View source for User:MinorProphet/Draft subpages/HMS Cyclops (1839)

{{Userspace draft|date=September 2019}}
{{for|other ships of the same name|HMS Cyclops}}

[[NB! This a very unfinished draft]]. Many references are incomplete, lacking titles, cites, urls, etc.

[[File:HMS Cyclops 1839.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Cyclops'' in the [[Solent]] under Admiralty orders, on her first commissioning. Etching/engraving by [[Henry A. Papprill]] after a lithograph by [[William Adolphus Knell|William Knell]].<ref>Coloured version at {{cite web
 |title=View of Her Majesty's Steam Frigate Cyclops, off Spithead under Admiralty Orders  
 |website=Royal Greenwich Museums collection |accessdate=1 October 2019 |url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/149185.html}}</ref> ]]
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'''HMS Cyclops''' was a Royal Navy wooden-built, [[paddle wheel]] [[steam frigate]] of 6 guns launched in 1839. She was the lead ship of the ''Cyclops''-class second-class frigates, adapted from the design of {{HMS|Gorgon|1837|6}}. Together with three later ships derived from ''Cyclops'' these vessels formed the first concerted attempt to modernise the Royal Navy with steam power: all previous Navy steam vessels had been one-off designs.{{sfn|Friedman|2012|p=55}}

Like ''Gorgon'', the lack of guns on the main gun deck together with the [[orlop deck]] meant that with a reduced crew of 175 or 145 she could accommodate an entire regiment of around 500, including men, some of their families(?) and baggage.<ref name="USM April 1840" /> She carried marines and Turkish troops into action in Syria in 1840, and also carried marines and troops to and from Ireland (including being an intimidating presence at an Irish Repeal movement "monster meeting" in 1843). She formed part of the squadron escorting the Royal Yacht on Queen Victoria's first foreign visit. 

With only six guns, she was unlikely to fight against another naval warship, although she bombarded shore positions in the Mediterranean and Sevastopol, and took prizes of several Brazilian slaver ships of the W. coast of Africa. Also in the light winds of the eastern Mediterranean she made good time as a steamer delivering diplomatic messages and messengers, and carrying troops and marines in combined operations.

Although she—like other paddle steamers—was not as good a survey platform as a screw-driven ship, ''Cyclops'' was much more manoeuvrable than a sailing ship. Consequently she carried out oceanic surveys on the W. coast of Ireland; in the N. Atlantic and the Red Sea preparing for submarine telegraphic cables; and also off the S.E. coast of Ceylon (Sri Lanka).

A number of those who first served on ''Cyclops'' as midshipmen, lieutenants or captains later rose to Admiral rank.

==''Cyclops''-class steam frigates - not==

The '''''Cyclops'' class''' were '''NOT''' four wooden-hulled, paddle wheel [[steam frigate]]s built by the [[Royal Navy]] and launched between 1839 and 1844. Designed by William Symonds, they all carried six large calibre heavy guns on the upper deck and at the same time were capable of transporting an entire regiment of troops anywhere in the world. Based on {{HMS|Gorgon|1837|6}} they were named {{HMS|Cyclops|1839|6}}, HMS ''Firebrand'' (1842), {{HMS|Vulture|1843|6}}, and {{HMS|Gladiator|1844|6}}. 

===Original research===

Winfield is very specific about the class names he adopts, and since he is RS, there's no point in inventing your own terms. See p. 1217ff for how he breaks everything down from the original SV1 via 'steam frigate' etc. ''Gorgon'', with slightly different armament became a First Class Sloop and never a frigate. Thus Cyclops is also in a class of its own. Winfield names the later three as "Later CYCLOPS Class", Vulture, Firebrand and Gladiator. Then Sampson by itself, and Dragon/Centaur. 

The term ''Cyclops''-class is a modern one: as newer and more powerful warships were launched, the four ships were reclassified several times. They are perhaps best recognised as Class 2(B) steam frigates, along with three similar designs: HMS ''Sampson'' (1844), the only ship in the Sampson-class (two funnels); and the two modified ''Firebrand''s, HMS ''Centaur'' (1845), and HMS ''Dragon'' (1845) - again, all designed by William Symonds.{{sfn|Friedman|2012|p=337}}. These last three are sometimes gathered together as a modified ''Cyclops'' class,{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=311}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_i.pdf |title=National Maritime Museum Warship Histories |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041558/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_i.pdf |archivedate=2 August 2011 }}, Vessel ID 365716</ref> and all seven are considered here as a group.

2nd class frigates armament in 1847: two 68-pdrs (95 cwt, 10 ft barrels), + four x 10-inch guns (85 cwt, 9' 4" barrels).<ref name="PMEM_1847" />(Winfield np)

None of the seven frigates were exactly similar: the later ships were lengthened slightly and were fitted with more powerful engines. ''Gorgon'', although of almost exactly the same basic design as ''Cyclops'', was fitted with slightly different armament, and was reclassified in 1844 as one of the many first-class steam [[sloop of war|sloop]]s: these all carried one 68-pounder, one 10-inch gun, and four 32-pounders.<ref name="PMEM_1847" >{{cite journal |title=Armament for War Vessels |journal=The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine |volume=6 |date=March 1847 |pages=181–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA182}}</ref> She is listed in the table below since she was almost identical to ''Cyclops''.

===Background===
{{HMS|Congo|1816|6}} was the Navy's very first steamship, although the engine (20 hp) was not satisfactory and was removed after her initial trials. The tug {{HMS|Comet|1822|6}} was I fink the Navy's first steamship of any kind, altho apparently not added to the Navy List until 1831, followed by ''Lightning'' (1823), ''Meteor'' (1824), and ''Pluto'' (1831). {{HMS|Dee|1832|6}} (5 guns in the end) was the Navy's first ocean-going steam warship, followed by ''Rhadamanthus'' (1832), and ''Medea'' (1833): by 1837 the Navy had 30 steamships built, with 7 more purchased. 

It was with {{HMS|Gorgon|1837|6}} and {{HMS|Cyclops|1839|6}} that the Navy's steam warship program really got under way, followed by a further six paddle steamers of relatively similar design, capable of carrying six very heavy guns and an entire regiment of troops anywhere in the world whichever way the wind was blowing.<ref>(Friedman, loc=Beginnings: Paddle Warships, n.p.)</ref><ref> [https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-ships-boats-1840-1950/heag133-ships-and-boats-1840-1950-iha/ Historic England: Ships and Boats: 1840-1950]. Written by Mark Dunkley and edited by Paul Stamper. First published by English Heritage September 2012. This edition published by Historic England July 2016. Page 5.</ref>

===Earliest classification of Navy steamships===
The initial classification of the Navy's steamships was begun at the first trial of ''Cyclops'' in March 1840. The [[Board of Admiralty]] directed that a committee of Naval officers should meet and arrange a list of the requisite stores, length and size of the breechings for guns, and all the gunner's stores, for the Navy's steamers, putting them in classes. The committee consisted of "officers every way adapted for the duty," namely: Captain Sir [[Thomas Hastings (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Hastings]] of {{HMS|Excellent|1787|6}}, Captain [[Horatio Thomas Austin|Horatio Austin]] of the ''Cyclops'', and Fred W. R. Sadler, Second [[Master (naval)|Master]] Attendant of [[Chatham Dockyard]].{{efn|1=Sadler was promoted to Master Attendant and Harbour Master later that year. See [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XPANAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA248 The New Navy List, November 1840], p. 248.}} The list was begun with ''Cyclops'' (steam vessel, first class); {{HMS|Dee|1832|}}, ''Rhadamanthus'' (1832), ''Medea'' (1833), and {{HMS|Hydra|1836}} (second class); no ships were immediately assigned to the third class; and ''Pluto'' (1831), a gunvessel/steam tug,<ref>Pluto, 1831 - http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/P/03579.html</ref> (steam vessel, fourth class).<ref name="USM April 1840" /> This classification was to eliminate any difficulty in furnishing the proper stores, both in size and quantity, as steamers refitted at the different dockyards at home or abroad. It was thought "very likely that one or two other classes would be introduced, and a good many added to the already-named ships."<ref name="USM April 1840">{{cite journal |title=Correspondence from the Principal Ports and Stations: Portsmouth, March 20, 1840 |journal=The United Service Magazine |volume=1 |date=April 1840 |pages=545–6 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=wu.89098739055;page=ssd;view=plaintext;seq=555;num=545}}</ref> See also {{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}} which expands the list.

===The ''Cyclops'' class===

More WP:OR, I'm afraid. Winfield puts ''Cyclops'' in a class by itself, and unless you want to go back to the earlier SV1 /Steam paddle frigate/sloop classes you will have to go along with what he says. They are all very similar

Along with {{HMS|Gorgon|1837|6}}, on whose design they were fairly closely based, the ''Cyclops'' class were originally classed as Steam Vessels class 1 (SV1). With the launch in 1844 of HMS ''Retribution'' which carried ten guns on two decks, and classified as the first Steam Frigate class 1, the existing SV1s were reclassified as Steam Frigates class 2(B) under Admiralty Order of 31 May 1844;{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=311}} then as paddle [[corvette]]s in the 1850s;<ref>{{cite web |title=At the Advent of the Ironclad: the strength and distribution of the Royal Navy 1861 |website=naval-history.net |last=Watson |first=Dr. Graham |date=16 September 2015 |accessdate=1 October 2019 |url=https://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1861.htm}}</ref>; during the [[Russian War]] ''Cyclops'' alone was listed as a steam tug in the [[Black Sea]], and by 1858 they were all referred to as paddle wheel steam sloops.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ad0NAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA151 The Navy List, December 1858]. pp. 151-2, 154-6, 171, 177</ref>

As the Admiralty's classification of steamers from 1847 shows, the classes were defined by the exact armament fitted. All these seven frigates carried the same armament, and were therefore grouped together by the Admiralty as class 2(B).<ref name="PMEM_1847" /> [[Careful!!]] All the classes *did have different armament, check vv carefully!

*Steam Ships:
** {{HMS|Penelope|1829|6}} (sailing frigate converted to steam) - Main deck (in steam): 8 x 8-inch guns (65cwt, 9ft); 2 x 68-pounder carronades (36 cwt, 5 ft 4 in); Upper deck: 2 x 68-pounders (95 cwt, 10 ft); 4 x 8-inch guns (65 cwt, 9ft). Total 16.
**{{HMS|Retribution|1844|6}} - Main deck: none, but if possible 4 x 32-pounders for head & stern firing; Upper deck: 2 x 68-pounders (95 cwt, 10ft); 4 x 10-inch guns (85 cwt, 9 ft 4 in): Total 6. 
**{{HMS|Terrible|1845|6}} - Main deck: 4 x 56-pounders (75 cwt, 11 ft); 4 x 8-inch (65 cwt, 9 ft). Upper deck: 4 x 56-pounders (97 cwt, 11 ft); 4 x 10-inch guns (85 cwt, 9 ft 4in); Total 16.
*Class 1 frigates:  {{HMS|Avenger|1845|6}} and {{HMS|Birkenhead|1845|6}}, all of 1845 - Upper deck: 2 x 68 pdr (95 cwt, 10 ft barrels) on pivot slides & carriages (OR later? 8 inch calibre, 112 cwt - ref???), 4 x 10-inch guns (85 cwt, 9 ft 4 in), on slides & carriages, total 6.<ref name="PMEM_1847" />  NB Exactly the same armament as Class 2(B), but greater BM tonnage (1400, 1440)
*Class 2(A) frigates: {{HMS|Odin|1846|2}}, {{HMS|Sidon|1846|2}} (designed by Charles Napier, who had personally commanded the storming of [[Sidon]] in 1840), and ''Leopard'' (1850): main deck: six 32-pounders (56 cwt., 9 ft 6 in barrels); Upper deck: 2 x 68 pdr (95 cwt, 10 ft barrels) on pivot slides & carriages:  total 12.<ref name="PMEM_1847" />
*Class 2(B) frigates: 7 ships as listed: Upper deck: 2 x 68 pdr (95 cwt, 10 ft barrels) on pivot slides & carriages, 4 x 10-inch guns (85 cwt, 9 ft 4 in), on slides & carriages, total 6.<ref name="PMEM_1847" />

Although ''Gorgon'' was very similar to ''Cyclops'', she was reclassified as a steam sloop in 1844, because of her slightly inferior armament. 

