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{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="margin-left:0%"
| style="font-weight:bold; color:white; background-color:grey; text-indent:6%" | Switch rework
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{{use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{use American English|date=August 2018}} <!-- unless official translations dictate otherwise -->

* current sub-article located on wikipedia proper : {{section link|Open energy system models|SWITCH}}
* the capitalization of Switch elsewhere will be fixed on transfer
* Matthias or Switch team to confirm (either email me or make the edits yourself here):
** suitably licensed '''diagram''' (mostly for its role in breaking up text!)
** any reliable secondary sources to support the fact that Switch was '''instrumental in shifting the PUC''' (I have somewhat exceeded my role as a Wikipedia editor by including unsourced information)

{{nbsp}}

== DUMMY HEADER ==  <!-- dummy level one heading, omit on transfer-->

=== Switch ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Switch
|-
! Host
| [[University of Hawaiʻi]]
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| optimal planning
|-
! Code license
| [[Apache License|Apache 2.0]]
|-
! Website
| {{url|http://switch-model.org}}
|-
! Repository
| {{url|https://github.com/switch-model}}
|}

Switch is a loose acronym for solar, wind, conventional and hydroelectric generation, and transmission.  Switch is an optimal planning model for power systems with large shares of renewable energy, [[grid energy storage|grid storage]], and [[demand response]].  Switch is being developed by the Department of Electrical Engineering, [[University of Hawaiʻi]], [[Mānoa]], [[Hawaii]], USA.  The project runs a small website and hosts its [[codebase]] and [[Data (computing)|datasets]] on [[GitHub]].  Switch is written in [[Pyomo]], an optimization components library programmed in [[Python (programming language)|Python]].  Any solver supported by Pyomo can be used, including the open source [[GLPK]] and [[COIN-OR#CBC|Cbc]] solvers and commercial packages like [[CPLEX]] and [[Gurobi]].

Major version{{nbsp}}2.0 was released in August 2018 and serves as the basis for the following description.<ref name="johnston-etal-2018">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Johnston | first1 = Josiah
 | last2 = Henríquez | first2 = Rodrigo
 | last3 = Maluenda | first3 = Benjamín
 | last4 = Fripp | first4 = Matthias
 | title = Switch 2.0: a modern platform for planning high-renewable power systems
 | date = 17 October 2018
 | journal =
 | volume =
 | issue =
 | pages =
 | arxiv = 1804.05481
 | doi =
 | issn =
 | url = http://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.05481
 | access-date = 2019-02-01
}}  arXiv preprint v3.  The release date for 2.0.0 was 1{{nbsp}}August 2018 under GitHub commit fc19cfe.
</ref>

Switch is a power system model, focused on renewables integration.  It can identify which generator, storage, and transmission projects to build in order to satisfy electricity demand at the lowest cost over a several year period while also reducing {{CO2}} emissions.  Switch utilizes multi-stage [[Stochastic linear program|stochastic linear optimization]] with the objective of minimizing the present value of the cost of power plants, transmission capacity, fuel usage, and an arbitrary per-tonne {{CO2}} charge (to represent either a carbon tax or a certificate price), over the course of a multi-year investment period.  [[renewable portfolio standard|Renewable portfolios]] and carbon caps may also be specified.  Switch has two major sets of decision variables.  First, at the start of each investment period, Switch selects how much generation capacity to build in each of several geographic load zones, how much power transfer capability to add between these zones, and whether to operate existing generation capacity during the investment period or to temporarily [[wiktionary:mothball#Verb|mothball]] it to avoid fixed operation and maintenance costs.  Second, for a set of sample days within each investment period, Switch makes hourly decisions about how much power to generate from each dispatchable power plant, store at each grid storage facility, or transfer along each transmission interconnector.  The system must also ensure adequite generation and transmission capacity, in which case the user can either set a planning reserve margin of say 15% above the load forecasts or alternatively specify an operating reserve margin of similar value.  For each sampled hour, Switch can use electricity demand and renewable power production based on actual measurements, so that the weather-driven correlations between these elements remain intact.  Switch supports part{{nbhyph}}load efficiency for thermal generation and a number of established or experimental [[grid energy storage]] technologies such as [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped hydro]], [[battery storage power station|industrial batteries]], [[hydrogen storage|hydrogen]], and [[compressed air energy storage|compressed air]].

Following the optimization phase, the user may optionally deploy further tests.  In a second phase, the proposed investment plan can be run against a more complete set of weather conditions and added backstop generation capacity so that the planning reserve margin is always met.  In a third phase, the system costs can be recalculated by freezing the investment plan and operating the proposed power system over a full set of weather conditions.

