View source for Help:IPA/Dutch

__notoc__
{{IPA key|H:IPA-NL|H:IPAD}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Dutch language|Dutch]] pronunciations in SImple Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Simple Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-nl}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Dutch phonology]] for a extensive look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! colspan="3" | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! IPA
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''b'''eet}}
| '''''b'''ait''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|d}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''d'''ak}}
| '''''d'''uck''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''f'''iets}}
| '''''f'''eats''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''g'''aan}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced|Generally, the southern varieties preserve the {{IPA|/f/}}–{{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/x/}}–{{IPA|/ɣ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}}–{{IPA|/z/}} contrasts.<ref name="gus74">{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}</ref><ref name="cm48">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=48}}</ref> Southern {{IPA|/x/}}, {{IPA|/ɣ/}} may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal.<ref name="cm48"/> In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} into a post-velar {{IPA|[x̠]}} or uvular {{IPAblink|χ}};<ref name="gus74"/><ref name="cm48"/> most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent {{IPA|/f/}}–{{IPA|/v/}} contrast.<ref name="cm48"/> In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} are also not distinguished.<ref name="cm48"/> {{IPA|/ʒ/}} often joins this neutralization by merging with {{IPA|/ʃ/}}. In some accents, {{IPAslink|ɦ}} is also devoiced to {{IPAblink|h}}. See also [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]].}}
| no English equivalent; roughly like ''lo'''ch''''' (Scottish) but voiced 
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''h'''ad}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}
| ''be'''h'''ind''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''j'''as}}
| '''''y'''ard''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''k'''at}}, {{lang|nl|'''c'''abaret}}
| ''s'''ch'''ool''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''l'''and}}
| '''''l'''and''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''m'''ens}}
| '''''m'''an''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''n'''ek}}{{efn|name=final n}}
| '''''n'''eck''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|e'''ng'''}}
| ''lo'''ng'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''p'''en}}, {{lang|nl|ri'''b'''}}{{efn|name=devoicing}}
| ''s'''p'''ort''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''r'''as}}{{efn|name=r}}
| [[trilled R]] or [[guttural R]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''s'''ok}}
| '''''s'''ock''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|t}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''t'''ak}}, {{lang|nl|ha'''d'''}}{{efn|name=devoicing}}
| ''s'''t'''op''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''v'''er}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}
| '''''v'''ery''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''w'''ang}}{{efn|name=w}}
| between '''''w'''ine'' and '''''v'''ine''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|a'''ch'''t}},{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}} {{lang|nl|we'''g'''}}{{efn|name=devoicing}}
| ''lo'''ch''''' ([[Scottish English]])
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|z}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''z'''eep}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}
| '''''z'''ip''
|-
! colspan="3" | Marginal consonants
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|c}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|tien'''tj'''e}}, {{lang|nl|'''ch'''eck}}{{efn|name=palatal}}
| '''''ch'''eer''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''g'''oal}}{{efn|name=g}}
| '''''g'''oal''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɟ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''G'''iovanni}}{{efn|name=palatal}}
| '''''j'''eep''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|ora'''nj'''e}}, {{lang|nl|Trij'''n'''tje}}{{efn|name=palatal}}
| somewhat like ''ca'''ny'''on''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''sj'''abloon}}, {{lang|nl|'''ch'''ef}}{{efn|name=palatal}}
| '''''sh'''all''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''j'''ury}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}{{efn|name=palatal}}
| ''vi'''si'''on''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʔ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''eë'''indig}} {{IPA|[bəˈʔɛindəx]}},<br/>{{lang|nl|[[Trijntje Oosterhuis|Trijntj'''e Oo'''sterhuis]]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-ə ˈʔoː-]}}{{efn|name=glottal stop}}
| [[glottal stop|catch]] in ''uh'''-'''oh!''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|v<u>oo</u>rkomen}}<br>{{lang|nl|voork<u>o</u>men}}
| rowspan="2" | as in ''commandeer''<br>{{IPA|/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˌ}}</big>
|-
! colspan="3" | Other representations
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ə(n)}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|mak'''en'''}}
| optional {{IPA|/n/}} in the {{IPA|/ən/}} ending; not pronounced in many dialects{{efn|name=final n}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! colspan="3" | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! IPA