Cyclops was ordered 25 June 1836 along with Gorgon. July 1838 lengthened by 12¼ ft. (Friedman, np) Slightly "improved versions" (HOW?) ''Firebrand'', ''Vulture'' & ''Gladiator'' ordered 18 March 1841; on the same day three more ships were ordered: ''Sampson'', a ''Cyclops'' design lengthened by 13½ ft; much less rise of floor, barque-rigged and two funnels: and ''Centaur'' & ''Dragon'', which were a Firebrand design lengthened by 10 ft. (Winfield, p. 312)(Friedman, np)

*''Sampson'' details: loa 203' 6": perps 178' 1¼": beam 37' 6": hold 23' 0": bm 1,297.
**Engines G. & J. Rennie, 467 nhp
**Ord 18 March 1841: Keel November 1843: Lunch 1 October 1844: Completed 5 February 1846 Woolwich & Sheerness
**Costs Total £56,764 (hull £23,931, machinery £21,043, fitting £11,790).(<ref>(Winfield, p. 312)</ref>

*''Gladiator'' details: loa 190' 0": perps 163' 9":  beam 37' 8": hold 23' 0": bm 1,210 1/3: disp 1,960. **Engines Miller, Ravenhill & Col(?), 430 nhp, 943 ihp. 
**Ordered 18 March 1841 like all the others: Keel February 1842: Lunch 15 October 1844: paid off 20 February 1872. Sold (by Adm.Ord. 25 Jan 1877) to Castle,: BU March 1879.
**Costs: Hull £21,535: machinery £23,579; fitting £12,659. (all details Winfield 2014 p. 311)

*''Dragon'' (ex ''Janus'') details: loa 200': perps 174' 4": beam 37'6": hold 23': bm 1,269
**Engines Wm. Fairbairn, 560 nhp
** Ord 18 March 1841: Keel January 1844: Lunch 17 July 1845: comp July 1847
** Costs Hull £26,401: mach. £25,005: Fitting: £16,024 (relief @Sheerness £9,256, sea @Woolwich £5,828)
** [https://collections.rmg.co.uk/mediaLib/581/655/pw8109.jpg pic] - shows main & foremasts both with gaffs, and a gaff-rigged mizzen added after completion, like ''Centaur''. (Winfield p. 312)

[[File:HMS Centaur, Bulldog, and Imperieuse, engaged with Six Russian Gun-Boats, off Cronstadt, on 16 August - Illustrated Times 1855.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Centaur'', {{HMS|Bulldog|1845|2}} and {{HMS|Imperieuse|1852|2}}, engaged with six Russian gun-boats, off [[Cronstadt]], on 16 August - ''Illustrated Times'' 1855]]
*''Centaur'' details: loa 200': perps 174' 4": beam 37'6": hold 23': bm 1,269
**Engines Bolton, Watt & Co 540 nhp
** Ord 18 March 1844: Keel December 1844: Lunch 6 October 1845: comp. 3 February 1849
** Costs Total £64,107: hull £27,080: mach £26,050: fitting £10,977

Dragon (designed by Admiral Cochrane, Lord Dundonald) was renamed Janus in July 1843.

These paddle steamers had no [[gun deck]] batteries: their armament was usually limited to six very heavy guns mounted on the [[weather deck]] (see [[#Design and construction|§ Design and construction]]). Classified as Class 1 steam frigates: the ''Cyclops'' and subsequent similar classes were re-graded as Class 2(B) steam frigates.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=310}}

Cyclops class were rigged as a [[brig]]; Sampson was barque rigged, Centaur & Dragon were brig-rigged with a gaff sail on an added mizzen.

====Table 1 ====

NB! Many possible mistakes - everything needs checking thoroughly!

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ ''' Table of 'Class 2(B) steam frigates, including  ''Cyclops''-class frigates etc., plus HMS ''Gorgon'' ''' {{efn|Details have been taken from Winfield pp 311-2, Friedman p.300 and The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal<ref name=CEAJ >{{cite journal |title=Table of British and foreign steam vessels with their principal dimensions |journal=The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal |volume=8  |date=November 1845
 |pages=352–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCM6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA353}}</ref> NB A spelling mistake is easy to spot, but every single figure has to be written down, and copied, and probably re-copied, and typeset, and printed correctly: and a wrong number looks just like a right one, if it was ever measured properly in the first place.}}
! data-sort-type="text"   | Name
! data-sort-type="number" | Date
! data-sort-type="number" | BM
! data-sort-type="number" | Disp.
! data-sort-type="number" | loa
! data-sort-type="number" | keel
! data-sort-type="number" | perps
! data-sort-type="number" | beam
! data-sort-type="number" | hold
! data-sort-type="number" | draught
! data-sort-type="text"   | Engines
! data-sort-type="number" | hp
! data-sort-type="number" | padd
|-
|| {{HMS|Gorgon|1837|2}}<ref>Friedman p. 300</ref> || 1837 || 1108{{refn|1130 according to <ref name=CEAJ />}} || 1610 || {{convert|235|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<br><ref name=RW>Winfield, p.159</ref>  || {{convert|152|ft|2|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<br><ref name=RW /><ref name=CEAJ /> || 178' || 37' 6'' || 23 || 15' 8'' || Seaward || 320 ||25 10
|-
|| {{HMS|Cyclops|1839|2}}<ref>Friedman p. 300</ref> || 1839 ||1189{{refn|1195 according to <ref name=CEAJ />}} || 1862 || 217 9 ||      || 190' 3'' || 37' 6''{{refn|36' 6" according to <ref name=CEAJ />, but contemporary source and probably wrong}} || 23 || 15' 8'' || Seaward || 320 || 26' 9"
|-
|| Firebrand                         || 1842<br>{{refn|1843 according to <ref name=CEAJ />}} || bm  || 1960 || loa || keel || perps || beam || hold || draught || Seaward || 400 || 26'
|-
|| {{HMS|Vulture|1843|2}}<ref>Friedman p. 300</ref> || 1843 || bm || 1960 || loa || keel || 190' 0½" || 37' 6" || 23' || draught ||Fairbairn || 476<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D-MmAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA344 "Engines of Her Majesty's steam frigate, the Vulture"], ''The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine'', July 1844, p. 314</ref> || 26' 6"
|-
|| Gladiator                         || 1844<br>{{refn|Ordered 18 March 1841: Keel November 1843: Launch 1 October 1844: Completed 5 February 1846 Woolwich & Sheerness<ref>(Winfield, p. 312)</ref>}} || 1190 || 1960 || 190' 0" || 178' 5"? || 163' 9" || 37' 6" || hold || draught || Miller || 450 || padd
<!--*''Gladiator'' details: loa 190' 0": perps 163' 9":  beam 37' 8": hold 23' 0": bm 1,210 1/3: disp 1,960. **Engines Miller, Ravenhill & Col(?), 430 nhp, 943 ihp. 
**Ordered 18 March 1841 like all the others: Keel February 1842: Lunch 15 October 1844: paid off 20 February 1872. Sold (by Adm.Ord. 25 Jan 1877) to Castle,: BU March 1879.
**Costs: Hull £21,535: machinery £23,579; fitting £12,659. (all details Winfield 2014 p. 311) -->
|-
|| Sampson                           || 1844 || 1,297 || 2100 || loa || 203' 6" || 178' 1¼" || 37' 6" || 23' 0"|| draught || Maudslay OR<br>G&J Rennie<ref>(Winfield, p. 312)</ref> || 450{{refn|500 according to <ref name=CEAJ />}}<br>467<ref>(Winfield, p. 312)</ref> || 27' 9"
|-
|| Centaur || 1845 || bm || 2100 || loa || 200' || 174' 4¼'' || 37' 6'' || hold || 23' 0'' || Bolton & Watt || 540 || padd
|-
|| Dragon || 1845 || bm || 2100 || loa || 200' || 174' 4¼'' || 37' 6'' || hold || 23' 0'' || Fairbairn || 560 || 27' 9"

|}


Sampson, Centaur & Dragon details:

 Title	British Warships in the Age of Sail 1817-1863: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
 Volume 4 of British warships in the age of sail, Rif Winfield
 Author	Rif Winfield
 Edition	illustrated
 Publisher	Seaforth Publishing, 2014
 ISBN	1848321694, 9781848321694
 page=312
 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TPZDBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=true 
<!--
          Engines    tons    loa	keel	perps	breadth	   depth    mean d.  hp cyl. dia   stroke    paddle

 No Centaur
 Cyclops Seaward	    1190 	216' 6"	190' 6"	         36' 6"	 18' 0"	   15' 6"   320     	5' 0"	     26  p. 352	
 Dragon	Fairbairn								    550	87½	5' 9"      27 9?  p. 352	
 Gladiator Miller	1190	178' 5"  203' 6"	37' 6"		            430	78½	5' 9" p. 353 
 Gorgon	Seward		1150	152' 3"	 178' 0	         37' 6	 23' 0"	15' 8"	    320			  25' 10" p. 353	
 Sampson Maudslay							   500	80½	5' 10"    27' 0"   p. 354 Sir W. Symonds 
 No Vulture

 Gorgon 1837 bm 1108, disp 1610 tons, 320hp, length (gun deck) 178, beam 37' 6", depth 23' mean draught 15' 8" paddles 25' 10" (Friedman p. 300)
 Cyclops 1839, bm 1190, disp 1862 tons, 320hp, length (gun deck) 190' 3", beam 37' 6", hold  23' (Friedman p. 300)
 Firebrand 1842, 1960 tons,
 Vulture 1843, 1960 tons, 400hp, length (gun deck) 190' 0½" , beam 37' 6", hold 23' (Friedman p. 300)
 Gladiator 1844, 1960 tons, 450 hp
 Sampson 1844, 2100 tons,  450 hp
 Centaur 1845, 2100 tons 540
 Dragon 1845, 2100 tons, 560 -->
* {{cite journal
 |title=Table of British and foreign steam vessels. with their principal dimensions
 |journal=The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal
 |volume=8 
 |date=November 1845
 |pages=352–4
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCM6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA353}}

Cyclops only:
 Dimensions:                Ft   Ins (from above ref)<ref name=Mech_Mus_Oct_1839 />
 Extreme length:             217  9
 Length upper deck           195  2
 Width across paddle boxes    57  0
 Length of engine room        62  0
 Beam                         38  0
 Depth of hold                23  0
 Draught with guns, ammo, engines, coals & six months' stores  - 12' 6"
 Tonnage (burthen)           1200 tons
 Speed                        10 knots