A 2012 paper uses [[California]] from 2012 to 2027 as a [[case study]] for Switch.  The study finds that there is no ceiling on the amount of wind and solar power that could be used and that these resources could potentially reduce emissions by 90% or more (relative to 1990 levels) without reducing reliability or severely raising costs.  Furthermore, policies that encourage electricity customers to shift demand to times when renewable power is most abundant (for example, though the well-timed charging of [[electric vehicle]]s) could achieve radical emission reductions at moderate cost.<ref name="fripp-2012">
<!-- alternative URL: https://www.academia.edu/download/21117660/Switch_Calif_paper_and_supp_info.pdf -->
{{cite journal
 | last = Fripp | first = Matthius
 | date = 2012
 | title = Switch: a planning tool for power systems with large shares of intermittent renewable energy
 | journal = Environmental Science and Technology
 | volume = 46
 | number = 11
 | pages = 6371–6378
 | doi = 10.1021/es204645c
 | issn = 0013-936X
 | url = http://www2.hawaii.edu/~mfripp/papers/Fripp_2012_Switch_Calif_Renewables.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-07-11
| bibcode = 2012EnST...46.6371F
 }}
</ref>

{{as of|2019}}, the most significant application of Switch has been to support consensus power system planning in [[Hawaii]].<ref name="fripp-2016-consensus">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Fripp | first1 = Matthias
 | title = Consensus-based power system planning using open assumptions and models — Presentation
 | date = 29 June 2016
 | publisher = University of Hawaiʻi
 | location = Manoa, Hawaii, USA
 | url = http://ee.hawaii.edu/~mfripp/talks/Fripp_2016-06-29_HECO_Consensus.pdf
 | access-date = 2019-01-31
}}
</ref>  In 2015, the State of Hawaii signed off on policy for a 100% [[Renewable portfolio standard (United States)|renewable portfolio standard]] (RPS) by 2045.<ref name="state-of-hawaii-2017">
{{cite book
 | author = State of Hawaii
 | title = Transforming power in paradise: the Hawaii clean energy initiative
 | date = February 2017
 | publisher = State of Hawaii
 | location = USA
 | url = http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/HCEI_FactSheet_Feb2017.pdf
 | access-date = 2019-02-10
}}  Publication date from PDF metadata.
</ref>  In parallel, the Hawaii [[public utilities commission|Public Utilities Commission]] (PUC) was consulting on power utility planning.  Testimony from Switch lead developer Matthias Fripp and the E3 consultancy, retained by incumbent utility [[HECO]] and who also ran a [[Fork (software development)|fork]] of Switch named RESOLVE, were reportedly instrumental in securing a more rapid transition to renewable generation.<ref name="fripp-2016-working-paper">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Fripp | first1 = Matthias
 | title = Making an optimal plan for 100% renewable power in Hawaii: preliminary results from the Switch power system planning model — Working Paper No 2016-1
 | date = 15 January 2016
 | publisher = University of Hawaiʻi Economic Research Organization (UHERO)
 | location = Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
 | url = http://www.uhero.hawaii.edu/assets/WP_2016-1.pdf
 | access-date = 2019-02-09
}}
</ref>  The Blue Planet Foundation, a clean energy [[NGO]] based in [[Honolulu]], also advocated the use of open models and data for public planning in Hawaii.<ref name="blue-planet-website">
{{cite web
 | title = Blue Planet Foundation
 | work = Blue Planet Foundation
 | location = Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
 | url = https://blueplanetfoundation.org
 | access-date = 2019-02-02
}}
</ref><ref name="blueplanetfound-puc-comments">
{{cite book
 | author = Blue Planet Foundation
 | title = Blue Planet Foundation's comments pursuant to order no 33320 — Docket No 2014-0183
 | date = 15 January 2016
 | publisher = Blue Planet Foundation
 | location = Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
 | url = https://dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms/DocumentViewer?pid=A1001001A16A19A85544F70516
 | access-date = 2019-02-09
}}  Statement to the [[public utilities commission|Public Utilities Commission]] (PUC) of the US State of Hawaii.  Includes the 2016 Fripp working paper as an appendix.
</ref>

The Switch model is also being applied in [[Chile]], [[Mexico]], and elsewhere.<ref name="johnston-etal-2018"/>

An investigation in 2018 favorably compared Switch with the proprietary [[General Electric]] MAPS model using Hawaii as a case study.<ref name="fripp-2018">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Fripp | first1 = Matthias
 | title = Intercomparison between Switch 2.0 and GE MAPS models for simulation of high-renewable power systems in Hawaii
 | date = 27 December 2018
 | journal = Energy, Sustainability and Society
 | volume = 8
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 41
 | doi = 10.1186/s13705-018-0184-x
 | issn = 2192-0567
 | url = https://energsustainsoc.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13705-018-0184-x
 | access-date = 2019-02-01
}}  {{open access}}
</ref>

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