is because about 30% of the Sun's mass will blow away in the [[solar wind]]. However, in the very long term, the Earth will probably be destroyed as the Sun increases in size. Stars like the Sun become [[red giant]]s at a later stage.<ref>Schröder K.-P. & Smith R.C. 2008. Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited. ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'' '''386''' (1): 155–163. [http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/386/1/155]</ref> The Sun will expand beyond the orbits of Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth. In any event, the Earth's ocean and air would have vanished before the Sun gets to that stage.

:After the Sun reaches a point where it can no longer get bigger, it will lose its layers and form a [[planetary nebula]]. Eventually, the Sun will shrink into a [[white dwarf]]. Then, over several hundred billion or even a trillion years, the Sun would fade into a [[black dwarf]]. 

These changes were ''not'' just a matter of language. It did need some subject-matter understanding. The latest version has changes in the language, and better science, with some sources.

==Simple Introduction==
Please also read the guideline about the article's [[WP:SI|introduction]] which must be written in a simplified format so that readers with an English comprehension level of a student in the US grades of 7-9 can read and a non-expert in the topic can understand. 

== What not to do ==
Do '''not'''...
* use poor grammar or incorrect spelling.
* use bad English: This is Simple English, not bad English.
* use contractions (such as I've, can't, hasn't). Instead, do use long forms as this allows learners to recognize familiar grammatical patterns.
* use complex sentences.
* use [[idiom]]s (one or more words that together mean something other than what they say).
* use words you are not sure about without using a [[dictionary]].
* write articles so short that they offer no useful information.
* write in the [[grammatical person|second person]]. Good encyclopedia articles are never addressed to "you". Do not make statements about "you".
* put links in titles (or other elements that structure the article). Try to keep the navigation and the structure of an article separate.
* just copy a whole article from the [[:en:|normal English Wikipedia]] and leave it like that without simplifying it. If you do not simplify it, it will be difficult to understand, and is likely to be [[WP:QD|quickly deleted]]. See [[Help:Translate English into Simple English]]

== Related pages ==
* [[Basic English]]
* [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]] &ndash; discussion
* [[Wikipedia:Words to avoid in Simple English]]
* [[Wikipedia:Examples of simpler English]]
* [[Help:How to change pages]]
* [[Wikipedia:Aids for writing Simple English]]
* [[Help:Translate English into Simple English]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:An English Wikipedian's guide]] discusses differences from the English Wikipedia

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [http://ogden.basic-english.org/basiceng.html Ogden's Basic English web site]
** [http://ogden.basic-english.org/wordalpn.html BE 1,500]
** [http://ogden.basic-english.org/intlword.html Supplementary and Special Word Lists]
** [http://ogden.basic-english.org/verbs.html BE Verbs]
* [http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/index.cfm VOA Special English official web site]
* [http://www.asd-ste100.org/ ASD Simplified Technical English]
* [http://www.online-utility.org/english/simple_basic_helper.jsp Online utility for checking Basic English text] &ndash; supports Basic English and various other dictionaries
* [https://www.sfu.ca/wp/distance.htm Writing and Publishing Program]: online writing courses (from Simon Fraser University in Canada)
* [http://wordcount.org/main.php Wordcount, a very ''rough'', but easy to use, guide on how often words are used].