==Design and construction==
[[File:The Haven - geograph.org.uk - 381259.jpg|thumb|left|General view of Pembroke Dock]]

''Cyclops'' was originally intended to be a sister to {{HMS|Gorgon|1837|6}}, designed by [[William Symonds]], the [[Surveyor of the Navy]] from 1832 to 1847. Cyclops was ordered on 25 June 1836 to the same design as ''Gorgon'':<ref>[[REF PLS]]</ref> but when ''Gorgon'' was launched in 1838, newspaper and journal reports claimed that she was so overweight that the planned armament on the [[gun deck]] was abandoned, and the [[gun port]]s had to be permanently closed.{{efn|A letter from "a passenger on board Gorgon" denied that she was overweight – "the guns were not intended to be fitted in peacetime, and when loaded with 250 tons of coals and 3 months' worth of stores, the lower sills of the gun ports were 5' 6" above the waterline, higher than the lower deck ports of many battleships."<ref name=NMNC_1838b>{{cite journal
 |journal=The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle
 |year=1838
 |title=The "Gorgon" Steam Frigate
 |volume=7
 |pages=700–702
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koMEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA700}}</ref> }} A certain amount of redesign took place of ''Cyclops'', and she was lengthened by 12 feet on 14 July 1838 before her keel was laid down in August 1838 at the [[Pembroke Dockyard|Royal Dockyards]], [[Pembroke Dock]].{{sfn|Houghton|2012|p=109}}  

She was launched on 10 July 1839 in the presence of a considerable number of spectators, notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather.{{efn|July 1839 was in the 'top-10' of wettest months in the England and Wales Precipitation series, possibly twice the average in S. England. Weather in History 1800 to 1849 https://premium.weatherweb.net/weather-in-history-1800-to-1849-ad/}}  Next morning she was taken into [[dry dock]] to be coppered & rigged, still there on 17 July. The steam engines for pumping out the dock were not finished, and the workmen were obliged to work in a considerable depth of water.<ref> United Service Journal, August 1839, p. 549 Correspondence from Principal Ports and Stations. Milford Haven, 17 July 1839 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cvzvKOqrshcC&pg=PA549 </ref>

Like ''Gorgon'', the engines occupied the whole of the ship's centre section from the keel to the upper deck. The divided [[orlop deck]], fore and aft, was appropriated for the reception of troops with stores and baggage. Water, provisions and stores were stowed in the holds located either end of the central engine section.<ref name=NMNC_1838a>{{cite journal
 |journal=The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle
 |year=1838
 |title=The "Gorgon" Steam Frigate
 |volume=7
 |page=563
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koMEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA563}}</ref>

Total hands inc. officers and a complement of Marines, approx 210 men.<ref name=Mech_Mus_Oct_1839 >The Mechanics' Magazine, Museum, Register, Journal, and Gazette, Volume 32, 5 October 1839 - 30 May 1840.  https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQgAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA212</ref> She could also operate with a reduced crew of 175 for troop transport duties.[[REF PLS]]

Winfield says several times [[where??]] that the ships with guns on two decks had a bigger crew than those with a single gun deck, but best check... Although he writes authoritatively he doesn't give his sources, a bit like Jentz and Doyle, who are certainly not infallible.

Total initial cost including engines: £53,831 [14]

===Later design improvements===

During operations off Syria, it was realised that, although they could carry a large number of troops, the steamers were not equipped with enough—or sufficiently large boats—to swiftly disembark the soldiers they carried. A Captain G. Smith had devised the solution by 1840, namely, the paddle-box boat.<ref> "In all our expeditions with steam-vessels we found great difficulty in landing troops, from the insufficient manner in which the steamers are boated, and we were obliged to take the line-of-battle ships’ boats to enable us to land a sufficient number of men; and I take this opportunity of strongly recommending the paddle boats invented by Capt. G. Smith, particularly for steam vessels on military excursions." War in Syria, Napier. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53498/53498-h/53498-h.htm End of ch. 8</ref><ref>February 1843: Paddle ships are to be fitted with paddle-box boats, as designed by Captain Smith, which will be stored above the paddles. No. 188. http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/Misc/Notes.html</ref> This was a type of capacious ship's boat propelled by oars, and designed to be stored upside-down on the wooden boxes which covered the ship's [[paddle-wheel]]s.{{efn| These boats did not use any mechanical propulsion method, such as a paddle wheel: the last remaining paddle-box boat is preserved in Finland, a relic of HMS ''Vulture''s operations in the [[Gulf of Finland]] in 1854-55. <ref>Section at end of: Andrew Lambert (2004) Looking for gunboats: British Naval operations in the Gulf of Bothnia, 1854–55, Journal for Maritime Research, 6:1, 65-86, DOI:10.1080/21533369.2004.9668337, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21533369.2004.9668337 </ref> }} ''Cyclops'' carried two; there is also a contemporary mention of them being carried on HMS ''Geyser'':<ref> {{cite book
 |title=A Journey from Naples to Jerusalem, by Way of Athens, Egypt, and the Peninsula of Sinai: Including a Trip to the Valley of Fayoum 
 |first=Dawson
 |last=Borrer
 |publisher=J. Madden and Company
 |year=1845
 |page=27 
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-b_7o8RcXUC&dq=paddle-boxes&pg=PA27}}</ref>  

June 1843: it is understood that for many years that the instructions given to the helmsman on board a paddle steam vessel were passed from the bridge (ie the [[quarterdeck]]), between the two paddle-boxes, by movements or waves of the hand by the Commander, the Officer of the Watch or Pilot. This made piloting the vessel at night most difficult, voice or messenger appearing to be the only medium available ? A new device has now been introduced which transmits a light signal to the helmsman, which can also be seen by oncomng vessels. <ref> No. 193. http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/Misc/Notes.html</ref>

===Armament===
[[File:HMS Sidon 68 pounder pivot gun 1855 LOC 05685u.jpg|thumb|A 68 pounder pivot gun in the stern of {{HMS|Sidon|1846|6}} at Sevastopol in 1855 ]] 
''Cyclops''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s armament was upgraded several times. 

''Cyclops'' original planned armament was 2 x 98 pounders and 4 x 48 pounders on the upper deck: and 16 x 32 [long] pounders on the gun deck.<ref name=Mech_Mus_Oct_1839 /><ref> Friedman p. 300</ref> During her first fitting-out (December 1839) she temporarily embarked 6 x 32 pounder guns,<ref name=Houghton> [https://www.houghton.hk/?p=115 Vol 13 No 17 – 28th April 1840], possibly ''Canton Register'' or ''Friend of China''. See [https://houghton.hk/china-1793-1844-part-1/ Part 1].  "The steamer Cyclops is fitting-out at Sheerness. She has 6 x 32 pounder guns and is also destined for the East Indies." </ref> but these were never permanently installed. As mentioned above, none of the second class paddle frigates had any main deck batteries.

By the time of her first commissioning (March 1840) ''Cyclops'' was armed with 2 x 10-inch 98-pounder 112cwt chaser guns, one forward and one aft, and 4 x [[68-pounder gun|68-pounder]] 8-inch 95cwt guns, the latter on the upper deck also. Although she had ports for sixteen 32-pounders, there were none on board.<ref name="USM April 1840" /><ref> Friedman p. 300 </ref>

In 1845 the 98-pounder chasers were replaced with 84cwt guns, and the 68-pounders with 65cwt guns.<ref> Friedman p. 300 </ref> 

Sources differ about a re-armament in 1856: the 84cwt chasers were replaced either with 68pdrs (like the original broadsides guns),<ref> Friedman p. 300 </ref> or with 2 x 96 pounder guns, 95 cwt, 10 feet barrel on [[pivot gun|pivot slides]] and carriages:<ref>"Armament for War Vessels". The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine, Volume 6, March 1847 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uIFBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA182 </ref><ref>British smooth bore artillery...at National Historic Parks in Canada. David McConnell, Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1988. https://sha.org/assets/documents/British%20Smooth-Bore%20Artillery%20-%20English.pdf pp. 55, 99-100, 298 </ref> and the 4 x 68pdrs with 10-inch 84cwt shell guns.<ref> Friedman p. 300</ref><ref>"Armament for War Vessels". The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine, Volume 6, March 1847 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uIFBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA182 </ref><ref>British smooth bore artillery...at National Historic Parks in Canada. David McConnell, Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1988. https://sha.org/assets/documents/British%20Smooth-Bore%20Artillery%20-%20English.pdf pp. 55, 99-100, 298 </ref>  These latter [[smooth-bore]], [[muzzle loader|muzzle loading]] guns fired round hollow explosive shells fitted with fuses, not to be confused with the later conical shells fired by [[rifled breech loader]]s.<ref>McConnell, British smooth bore artillery, pp 99-100, 298</ref>{{efn| By 1861-1862 on the remaining steam sloops, the 68-pounder guns were replaced with 110-pounder 82cwt [[Rifled Breech Loader|RBL]] guns {{cite web |url= https://thomo.coldie.net/naval-matters/busks-navies-of-the-world-1859/busks-navies-of-the-world-1859-britain/ |title=Busk "Navies of the World" - Britain I |accessdate=1 October 2019}} but by then Cyclops was out of commission at Sheerness for the last time. }}

===Engines===
{{see also|HMS Gorgon (1837)#Engines}}

She was equipped with 2x 160 hp [[Marine steam engine#Direct acting|direct acting steam engines]] made by [[John Seaward]] & Capel, Canal Iron Works, [[City Canal]], [[Milwall]].<ref>Canal Iron Works. Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Canal_Iron_Works</ref> The engines originally destined for Cyclops were diverted to Gorgon on 17 October 1838, and new ones were ordered 20 October 1838.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|pp=302-3}} H.M.S. Cyclops' engines were built at a total cost, including tools and spares, of £22,103.<ref>The Mariner's Mirror, Volumes 66-67, p. 336. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTFVAAAAYAAJ</ref> Total initial cost including engines: £53,831 {{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}}

The engine room took up 63 feet in the ship's centre section, the engines rising from almost the keel to the upper deck. Coal bunkers ran the length of engine room on both sides. The engines weighed 70 tons less than a common beam engine.<ref name=Mech_Mus_Oct_1839/>

Gorgon's engines & description:<ref> The Mechanics' Magazine, Museum, Register, Journal, and Gazette, Volume 29 No. 776, 23 June 1838. https://books.google.nl/books?id=ygoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA185</ref>{{efn|For more general contemporary info on the increase in engine power of steamers (but not Cyclops or Gorgon), see <ref> {cite book A History of Naval Architecture.  Fincham, John. 1851.  Whittaker and Co.  https://archive.org/details/ahistorynavalar00goog/page/n525, pp. 332-3 } </ref> }}

Diagrams of ''Cyclops'' engines, also fitted in ''Gorgon'', ''Prometheus'', and ''Alecto''.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 7th Edition, Vol. 20, "Steam Navigation", plate CCCCXC https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFlBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA711, but where are the plates?? At the end, fool! [pdf 1047] </ref><ref> https://www.ebay.ie/itm/STEAM-NAVIGATION-Marine-Engines-for-H-M-Cyclops-1840-Fine-Quality-Print-/381962735042</ref> The same engines were also fitted in the Russian paddle steamer ''Nicolai'' for the Lübeck & St. Petersburg Steam Company,<ref>Mechanics' Magazine and Journal of Science, Arts, and Manufactures, Volume 31 p. 78. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f9pQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA78</ref><ref>The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art. Editors Charles W. Vincent, James Mason Publisher Simpkin, Marshall, and Company, 1839 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gqE-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12</ref>{{efn| Not to be confused with many other ships named ''Nicolai'', inc. for the  [[Russian-American Company]].<ref>"The fleet of the russian-american company" Evguenia Anichtchenko, http://www.alaskaanthropology.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/akanth-articles_436_v11_n12_Anichtchenko-WEIRD-TYPESET.pdf </ref> }} and in the paddle steamship ''Auckland'' for the [[East India Company]].