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Checked and free vowels|Checked vowels]]{{efn|name=checked free}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɑ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''a'''d}}
| ''f'''a'''ther'', ''but rather short''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''e'''d}}
| ''b'''e'''d''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|v'''i'''s}}
| ''s'''i'''t''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''o'''t}}
| '''''o'''ff''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɵ|ʏ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|h'''u'''t}}
| roughly like ''n'''ur'''se''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Checked and free vowels|Free vowels]] and [[diphthong]]s{{efn|name=checked free}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|aː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''aa'''p}}
| ''f'''a'''ther''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''ee'''t}}, {{lang|nl|'''e'''zel}}{{efn|name=mid vowels|For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels {{IPAslink|eː}}, {{IPAslink|øː}} and {{IPAslink|oː}} are realised as slightly closing diphthongs {{IPA|[eɪ]}}, {{IPA|[øʏ]}} and {{IPA|[oʊ]}}, unless they precede {{IPA|/r/}} within the same syllable.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1999|p=76}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–134}}</ref> The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of [[Bruges]], but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See [[Dutch phonology#Monophthongs]] for more details.}}
| ''m'''a'''de''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|hem'''e'''l}}
| '''''a'''gain''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|d'''ie'''p}}
| ''d'''ee'''p''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''oo'''t}}{{efn|name=mid vowels}}
| ''st'''o'''ry''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|y}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|f'''uu'''t}}
| roughly like ''f'''ew'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|øː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|n'''eu'''s}}{{efn|name=mid vowels}}
| roughly like ''f'''ur'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|h'''oe'''d}}
| ''b'''oo'''t''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɑi}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''ai'''}}
| ''pr'''i'''ce''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|aːi}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|dr'''aai'''}}
| ''pr'''i'''ze''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ʌu}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|j'''ou'''}}, {{lang|nl|d'''auw'''}}{{efn|name=diphthongs}}
| '''''ou'''t''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛi}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''ij'''t}}, {{lang|nl|'''ei'''}}{{efn|name=diphthongs|The exact quality of diphthongs varies; Netherlandic Standard Dutch has somewhat more open (in case of {{IPA|/ʌu/}} and often {{IPA|/œy/}} also unrounded) first elements: {{IPA|[æi]}}, {{IPA|[ɐy]}}, {{IPA|[ɑu]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=135}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rietveld|Van Heuven|2009|p=70}}. Authors state that "in most northern areas, {{IPA|/œy/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ʌ̈y̯]}}."</ref> In Belgian Standard Dutch, they begin in the open-mid region, and the last diphthong has a rounded first element: {{IPA|[ɛi]}}, {{IPA|[œy]}}, {{IPA|[ɔu]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=135–136}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}</ref> In Belgium, the onset of {{IPA|/œy/}} can also be unrounded to {{IPA|[ɐy]}}.<ref name="cm136">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=136}}</ref> Some non-standard dialects (e.g. many southern dialects) realise these diphthongs as either narrow diphthongs or (as in The Hague dialect) long monophthongs.<ref name="cm136"/> See {{section link|Dutch phonology|Diphthongs}} for more details.}}
| ''m'''ay'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|eːu}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|sn'''eeuw'''}}
| ''s'''ay oo'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|iu}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|n'''ieuw'''}}
| '''''ew''''' or ''fr'''ee w'''ill''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɔi}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|h'''oi'''}}
| ''ch'''oi'''ce''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|oːi}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|n'''ooi'''t}}
| ''b'''oy'''s''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|œy}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''ui'''t}}{{efn|name=diphthongs}}
| ''h'''ou'''se'' ([[Scottish English]])
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ui}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|gr'''oei'''}}
| ''t'''o e'''ternity''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|yu}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|d'''uw'''}}
| ''f'''ew w'''ould''
|-
! colspan="3" | Marginal vowels
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|sc'''è'''ne}}{{efn|name=open-mid front}}
| ''squ'''are''''' ([[British English]])
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|anal'''y'''se}}, {{lang|nl|d'''ie'''r}}{{efn|name=pre-r}}
| ''wh'''ee'''ze''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|r'''o'''ze}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}{{efn|name=open-mid back}}
| ''th'''ough'''t''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|œː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|fr'''eu'''le}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}
| roughly like ''f'''ur'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|cr'''ui'''se}}, {{lang|nl|b'''oe'''r}}{{efn|name=pre-r}}