Four copper tubular boilers fitted with Seawards' system for prevention of heat radiation, now generally adopted by the Navy. External temp of boilers only 68 degs, in the stoke hole only 72 degs. Seaward's Salt Detector allows equal quantities of salt and fresh water to be used.<ref name=Mech_Mus_Oct_1839 />

Fitted with John Seaward's heat savers [ie John Seaward's patent method of warming the feed water to 60 degs F above normal in copper tubes heated by exhaust steam from the cylinders on its way to the condensers: resulting in a 7 percent fuel saving] and expansion gear, and with Samuel Seward's salt gauge which used gravity or [[hydrometer]] balls. (desc. previous volume p. 353.)<ref name= Mech_Mus_Oct_1839 /><ref>Seaward's Salt Gauge & salt deposit prevention apparatus. Vol. 31 (xxxi) No. 836, 17 August 1839, pp. 353-6 with diagram. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DBEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA808</ref><ref>Also in Penny Cyclopedia, vol 22 Steam, pp. 507-8 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101074718857&view=plaintext&seq=516 </ref><ref>"Salt in Marine Boilers". http://navalmarinearchive.com/research/salt_in_marine_boilers.html From: Henry Evers, LL.D., Steam and the Steam Engine, London, William Collins, Sons, and Company, 1873.</ref> Also [[Boiler blowdown]]

The engine room crew consisted of four engineers, twelve [[Stoker (occupation)|stoker]]s and 4 [[coal trimmer]]s (to distribute the coal evenly in the bunkers as it is used up).<ref name=Mech_Mus_Oct_1839  /> 

Method of disconnecting the paddles to prepare for sailing:<ref name=paddles > Methods of disconnecting the paddles: A Practical View of the Marine engine in its Application and Construction: Disconnecting Apparatus. The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine, February 1846. pp 128-9  https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1bc5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA128</ref>

Cyclops' engines were set to work for the first time at Seaward's Canal Works on 4 December 1839.<ref name= Mech_Mag_Dec_1839 /> The salt gauge was not tested since she was still at Blackwall. Also on show for the press and public were 1:24 scale models of the Seawards' engine and a marine beam engine: these exhibited the simplicity of parts and the saving of weight and space.<ref name=Mech_Mag_Dec_1839 > Mech Mag, Vol 32, no. 852, Sat 7 December 1839 p. 175 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQgAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA175</ref> Both these still exist, and are in the National Maritime Museum (although not on display): <ref>NB Pretty bad pix at: Royal Museums Greenwich: J. & S. Seaward and Capel engine for the paddle sloop HMS ''Gorgon'' (1837) https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/66070.html</ref><ref>Royal Museums Greenwich: Engine model. https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/66068.html </ref> For a comparison to the side-beam engine, see <ref>[https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co39548/model-of-a-pair-of-side-lever-engines-from-the-h-m-s-dee-1832-model-representation-steam-engine-engine Model of a pair of side-lever engines from the H.M.S. 'Dee', (1832)]. Science Museum Group. Retrieved 28 September 2019.</ref>

During 1840–1843 in the Mediterranean, ''Prometheus'', ''Alecto'' and ''Cyclops'' (which all had the same engines fitted), were the most time- and expense-consuming steamships serviced at Malta. ''See [[#Engine repairs, 1840–1843|§Engine repairs, 1840–1843]]''

==Fitting out and trials==

13 December 1839: First trip from [[Blackwall, London|Blackwall]] to [[Sheerness Dockyard|Sheerness]] for fitting out w/guns etc - with Lords of the Admiralty on board: the [[First Naval Lord]] Sir [[Charles Adam]]; Mr [[Richard More O'Ferrall]], First [[Naval Secretary]]; Sir [[William Parry (explorer)|William Parry]] comptroller of the Navy's new department of steam machinery; Captain Nott (second Captain of the gunnery ship HMS ''Excellent'' (Capt. Thos Hastings)<ref>A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Nott, John Neale. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/Nott,_John_Neale</ref> & Post Captain Austin. Reached the [[Nore]] [[light vessel|lightship]] (the world's first), and turned round. Accompanied by ''Fearless''{{efn|Formerly [[General Post Office|GPO]] ''Flamer'' 1831, {{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=309}} }} - their lordships embarked in Fearless and returned to Woolwich, Cyclops made fast to a buoy off Sheerness Dockyard.<ref> Mech Mag, Vol 32, no. 852, Sat 7 December 1839 p. 212 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQgAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA212 </ref> While fitting-out at Sheerness she temporarily carried 6 x 32 pounder guns and was at first destined for service the East Indies.<ref name=Houghton>The Observer, 22 December 1839. https://www.houghton.hk/?p=115</ref> 

Her proper armament was later installed, and she arrived at Portsmouth on March 20, 1840.<ref name="USM April 1840" /> A day or two later orders were sent for her to go to [[Spithead]] amd [[St Helens Fort]] to try the range of her guns, and also to ascertain what effect, if any, the firing of them might have on the machinery and her frame generally. On this trial, Admiral Sir [[Edward Codrington]] ([[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth]]), Captain Sir [[Thomas Hastings (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Hastings]] of the gunnery training ship [[HMS Boyne (1810)|HMS ''Excellent'']], and about twenty Naval officers attended, and the result gave universal satisfaction. The ''Cyclops'' was steaming all the time, and between 20 and 30 rounds were fired from the different guns; nothing started—not a glass was broke, although some were placed in situations not usual; and some of the Officers declared that they experienced greater shocks in ships of the line, than in this noble [p. 546] steam-frigate, when the heavy 10-inch guns were fired. It should, however, be noticed, that all the explosions were in the open air, and not between decks. After this experimental trial, the ''Cyclops'' anchored at Spithead until orders arrived for her going to Cork.<ref name="USM April 1840" />

 Dimensions:                Ft   Ins (from above ref)<ref name=Mech_Mus_Oct_1839 />
 Extreme length:             217  9
 Length upper deck           195  2
 Width across paddle boxes    57  0
 Length of engine room        62  0
 Beam                         38  0
 Depth of hold                23  0
 Draught with guns, ammo, engines, coals & six months' stores  - 12' 6"
 Tonnage (burthen)           1200 tons
 Speed                        10 knots

 Engines:
 Diameter of cylinder             64" (5' 4")
 Stroke                        5  6
 Cruising revs                     21 rpm
 Power                       320 hp (2x 160hp) 
 Diameter of paddle wheel     26  0
 Width of wheel                8  0
 Weight of engines, boilers & water    280 tons
 Weight of coals for 25 days           450 tons
 Fuel consumption              17 cwt. per hour
 Specific consumption           6 lbs coal per horse per hour
 
 Planned armament: 2 x 98 pounders, 4 x 48 pounders, 16 x 32 long pounders <ref name=Mech_Mus_Oct_1839 />

===Handling===
Towards the end of her life in 1857, Captain Pullen heavily criticised the Cyclops' handling qualities under power while surveying: "The helm alone is not sufficient to keep her in one spot, for the ship does not answer it until she has good way on. In fact, like all paddle steamers and even with the after sail the ship is ahead of the spot we wish to bring her to before she begins to turn up [into the wind]. Hence the advantage of a screw vessel, which answers to the helm even before getting headway."{{sfn|Pullen|1862|p=21}} Pullen was also critical of her lack of sailing qualities: "All the sail we could pack on could not move her more than five knots, her average speed being about three without steam! If differently masted she might do better for at present she has not sail sufficient, and the spars are so light we cannot press them much."{{sfn|Pullen|1862|p=27}}

==Service==
List of operations taken from Naval Database - Cyclops 1839, http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/C/01238.html and Cyclops, https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1309

19 November 1839: Cyclops was commissioned/commanded by Captain [[Horatio Thomas Austin]], (also http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/austin_horatio_thomas_9E.html) assigned to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] (including operations on the coast of Syria in 1840). Austin had previously commanded {{HMS|Salamander|1832|6}} and {{HMS|Medea|1833|6}}, two of the Navy's first steam paddle warships, 

Portsmouth, March 20, 1840. "Mr. Editor, The ''Cyclops'' steam-frigate, commanded by Captain H. T. Austin, arrived at Portsmouth on the 20th ultimo [ie February]; and after a stay of a few days in the harbour, she was ordered to embark the depôt companies of the [[South Wales Borderers|24th Regiment]] [ie perhaps not the regular service companies, the main Regiment was in Canada], and convey them from this garrison to Cork, and return with the depôt companies of the [[61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot|61st Regiment]], consisting of nearly 600 officers, rank and file, women and children, and land them at Southampton, on their route to [[Peninsula Barracks|Winchester Barracks]]".<ref name="USM April 1840" />

Aha - the 61st had been in Ceylon, came back on the troopship HMS ''Jupiter'' (1813), leaving in October 1839. 399 men, 29 women and 76 children of the regiment = c500. Arrived off Plymouth in March 1840, couldn't land for a fortnight because of high winds, carried on to Cork ["where Cyclops collected the remainder of the regiment" ← I think this may be a misreading of the above paragraph] and was towed to Cowes, then Portsmouth, landing 14th March, 1840. The regiment then had their first train ride back to barracks.<ref>The Army Children Archive : [http://www.archhistory.co.uk/taca/history.html Family-History Research: an army child born at sea and the Carter family, Nineteenth-century soldiers with links to St. Helena] </ref>

:"The ''Cyclops'' has a most capacious quarter-deck and forecastle; and although, it being but a short trip to Cork, all the baggage of the depôt of the 24th Regiment was kept on deck, yet there was ample room to perform any evolution. On her return from Ireland, she went up to Southampton, with 600 people on deck. She has good accommodation below for 500 men, but this is with her present reduced crew of 175; if she has a frigate's complement, and the guns for the main-deck put on board, with the requisite stores, shot, and other ammunition, provisions, water, &c., she could not take that number any considerable distance. At present she might with comfort convey a regiment to the Mediterranean, Canada, or the West Indies. The ''Cyclops'' is reported to be very easy at sea, and possesses great speed; her engines, boilers, and all the machinery are perfection itself, and reflect infinite credit on Messrs. Seaward the engineers."<ref name="USM April 1840" />
:"She was then intended to go to [[Lisbon]] with a [[capstan (nautical)|capstan]] for the {{HMS|Revenge|1805|2}}, and stores for the ships in the [[River Tagus]], and afterwards proceed to Gibraltar and the Mediterranean; but since her return from Ireland an accident has happened to one of her boilers—(by some unaccountable negligence the water was permitted to run off too low, and in consequence the iron collapsed, and the boiler sustained very great injury), — and she is therefore now alongside the dock-yard under repair."<ref name="USM April 1840" /> 

By April 1840 her boilers were fixed, and ''Cyclops'' sailed from Portsmouth to join the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] commanded by Admiral Sir [[Robert Stopford (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Stopford]].{{sfn|Clowes|1901|p=321}} 

===Oriental Crisis of 1840===
{{main|Oriental Crisis of 1840|Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)}}

This early Victorian period of Middle Eastern history tends to be overshadowed by the [[Russian War|Crimean War]] in the popular imagination. Since ''Cyclops'' played a minor yet somewhat crucial role in a particularly complex episode of international diplomacy, there follows a brief introduction, mostly for my own benefit. [[Game of Thrones]] has nothing on this.<!--I'm talking about series 1 & 2-->

[https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/druze-in-israel/ But read this first].

====Background====
[[File:ModernEgypt, Muhammad Ali by Auguste Couder, BAP 17996.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Ali in 1840]]
The Crisis of 1840 had its origins when the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria]] (1798–1801) under [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] ended with the French defeat at the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] in 1801 and the [[Treaty of Paris (1802)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1802. The consequent regional power vacuum resulted in a [[Muhammad Ali's seizure of power|three-way civil war]] between: the [[Ottoman Turks]]; the Egyptian [[Mamluks]] who had ruled Egypt for centuries; and the [[Albanians|Albanian]] mercenaries led by the Macedonian-born [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], who were originally in the service of the Ottomans. The war ended in victory for the Albanians after the failure of the British [[Alexandria expedition of 1807]] and the [[Muhammad Ali's rise to power#Defeat of the Mamluks|massacre of the Mameluks]] in Cairo the same year: and Muhammad Ali became [[Wāli]] (viceroy) of Egypt with the title of [[Pasha]]. 

His goal was for Egypt to break away from the [[Ottoman Empire]] and to be ruled by his own hereditary dynasty. In furtherance of this aim he [[Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1820-24|invaded Sudan]] in 1820, and his eldest son [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] invaded the [[Peloponnese]] peninsula in southern Greece during the [[Greek War of Independence]] (1821–32) against Ottoman rule. Ibrahim's reward was to be the permanent rulership of Syria. However, the campaign ended with his defeat at the [[Battle of Navarino]] in 1827 against a combined British, French and Russian fleet. 

[[File:Portrait d'Ibrahim Pacha 2.JPG|thumb|left|Ibrahim Pasha in 1846]] 

Ibrahim Pasha then invaded [[Syria]] during the [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33)]]. In this he was assisted by the French Colonel Sève ([[Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi|Suleiman Pasha]], after the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|restored Kingdom of France]] was overthrown in the [[July Revolution]] of 1830 followed by the [[July Monarchy]] under [[Louis Philippe I]]. 

The decisive Turkish defeat at the [[Battle of Konya]] in December 1832 brought the [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)|First Egyptian–Ottoman War]] to an end. The Ottoman Sultan [[Mahmud II]] sued for peace with Muhammed Ali: he ceded greater Syria to Muhammad Ali for his lifetime, and ceded Egypt's rule to Muhammad Ali's dynasty in perpetuity. After the campaign of 1832 and 1833, Ibrahim remained as governor in Syria. He might perhaps have administered successfully, but the exactions he was compelled to enforce by his father soon caused the popularity of his government to decline and provoked revolts.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Ibrahim Pasha |volume=14 |pages=223–224 |inline=1}}</ref>

=====Unrest in Syria=====
{{see also|Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)}}

While Muhammed Ali and his son Ibrahim were in armed conflict against Ottoman rule from [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], the Catholic [[Maronite]] Christians, and the nominally Muslim [[Druze]] clans of [[Mount Lebanon]] were involved in their own local rebellion against Egyptian rule. They had previously tended to live in harmony on the mountain, but the [[1838 Druze revolt]] had set them against each other. The prospect of throwing off the Egyptian yoke temporarily united them in June–July 1840 and again that September.{{sfn|Ufford|2007|p=112}} 

[[Bashir Shihab II|Amir Bashir]] was the Maronite Christian ruler of Lebanon, supportive of the Syrian ruler Ibrahim Pasha and Muhammed Ali, although he often had a hard time deciding where his loyalties lay. 

The Maronites and the Druze had originally been united against Egyptian rule, but the Maronites under Bashir had allied themselves with Egyptian and Albanian troops (who had helped Muhammed Ali to victory in 1807), and attacked the revolting Druze in their mountain strongholds. 

*{{cite journal
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Schlicht|1980|p -->
 |last=Schlicht
 |first=Alfred
 |title=The Rôle of Foreign Powers in the History of Lebanon and Syria from 1799 to 1861
 |journal=Journal of Asian History
 |volume=14
 |issue=2 
 |year=1980
 |pages=97–126
 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag
 |jstor=41930375}}

Ibrahim Pasha had in Bašīr Šihāb (Amir Bashir) his most powerful ally. In their efforts to control the country efficiently the Egyptians pursued a policy of {{langx|la|text=divide et impera|translation=[[divide and rule]]|label=none}}.

"But the growing demands and harsh measures of the Egyptian administration finally had the effect of uniting the opposed parties against Egyptian rule. Collaboration with the Egyptians had not saved the Lebanese from oppressive measures, from the the 'insatiable rapacité d'un brigandage organisé,"49 and so the different religious groups worked together to resist Muhammad Ali's troops. In [?June?[ 1840 a convention was concluded in which Lebanese of all creeds declared their will to stand together against Egyptian rule. In a circular calling all inhabitants of Mount Lebanon up to revolt, the aims of the movement were formulated: the abolition of certain taxes, of conscription and of forced labour; Lebanon should not be disarmed.50  50 CPC/T/B/vol. 1 Consul Bourée '''12/6/1840''' f 36/37" - is this Wood? (Schlicht 107)

page 68 note 1 "The British Prime Minister [[Lord Palmerston]] underlined and queried the words, ‘which is also Your Lordship's opinion’, as well as the section in which Wood recommends rescuing the Sultan from his intolerable situation; but Ponsonby soon showed that Wood had interpreted his sentiments correctly. He sent Wood's despatch home on 6 Feb. 1836, and demanded action from Britain in an excited despatch of 7 Feb., writing, ‘I have for years past urged His Majesty's Government to be prepared for the crisis that is now approaching’, F.O. 78/273."  (Cunningham notes p. 68)

Two Lebanese Druze sheiks arrived in autumn of 1839 at the British embassy in Constantinople, asking Ponsonby for help "in spite of their originally not very favourable attitude towards British 'heretics'."(Schlicht 108)(Ufford 107-8)

=====French factions=====
"In France, indeed, there was not even a clear line of action: there were two parties obstructing each other's policy. On the one hand, there was Prime Minister [[Adolphe Thiers]] who favoured Muhammad Ali and took the Maronite issue for a minor problem. On the other hand, there was King [[Louis Philippe I]] who headed the group of those who wanted to back foremostly the old French allies in the mountains, the Maronites, and even thought of founding an autonomous Christian principality under the natural protectorate of France. The count d'Onfroi, about whose activities we find hints in the political correspondence of the French consul at Beirut, was a nephew of the French king and went to Mount Lebanon "to help the insurgents against the Egyptians with ammunition, money and the promise of France's support. As Louis had the backing of the clerical party in this venture, d'Onfroi was able to bring with him a letter from the pope to the Maronite patriarch in which promises of indulgence were made for those who would take up arms against the pasha of Egypt."56 (Schlicht 108)

Palmerston's plan to base British influence on a pro-Druse policy was ill-conceived. One practical result of it was that Wood, the British Ambassador's secret agent [see below] as a Roman Catholic was considered by Palmerston to be a Maronite partisan, and accordingly when the office of consul-general for Syria was revived in 1841 it went to Colonel [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Rose]], later FM Lord Strathnairn, the commander of the remaining British military detachments in Lebanon.<ref>{{cite journal 
 |title=Reviewed Work: Islam in the Modern National State by E. I. J. Rosenthal
 |last=Hourani
 |first=Albert 
 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies
 |volume=4
 |issue=1 
 |date=October 1967
 |pages=108–111
 |publisher=Taylor & Francis
 |jstor=4282235}}</ref> ([[Probably move]] to after-effects.)

The new French Prime Minister [[Adolphe Thiers]] was a key figure in the French July Revolution in 1830, and a strong supporter of Muhammad Ali, and he tried in March/April? 1840 to intercede to broker a direct agreement between Muhammed Ali and the [[Sublime Porte]] without the knowledge of the other European powers.(Thiers wiki) (Farah p 34) France was in a difficult position. Firstly, the government was split into two factions, a pro-war party led by Thiers, and a peace party led by Guizot and Louis-Philippe: and secondly France had always been pro-Egypt, but this conflicted with French support for the Christian Maronites who were in insurrection against Egyptian rule of Lebanon.(Farah 120-121) Furthermore, the French Consul Bourée in Beirut (on behalf of the Guizot–Louis-Philippe faction), was organising and arming the rebels, both Druze and Maronites, against [[Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi|Suleiman Pasha]] (the Arabicised name of the French Colonel Joseph Sève) who was aligned with Thiers - i fink.(Farah 116-7)

When France's secretive and unilateral maneuverings came to light, the other European powers were understandably put out. Thus France was sidelined, and did not take part in the 1840 Campaign against Ali Pasha, carried out by the combined forces of a mostly British fleet together with several Austrian and loyal Ottoman/Turkish ships, carrying a mix of British [[Royal Marines]], Austrian and Turkish troops, and Lebanese mountaineers. There was even a slight possibility that the French might actually go to war on behalf of Egypt/Mohammed Ali against the rest of the European Powers, but this didn't happen. 

In fact a French fleet was stationed in the Eastern Mediterranean, and wintered at Vourla i fink in 1839 alongside Stopford's ships. The [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ShV0s22miQQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true 'Levant Papers'] somewhere detail all the Austrian and Turkish ships.