| ''r'''u'''le''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|yː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|centrif'''u'''ge}}, {{lang|nl|k'''uu'''r}}{{efn|name=pre-r}}
| roughly like ''f'''u'''gue''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɑ̃ː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|g'''en'''re}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}
| roughly like ''croiss'''an'''t''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛ̃ː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|haut'''ain'''}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}
| roughly like ''doy'''en'''''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɔ̃ː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|chans'''on'''}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}
| roughly like ''m'''on'''tage''
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=palatal|The alveolo-palatal stops {{IPA|[c]}} and {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, the fricatives {{IPA|[ʃ]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, and the [[palatal nasal|nasal]] {{IPA|[ɲ]}} are allophones of the sequences {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}}, {{IPA|/zj/}} and {{IPA|/nj/}}. {{IPA|[ɟ]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}} occur only in loanwords. {{IPA|[ɲ]}} also occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|/tj/}} (realized as {{IPA|[c]}}).}}
{{efn|name=devoicing|Dutch [[Final-obstruent devoicing|devoices]] all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final {{IPA|/d/}} becomes {{IPAblink|t}}). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural ''hui'''z'''en'' ('houses') becomes ''hui'''s''''' ('house') in singular, and ''dui'''v'''en'' ('doves') becomes ''dui'''f''''' ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural ''baar'''d'''en'' {{IPA|[ˈbaːrdə(n)]}} ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling ''baar'''d''''' ('beard'), but pronounced as {{IPA|[baːrt]}}; and plural ''ri'''bb'''en'' {{IPA|[ˈrɪbə(n)]}} ('ribs') has singular ''ri'''b''''', pronounced as {{IPA|[rɪp]}}.  Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. ''het vee'' ('the cattle') is {{IPA|[ɦət ˈfeː]}}}}
{{efn|name=final n|The final ‹n› of the plural ending -''en'' is usually not pronounced, except in the North East (Low Saxon) and the South West (East and West Flemish) where the ending becomes a syllabic {{IPA|[n̩]}} sound. The syllabic pronunciation is considered to be strongly non-standard, especially in the Netherlands.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}}}
{{efn|name=r|The realization of the {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as the [[alveolar trill]] {{IPA|[r]}} or as a [[uvular trill]] {{IPA|[ʀ]}}. In some dialects, it is realized as an [[alveolar flap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} or even as an [[alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}}.}}
{{efn|name=w|The realization of the {{IPA|/ʋ/}} phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a [[labiodental approximant]] {{IPA|[ʋ]}}, or even a [[voiced labiodental fricative]] {{IPA|[v]}}. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a [[voiced bilabial fricative|bilabial approximant]] {{IPA|[β̞]}} (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the [[labiovelar approximant]] {{IPA|[w]}}.}}
{{efn|name=glottal stop|The [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}} is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between {{IPA|[aː]}} and {{IPA|[ə]}} and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries. Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels and before any word-initial vowel. This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.}}
{{efn|name=g|{{IPAslink|ɡ}} is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords, like ''goal'' or when {{IPA|/k/}} is voiced, like in ''zakdoek'' {{IPA|[ˈzɑɡduk]}}.}}
{{efn|name=checked free|The "checked" vowels {{IPAslink|ɑ}}, {{IPAslink|ɛ}}, {{IPAslink|ɪ}}, {{IPAslink|ɔ}}, and {{IPAslink|ʏ}} occur only in [[Syllable#Open and closed|closed syllables]], while their "free" counterparts {{IPAslink|ä|aː}}, {{IPAslink|eː}}, {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAslink|oː}}, and {{IPAslink|y}} can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels).}}
{{efn|name=non-native vowels|Found in loanwords.}}
{{efn|name=open-mid back|In Belgium, {{IPA|/ɔː/}} tends to be pronounced the same as {{IPA|/oː/}}.}}
{{efn|name=open-mid front|Mainly found in loanwords.}}
{{efn|name=pre-r|Found in loanwords as a separate phoneme, and as an allophone of its shorter counterpart before {{IPA|/r/}} in both native and non-native words.}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation
|last=Collins
|first=Beverley
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|year=2003
|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition
|isbn=9004103406
|url=http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf
}}
*{{citation
|last=Gussenhoven
|first=Carlos
|year=1999
|chapter=Dutch
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|pages=74–77
|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231848048_Dutch
}}
*{{citation
|last=Rietveld
|first=A.C.M.
|last2=Van Heuven
|first2=V.J.
|year=2009
|title=Algemene Fonetiek
|publisher=Uitgeverij Coutinho
}}
*{{citation
|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2005
|title=Belgian Standard Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=35
|issue=2
|pages=243–247
|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/40E060F565C2A84B07993980D2957D49/S0025100305002173a.pdf/belgian_standard_dutch.pdf
}}
{{refend}}

==Other websites==
* [http://www.woorden.org/ Nederlands woordenboek]

{{IPA keys}}