====Operations====
[[File:Temple of Athena, Assos 1.jpg|thumb|left|The Temple of Athena, Assos, with [[Lesbos]] on the left.]]
Into this particularly complex power struggle sailed the ''Cyclops'', arriving at Valletta harbour in May 1840.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=United Service Journal |date=April–May 1840 |title=Correspondence from the Principal Ports and Stations |pages=116, 261–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQEcAQAAIAAJ&dq=cyclops&pg=PA116}}</ref> 

In early June 1840 before the diplomatic crisis had come to a head, ''Cyclops'' sailed to the [[Edremit Gulf|Gulf of Adramyttium]] with a detached squadron under Vice-Admiral Sir [[Sir John Louis, 2nd Baronet|John Louis]] in {{HMS|Ganges|1821|6}} with Commodore [[Charles Napier (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Napier]] in {{HMS|Powerful|1826|6}}.{{efn|Napier had left England after two other British ships, overtaken them on the way, and arrived in Malta with all sails set and the band playing.<ref>Edward Elers Napier (1862) Volume 1, pp. 363–367, 372.</ref>}} A certain amount of sightseeing took place, and a visit to the ruins of [[Assos]] was proposed. An unusual gathering took place on the deck of ''Cyclops'' as around 100 officers of the squadron and their picnic baskets, plus the wife of one of the captains and a lady companion, all arrived on board. Officers rarely met each other socially, staying on board their own ship most of the time. A [[quadrille]] was danced on board to "one of the best bands in the squadron", and the party was ferried to the Turkish mainland, where the band later struck up at the very top of the ruins, to the astonishment of the Turkish locals.{{sfn|Napier|1862|pp=408-11}}

Basically the British government took advantage of the general unrest in the country to secure a victory. <thinks> With a such a small force - a fleet of only six ships of the line and some steamers with marines - and against a united enemy, there would have been considerably less chance of winning against a much larger force.</thinks>
:I was correct in my thinking. "Whether Stopford should have interfered is very doubtful. It seems clear that he cannot have heard of Achmet's intentions [defecting Ottoman admiral] in time to prevent his junction with the Egyptians, and when once that had taken place, it would have been a matter of fighting, if it came to that, against odds of 3 to 1 without definite instructions and without French support. Napier considered that "the experiment might have been tried and probably would have succeeded to a certain extent", but he was writing after the event and without the check of responsibility. As it happened, fighting was postponed for more than a year, while the diplomats of Europe tried to reach agreement among themselves and to find terms acceptable to the two parties concerned in the original quarrel. Two considerations made their task difficult; first the distrust of Russia by the Western Powers, and afterwards the violently pro-Egyptian attitude taken up by France. When at length, in July 1840, the other  four Powers recognised that French co-operation was not to be had and decided to do without it, there was even a danger that France might go to war in support of Egyptian claims. For the greater part of this period of suspense the British and French squadrons lay side by side either in Besika Bay or in the Gulf of Smyrna." (Anderson, ''Naval Wars in the Levant'', pp. 555–6)

''Cyclops'' was despatched in June to Istanbul to pick up Richard Wood, the Catholic brother-in-law of the British Consul in Beirut and a secret agent of the Ambassador to the [[Sublime Porte]], [[John Ponsonby, 5th Earl of Bessborough|Lord Ponsonby]].{{sfn|Ufford|2007|p=112}}<ref>The Embassy of Lord Ponsonby to Constantinople</ref><ref>
 The Early Correspondence of Richard Wood 1831–1841
 A. B. Cunningham
 Camden Fourth Series, Volume 3 
 July 1966 , pp. 41-276
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068690500002622
 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 December 2009 
 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/camden-fourth-series/article/early-correspondence-of-richard-wood/1613CC4D968570F3EA7ECC0AB57D7758</ref><ref>
Journal Article
Reviewed Work: The Early Correspondence of Richard Wood, 1831-1841 ed. A. B. Cunningham
Review by: W. N. Medlicott
Middle Eastern Studies
Vol. 4, No. 1 (Oct., 1967), pp. 103-108 (6 pages)
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282234</ref>{{efn|Lots on Wood, needs an article... hah!

Medlicott p. 104 - Wood was Catholic.

He was already competent in Turkish, Italian, French, and Greek besides English, and it appears he escaped from Istanbul to Syria in 1832 at the age of 26 in order to learn Arabic. He was hospitably received by Ibrahim Pasha, quite impressed by Egyptian efficiency, and helped by friends and British officials to travel and master Arabic. (Medlicott 104-5)  

Consular and [[dragoman]] functions  of the [[Levant Company]] had been taken over by the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|Foreign Office]] in 1825.

Viscount Palmerston hoped for the ageing Muhammed Ali's early death to resolve the crisis, but his new ambassador Ponsonby urged the Sultan to instigate military reform in Turkey, to gather information about occupied Syria and prepare for the overthrow of Ibrahim Pasha. In this he relied on Richard Wood, newly appointed dragoman/interpreter at the Porte in 1834. Wood's familiarity with Syria and his personal acquaintance personalities such as Amir Bashir allowed him to produce quality reports on the country in 1834 & 1836. Ponsonby edited and improved Wood's reports, which became known to Palmerston and impressed the FO. ((Medlicott 105-6) Wood returned to Syria as Ponsonby's agent in 1835-7 and 1840-1, hoping to involve Amir Bashir in the overthrow of Ibrahim Pasha, but found that Bashir was prudently disinclined to rise against Ibrahim, who disarmed the Druze Revolt in 1836. (Medlicott 106)

C. W. CRAWLEY refers to Cunningham's description of the equivocal attitude of the Druze chieftains, and Wood's underestimation of the peasants' grievances against their own feudal chieftains. Wood's letters illustrate the complexity, corruption, and sheer cruelty of Syrian politics, and also the way in which a situation could be judged by an ambassador relatively ignorant of local conditions and a qualified observer who shared with his chief an overriding prejudice about their country's interest.   C. W. CRAWLEY https://www.jstor.org/stable/24405891 }}

=====June-July revolt===== 

Also useful: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005292860&seq=596 Naval wars in the Levant, 1559-1853] Anderson, R. C. (Roger Charles), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.


{{sfn|Ufford|2007|p=107}}. Having armed the Maronites with muskets and enlisted their help against the Druze in 1836, Ibrahim Pasha now wanted them to return their weapons, which they were unwilling to do.(Ufford 110)  Richard Wood engineered a coalition between the Maronite clergy and a few Druse sheiks who had never been in favour of Bashir's rule. (Farah 35)

A general insurrection (armed by Consul Bourée) - ref Farah - against the Egyptian soldiers broke out in and around Beirut from 27 May 1840 (Farah 35) where the population was generally in sympathy with the rebels. However on June 22 six frigates arrived from Alexandria with several thousand Egyptian troops, part of the Ottoman fleet which had deserted and gone over to Muhammed Ali's cause. (Ufford 110) By 13 July Bashir reported that the insurrection was over.(Farah 37) Along with an Albanian contingent the Egyptians made brutal reprisals against the villages in the mountains.(Ufford 111) The revolt petered out, and in any case Commodore Napier [or Wood?] didn't believe that the insurrection was of great importance since Amir Bashir had thrown in his lot with Muhammed Ali.(Ufford 114) Levant Papers p ??? <ref> Napier's ''The War in Syria'' [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/53498/53498-h/53498-h.htm Vol. 1] and [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/54751/54751-h/54751-h.htm Vol. 2] refer extensively to "The Levant Papers", which were not generally available to the public at the time. Their full title is "Parliamentary Papers (1841), Vol. XXIX, Correspondence relative to the Levant", otherwise "HM Government Accounts and Papers 1841 Volume 17", apparently three parts in two volumes.

*[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008729819 Part 1] is fully available as a downloadable pdf from the dreaded Hathi Trust... Apparently the full thing, last entry, p. 702, 15 July 1840. NB may take several minutes to build and download.
**DO NOT USE! [https://archive.org/details/CorrespondenceRelativeToTheAffairsOfTheLevantPartI1841/page/n70/mode/1up Part 1] Very faulty scan at archive.org, actually contains 475 pages, many printed pages per scanned pdf page. It is possible that the actual Contents pages are missing from this scan. Last entry dated 23 September 1839. Scan skips from p. 309 to p. 474. Not good.
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ShV0s22miQQC&printsec=frontcover Volume II] on Google books, complete. Contains Part II and Part III [pdf 327]. First entry, 15 July 1840, last entry 13 July 1841, p. 765.


</ref>

On 25 June Palmerston ordered Stopford's fleet into the Eastern Mediterranean and to blockade the sea routes to Egypt.{{sfn|Farah|Farah|2000|p=32}}

:"Rear-Admiral Sir John Louis, who was temporarily in command of the reduced British squadron during Stopford's absence, received news of the Syrian revolt and the Egyptian counter-measures on June 22nd at Besika Bay. He at once sent the Castor 36 to protect British interests at Beirut and took his battleships to Vourla pending the receipt of instructions from Stopford. These led to the despatch of the ''Powerful'' 84 and ''Edinburgh'' 72, on July 1st, to join the ''Castor'', but with orders not to interfere with the Egyptian fleet, much to the disgust of Napier of the ''Powerful'', the senior officer."(Anderson, pp 556–7)

Wood arrived off the the Syrian coast in ''Cyclops'' on 3 July(Farah p. 41){{sfn|Levant Correspondence|1841|pp=52, 71}} just as the  revolt was being put down with brutal reprisals. Wood arrived with with a remarkable [[firman]] from the Sublime Porte, signed by the [[Grand Vizier]], giving Wood authority 'for the regulation and settlement of the actual affairs of Mount Lebanon'.  (Medlicott 107)  Wood then cruised unmolested up and down the Syrian coast in Sir Charles Napier's ''Powerful'', landing in a rowing boat, picking up news and distributing thousands of muskets in an effort to get revive the insurrection.(Ufford 112){{efn|This rather contrasts with the role of ''Cyclops'' closer to home, in policing Daniel O'Connell's 'Monster Meeting' in Galway in 1843...}}{{efn|Farah says "he did not disembark until three weeks later" Where?}}

On 15 July 1840, the British government, which had colluded with [[Austro-Hungarian Empire|Austria]], [[Prussia]], and Russia to sign the [[Convention of London (1840)|Convention of London]], offered Mehmet Ali the hereditary rule of Egypt as part of the Ottoman Empire, but only if he withdrew from the Syrian hinterland and the coastal regions of [[Mount Lebanon]], now [[Lebanon]]. 

On 21 July Wood and Captain Napier received a report that Egyptian troops in the mountains were to return to Beirut, and went down the coast in Cyclops and landed at Zouk and Jebail. Wood transferred to the ''Powerful'' and ''Cyclops'' left Beirut, presumably for [[Urla, İzmir|Vourla Bay]] on Gulf of Smyrna, western Turkey, where Rear Admiral [[Sir John Louis, 2nd Baronet|Sir John Louis]] was stationed.{{sfn|Levant Correspondence|1841|p=83}} Louis was Admiral Superintendent of [[Malta Dockyard]], and had been given command of the squadron in preference to Napier, who was next in seniority.

=====August-September 1840=====
[[File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg|thumb|An officer from the ''Cyclops'' reached the summit of the Great Pyramid in record time.]]
Mehmet Ali's Egyptian fleet was at [[Alexandria]], along with most of the Turkish fleet which had defected to Ali's side in 1839. 

''Cyclops'' had returned to Alexandria and arrived inside the harbour by 6 August from Vourla, bearing a final ultimatum ultimatum to Muhammed Ali, and with directions to await the return of a reply.{{sfn|Clowes|1901|p=310}} Ali immediately disappeared on the 7th for two to three weeks to [[Damietta]] in Charkié (old French name of province).{{sfn|Levant Correspondence|1841|p=124}} It is probably during this period that an unnamed officer from ''Cyclops'' ascended the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] in eight minutes.{{sfn|Wilkinson|1847|p=178}} 

''Cyclops'' returned to Vourla with no satisfactory reply to the ultimatum, and on 1 September Lord Ponsonby, the British Ambassador in Constantinople received the news himself. On 3 September the Sultan issued another firman formally deposing the grand Amir, Muhammed Pasha, entrusting it to Colonel [Hugh] [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Henry Rose]].(Farah p. 124) On 7 September ''Cyclops'' arrived off [[Beirut]] with definite news of the rejection of the ultimatum.{{sfn|Clowes|1901|p=310}} Beirut was an essentially Christian town with a Christian Maronite garrison.(Ufford where?)

With the rejection of the ultimatum and the failure of diplomacy,  [[Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom]] Sir [[Robert Stopford (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Stopford]] / Admiral [[Sir John Louis, 2nd Baronet|John Louis]] / Commodore Sir [[Charles Napier (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Napier]] began military operations. Napier was actually senior to Louis, and was affronted that Louis had been given command of the squadron. (Napier, Vol 1, end of Ch. 1)

=====Combined operations, 1840=====
[[File:Princess Charlotte. English Camp at Djouni Syria 1840. Shows HMS Powerful RMG PW8043.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Princess Charlotte|1825|6}} and {{HMS|Powerful|1826|6}} (left) at the English Camp at Jounieh in 1840. ''Princess Charlotte'' was the flagship of Admiral Sir [[Robert Stopford (Royal Navy officer)| Robert Stopford]]. Lithograph by C. F. de Brocktorff{{efn|Charles Frederick de Brocktorff was a Danish-born artist (1775–1850) who fought with the Hanoverian [[King's German Legion]] in the Napoleonic Wars, and settled c1810 in Valetta, Malta. See [http://www.artnet.com/artists/charles-frederick-de-brocktorff/ Works sold at auction]}} ]]

When the commander of the British fleet Commodore [[Charles Napier (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Napier]] had arrived off the Syrian coast in September in {{HMS|Powerful|1826|6}}, he had called for the population to rise up again against Mehmet Ali.{{sfn|Caquet|2016|p=120, 122}} The British armed the Lebanese, distributing around 25,000 muuskets and ammunition.{{sfn|Levant Correspondence|1841|pp=310, 318, 340, 344}} Powerful', 'Ganges', Phoenix', Cyclops' & 'Hydra' were all involved.<ref>The Stopford Papers. p. 8
https://www.arcadianlibraryonline.com/app/downloadpdf?type=da-volume&xmlPath=alocollect/26/content-types/archive/ARC_16997.07.xml&xsltPath=/content-types/digital-archive/volume-download.xsl&productLogo=bloomsbury_assets/alocollect/images/Arcadian_adjusted_logo_-_cropped_ssp.jpg&mlaCitation=&lang=en&documentId=ARC_16997.07 </ref> The British fleet blockaded Syrian and Egyptian ports and determined to remove Egyptian troops from [[Jounieh]] (D’Jounie), [[Jebail]], [[Sidon]], Beirut and [[Acre]].

{{Location map many | Lebanon
| AlternativeMap = Lebanon location map Topographic.png
| caption  = Map of Lebanon, then part of Greater Syria. Clickable names link to the main action in the text.
| width = 260
| float = right
| label = Tripoli
  | pos = left
  | marksize = 8
  | coordinates1 = {{coord|34|26|N|35|51|E}}
| label2 = [[#Batroun|Batroun]]
  | pos2 = left
  | mark2size = 8
  | coordinates2 = {{coord|34|15|N|35|39|E}}
| label3 = [[#Jbail|Jbail]]
  | pos3 = left
  | coordinates3 = {{coord|34|07|N|35|39|E}}
| label4 = [[#Jounieh|Jounieh]]
  | pos4 = left
  | coordinates4 = {{coord|33|58|N|35|36|E}}
| label5 = [[#Beirut|Beirut]]
  | pos5 = left
  | coordinates5 = {{coord|33|53|N|35|30|E}}
| label6 = [[#Damour|Damour]]
  | pos6 = left
  | coordinates6 = {{coord|33|44|N|35|27|E}}
| label7 = [[#Sidon|Sidon]]
  | pos7 = left
  | coordinates7 = {{coord|33|33|N|35|23|E}}
| label8 = [[#Tyre|Tyre]]
  | pos8 = left
  | coordinates8 = {{coord|33|16|N|35|11|E}}
| label9 = [[#Acre|Acre]]
  | pos9 = left
  | coordinates9 = {{coord|32|55|N|35|04|E}}
| label10 = Mount Lebanon
  | mark10 = Green pog.svg
  | pos10 = right
  | coordinates10 = {{coord|34|18|N|36|07|E}}

}}

{{anchor|Jounieh}}
Landings were effected at at Jounieh (Junaiyah, D’Jounie) - 9 September. (Clowes p. 314)

Beirut was bombarded but no effort was made to take it, since the army wasn't ready.

{{anchor|Jbail}}
======11 September - Jebail======
The first significant action took place at the fort at Jbeil (variously Gebail or Jebail in contemporary reports), known in antiquity as [[Byblos Castle]].

* Good refs at p. 314 at www.archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory06clow, and
* The War in Syria, Volume 1, by Commodore Sir Charles Napier https://archive.org/details/warinsyriabycom00napigoog/page/n9 and gutenberg: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53498/53498-h/53498-h.htm

{{HMS|Dido|1836|6}} and {{HMS|Carysfort|1836|2}} were sent to Gebail to open communication with the Druze Mountaineers of Mount Lebanon, but as the Albanian garrison was still holding the old Castle they did not meet with a very friendly reception. [NB Mountaineers: refers generally to the peasantry of Mount Lebanon: both the Druze mountaineers rebelled against Ibrahim until 1839 (favoured by the British), but the Maronite Amir Bashir used his own Christian villagers against them, also called his own Mountaineers (Cunningham p74 n3)] Wood appears to have engineered a coalition of the Druze and Maronites 

The Commodore (Napier) therefore reinforced them with HMS ''Cyclops'' on the 12th September, which brought four Companies of Marines (220) and 150 Lebanese (Druze) Mountaineers. Captain Robinson selected a beach to the South of the Castle as a landing place; under cover of the fire of the ships on the Castle and town, the troops were landed, but the fortifications could have defied the whole of the Mediterranean Fleet. 25 (Blumberg Marine history pdf)

Lieut. (later Admiral) Sidney Grenfell (who had also served as a Lieutenant in HMS Excellent under Thomas Hastings) <ref>Sidney Grenfell R.N. https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=797</ref> mentioned re attack on [[Byblos Castle]] (called Gebail or Jebail in contemporary reports) for retrieving a British flag left in a garden as a signal, and storming of [[Sidon]]. <ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dusNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA65 - Navy List 1855.</ref>, {{sfn|Clowes|1901|p=315}} Also ''Carysfort'' and ''Dido'' involved. <ref>"Attack on D'Jebel 12th Sept. 1840" https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/129009.html Royal Museums Greenwich. Lithograph by the Schranz brothers, Giovanni & Antonio, Malta. Also see https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/102898.html for more info.</ref>

Lt. George Giffard wounded in attack on Gebail, later captain of paddle frigate ''Leopard'' (1850) in Gulf of Bothnia. (NL 1855 p. 62.) Rear-Admiral George Giffard https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21533369.2004.9668337 See mention in [[List of Royal Navy admirals (1707–current)]] <!-- Not a different (J.) Giffard, seemingly died of wounds in the Black Sea, nor Henry W. Giffard, Captain of Cruizer in 1840, nor this Admiral either: http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/George_Augustus_Giffard. Too many Giffards.-->

* Stuff about Jebail: As the force was retiring it was discovered that an English flag, which had been planted on a garden wall by the pilot of the Cyclops as a signal to the ships, etc. etc.
* Although the attempt to take the castle by storm had not been successful, it was not found necessary to renew it on the following day, for when morning came it was found that the steady fire from the ships had proved too much for the nerves of the garrison, and that rather than face it another day they had vacated the position and stolen away under cover of the night.  
*Lots and lots of correspondence & info about Syria 1840 and ''Cyclops'', inc. Grenfell at Gebail:
 "The Levant" - The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle Simpkin, Marshall, and Company, 1840. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MklWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA801 from p. 801, and contd. p. 873
*Pic of attack on Gebail: Attack on D'Jebel 12th Sept. 1840 https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/129009.html

Lots of stuff re RM actions:
*The Asplin Military History Resources. James Bunting – Royal Marines
 http://www.britishmedals.us/kevin/profiles/bunting.html
*History of the Royal Marines 1837-1914 by HE Blumberg (Minor editing by Alastair Donald)
 https://rmhistorical.com/files/content/History%20of%20RM%20-%20Blumberg%20%26%20AJD.pdf
 
{{anchor|Batroun}}
*15 September 1840 - [[Batroun]] captured by HMS ''Hastings'', HMS ''Carysfort'' and HMS ''Cyclops''. see p. 315 at [https://www.archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory06clow Clowes].

17 Caiffa taken [[Haifa]]??

{{anchor|Tyre}}
24 September- Tyre, ''Castor'' & ''Pique''.

{{anchor|Sidon|Damour}}
22 September: Wood had been on ''Cyclops'' with Captain Austin on a tour of Saida (Sidon) and had on board a number of powerful and influential Druze mountain chiefs. Wood proposed an expedition to Sir Robert Stopford to land at the [[Damour river]] and attack Bashir with 1,000 troops and the chiefs' mountaineers, once properly armed.{{sfn|Levant Correspondence|1841|pp=347-8}} This was not taken up by the British commanders.

======25 September - Sidon======

At Sidon, ''Thunderer'', ''Wasp'', 4 steamers (''Gorgon'', ''Cyclops'', ''Stromboli'' & ''Hydra''), Austrian frigate ''Guerriera'' under [[Archduke Friedrich of Austria (1821–1847)|Archduke Frederick]], and ''Gulfideh'' (Turkish 20 gun corvette) were told off, with a landing force of 750 British Marines under Captains Arthur Morrison, R.M., and James Whylock, R.M., 100 Austrians, and 500 Turks.{{sfn|Clowes|1901|p=316}}<ref>[http://site-5.brussels.dinkycms.com/the-royal-navys-end-of-fighting-sail-sidon-beirut-and-acre-1840/ The Royal Navy's end of fighting sail - Sidon, Beirut and Acre 1840] - good pix </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/148134.html |title=For the Benefit of the Families of the killed in the Allied Fleet on the Coast of Syria... The Attack & Capture of Sidon... |website=Royal Museums Greenwich - The Collection |accessdate=27 March 2020}} - NB image is reversed online. ''Cyclops'' is on the far right as shown (actually far left), facing dead ahead, then ''Gorgon'' and ''Hydra''.</ref>

[[Arthur Cumming (Royal Navy officer)|Arthur Cumming]] Mate (later Admiral) of ''Cyclops'', mentioned in dispatches for leading the Turkish troops to the assault at the storming of Sidon (NL 1855, p. 66){{sfn|Clowes|1901|p=316}}

J. T. Russell, [[Master (naval)]] of ''Cyclops'' storming of Sidon & bombardment of Beirut (Navy List 1855 ibid, p. 155)

The Naval General Service medal 1793-1840, 1 clasp, Syria of J. F. Guyon, Lieut. R.N., of the ''Cyclops'' was sold at auction in 2013 for £1200. + good bio.<ref>Orders, Decorations, Medals and Militaria (11 & 12 December 2013) Lot 724 https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=290&lot_id=242929</ref>

Hmm, Cyclops seems not to be mentioned at all after Sidon.

*26 Sep 1840 unsuccessful operations at Ruad and Tortosa - see p. 315 at  www.archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory06clow.  

On 6 October the British and Austrian fleets at Alexandria sailed for Beirut. Cyclops sailed the next day without Colonel Hodges who received news from ''Hydra'' that the Consuls had been recalled. (These were probably HM Consuls at Damascus, Aleppo and Tarsus. See ''Levant Papers'' vol II p. 125.) Muhammed Ali very ill.{{sfn|Levant Correspondence|1841|p=240}}

{{anchor|Beirut}}
Beirut was attacked by Napier ("mad and infectious bravery") against Ibrahim Pasha, Battle of Boharsef - surrendered on 9 October. <ref>Clowes  pp 317-8</ref> "...one of the very few land battles won by a naval officer." (Napier).<ref>[https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=3092&lot=3514 Noble Numismatics Pty Ltd. Auction 120, 2-4 Apr 2019] - Ottoman Empire, c1840, shamshir style sword presented to Admiral Sir Charles Napier by the Sultan of Turkey.</ref> 

*22 Oct 1840 action off [[Tartus|Tortosa]]. (HMS ''Carysfort''.)

However, ''Cyclops'' was "detained" (for reasons unspecified) in Beirut by 22 October, and was unable to take the mails for England straight across the Mediterranean, although she would have been faster than other sailing vessels going via Constantinople.<ref>Colonel Sir Charles T. Smith to Viscount Palmerston: Beyrout, 22 October 1840. {{harv|Levant Correspondence|1841|pp=358-9}}</ref>

27 October 1840 - ''Cyclops'' arrived Malta from Sidon.<ref>http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/C/01238.html</ref>

Cyclops' engines were being repaired at Malta for the last 4 days in October, 15 days in November and the whole of December. See [[#Engine repairs, 1840–1843]].

{{anchor|Acre}}

======3 November - Bombardment of Acre======
[[File:HMS Phoenix.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Phoenix|1832|6}} at the bombardment of Acre]]

So that's why ''Cyclops'' wasn't at Acre, she was at the fixers. That's also why only ''Gorgon'', ''Phoenix'', ''Stromboli'' and ''Vesuvius'' took part.<ref>[https://www.pdavis.nl/Syria_Map.htm Bombardment of St. Jean d’Acre, November 3rd, 1840] - Map.</ref>{{sfn|Clowes|1901|p=320}}

*3 Nov, 1840 bombardment of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. - Not hugely important for this article since ''Cyclops'' wasn't involved, but involved good/daring? seamanship, and the climax of the whole campaign.

At Acre, The Egyptians didn't think that an attacking enemy would venture inside the shoal, and had built up the lower part of the embrasures with stones and sandbags, and were unable to depress their guns enough. {{sfn|Clowes|1901|p=319}}<ref>Navy List 1855 - https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dusNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57</ref>

As part of the rewards for the campaign, Captain Horatio Austin, commander of ''Cyclops'', received a [[Order of the Bath#Commander|C.B.]] The officers and crew received the St. Jean d’Acre medal, 1840<ref>Navy List March 1861 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ek9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA162</ref><ref>St. Jean d’Acre medal, 1840: the Royal Navy’s first campaign medal. https://www.dcmmedals.co.uk/st-jean-dacre-1840-the-royal-navys-first-campaign-medal/</ref> Plus good description of campaign.. Over 10,000 medals were awarded to 26 ships.

=====Outcomes?=====

After the defeat of the Egyptians the Amir Bashir was deposed, and Wood (who experienced difficulty with Sir Robert Stopford, who remained on board ship all the time [NB He was in Malta a lot of the time, did he ever actually turn up?] created an interim regime based on an unlikely Maronite-Druze co-operation under Turkish auspices. (Medlicott 107)

Big mess in 1846?

[[1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus]] - possibly contains a load of bollox?

[[Crimean War]] 1865

[[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]]

[[Liberation of Bulgaria]], March 1878

Anyway, on with the immediate history of the ''Cyclops''...

====Further operations in the Mediterranean====

On 3 February 1841 [[Charles Frederick Schomberg]] was appointed senior Lieutenant on ''Cyclops'' at Malta.<ref name="obyrne">{{cite wikisource |first=William Richard |last=O'Byrne |chapter=Schomberg, Charles Frederick |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary |year=1849 |publisher=[[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]]}}</ref> ([https://www.commodoretrust.org.uk/%E2%80%9CCaptain%20Superintendents%E2%80%9D%20and%20the%20%E2%80%9CShips%20they%20built%E2%80%9D,%20and%20a%20%E2%80%9Chistory%20of%20each%20vessel%E2%80%9D..pdf ''Captain Superintendents and the ships they built''] p. 93). 

Lots of zooming around the Med.<ref> http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/C/01238.html</ref>

14 Jul 1841 departed Palermo, leaving {{HMS|Talbot|1824|6}} and ''Locust'' (1840), who were sheltering from the current gales.(Captain Superintendents p. [94]) 

8 Feb 1842 arrived Malta, from Constantinople, with the Turkish medals for the British forces, for services in Syria: gold for senior officers, silver junior officers, and copper for the men. (Captain Superintendents p. 94) <ref>Pic of Turkish medal: Turkey Siege Acre Military Medal 1840. Sultan Abdul Mejid, Silver Junior Officers. https://www.medals-orders.com/turkey/turkey-siege-acre-military-medal-1840-ottoman-2nd-turkish-egyptian-war-1989-1841-sultan-abdul-mejid.html</ref>

[[File:HMS 'Formidable' careened in Malta Dockyard, 31 January 1843 RMG PW8039.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Formidable|1825|6}} being [[careening|careened]] in Malta Dockyard, 31 January 1843]]
25 Nov 1842 arrived Malta with {{HMS|Geyser|1841|6}} from [[Corfu]] and [[Zante]] and then proceeded to [[Barcelona]] with the ''Inconstant'' (1836) on the 27th "to protect British interests". (Captain Superintendents p. 94) ie [[Bombardment of Barcelona (1842)|Bombardment of Barcelona]] in which Spanish rebels forced elements of the Spanish Army to take refuge in the citadel above the city. On 3 December the army indiscriminately bombarded the town, killing around 20-30 rebels.

On 30 November 1842 {{HMS|Formidable|1825|6}} struck the ground heavily at the mouth of the [[Llobregat]], 14 miles west of Barcelona, whilst doing about 4 knots. {{HMS|Rodney|1833|6}} assisted, along with many other vessels which arrived during the day. The ''Formidable'' was hauled off just before midnight, having thrown her guns overboard and started and pumped out her water. The ship was towed to Barcelona by ''Cyclops'', and from there to Malta. The ''Cyclops'' assisted with the recovery of the guns although her rudder was not retrieved. (Captain Superintendents p. 94)<ref>"United States nautical magazine" for 1844. Mediterranean Navigation. — Notes of Mr. R. Thompson, Master of H.M.S. Vanguard, from 2nd April, 1840, to 16th August, 1843. pp. 8-11 https://archive.org/stream/unitedstatesnaut13crav/unitedstatesnaut13crav_djvu.txt</ref>

Having had further repairs to her engines at Malta in January the following year, ''Cyclops'' returned to England and was paid off at Woolwich on 16 May 1843.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}}

====Engine repairs, 1840–1843====
[[File:Valletta-Harbour.jpg|thumb|[[Valletta]] harbour, Malta]]
''Cyclops'' spent a considerable time at [[Malta Dockyard]], having repairs made to her engines, boilers and paddle wheels. 

List of repairs made to ''Cyclops''' engines from October 1840 to January 1843:  4 days in Oct. 15 days in Nov. & whole of Dec. 1840. 7 days Jan, 13 days Feb 15 days March, 19 days  April, 15 days June, 7 days July, 6 days Nov Dec 1841, 10 days Feb, Mar Apr 7 days Nov, 2 days Dec, 1842, 13 days Jan 1843. Detained 164 days (20% of the time - 2 years and 3 months = approx 820 days 164/820=0.2 =20%) : cost of repairs £800 7s 10d. 

The same Seaward 320 hp engines were fitted to HMS ''Alecto'' (1839) and HMS ''Prometheus'' (1839), which proved to be even more costly in time and expense: between January 1840 and March 1843 ''Alecto''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s engines, boilers and paddle-wheels were being repaired for 392 days out of 1,1180 = 1/3 of the time. Total cost including spares and tools was £1158 4s. ''Prometheus'' was being repaired for 353 days out of 3 years from March 1840 to March 1843 = about 1/3 of the time at a cost of £1,012 1s. 

Complete breakdown of repairs at Malta to the engines of ''Cyclops'', ''Alecto'', ''Prometheus'', (Seaward 320 hp), ''Polyphemus'' (1840) and {{HMS|Geyser|1841|6}} (Seaward 200 hp), ''Devastation'' ([[Maudslay, Sons and Field]] 400? hp), and ''Stromboli'' (1839) and ''Vesuvius'' (1839) ([[Robert Napier (engineer)|Robert Napier]] of [[Robert Napier and Sons]], 280 hp)). The last two were much better behaved - ''Stromboli'' was under repair for 51 days for £68 and none at all for the whole year since March 1842: and ''Vesuvius'' a mere 38 days for £37<ref> Refs: (all the same book) The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine. "Marine Engines: Parliamentary Return."  February 1846, p. 109, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1bc5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA109 : March 1846 p. 149 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1bc5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA149 : and April 1846 p. 171 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1bc5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA171</ref>
 
===Particular service===
[[File:The Monster Meeting at Clifden in 1843.png|thumb|''The Monster Meeting at Clifden, 15 September 1843'' by [[Joseph Patrick Haverty|Joseph Haverty]]. [[Daniel O'Connell]] is in the centre addressing the crowds.]]

'''27 May 1843''' Back in England, ''Cyclops'' was half-way through a major engine service at Woolwich when she was recommissioned for particular service, in this case to Ireland where the 68-year old [[Daniel O'Connell]] was agitating for the repeal of the [[Acts of Union 1800]]. His [[Repeal Association]] was dedicated to re-establishing the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] which was abolished with the uniting of Ireland and Britain into one kingdom. ''Cyclops'' was again commanded by Captain Horatio Austin.<ref>https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1309</ref> Within 36 hours of commissioning she was ready for sea, and sailed with a reduced crew of 145 from the guard-ship at Sheerness for the purpose of manning her. She left for Cork with a detachment of Royal Marines from Chatham.<ref>Banner of Ulster - Friday, 2 June, 1843 Eddies Extracts. http://eddiesextracts.com/bouextracts/bou18430600.html "Extraordinary Expedition in Despatching Troops and Arms to Ireland" </ref>

At Cork she embarked two companies of the [[36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot|36th Foot]] to sail to Galway specifically 'in order to be in attendance for the Repeal meeting to be held in that town.'<ref>The ‘Navalization’ of Ireland: The Royal Navy and Irish Insurrection in the 1840s.  The Mariner's Mirror Volume 101, 2015 - Issue 4, page needed  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00253359.2015.1085703</ref> Accompanied by the steam tender ''Myrtle'' (1 gun, ex PO ''Firefly'', 1831),{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=310}} she stopped off at the the [[River Shannon]] on 20 June with marine stores etc. for the Shannon Batteries which defended the estuary.<ref>1843 Thursday 22nd June (Clare Journal) http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/genealogy/don_tran/fam_his/scattery/1795_1849.htm</ref> such as on [[Inis Cathaigh#Artillery battery|Inis Cathaigh]]<ref> Scattery Island: The Battery http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/places/battery.html</ref> or [[Tarbert Island]].<ref>Fortifications in the Shannon Estuary and Galway Bay: Tarbert Island Battery by Paul M. Kerrigan. http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/history/fortifications/chap5_tarbert.htm</ref>

On 25 June she anchored in [[Galway Bay]] at Shantalla, W. of [[Galway city]] to 'keep an eye' on one of O’Connell's last great open-air public rallies ('monster meetings') which attracted huge crowds.<ref>{{cite news |title=O'Connell's Galway Monster Meeting |newspaper=Connacht Tribune |date=June 17, 2014 |last=Moylan |first=Jody |url=https://connachttribune.ie/oconnells-galway-monster-meeting/ |accessdate=7 October 2019}}</ref> During his speech at Sliding Rock<ref>{{cite web |title=The Liberator at Sliding Rock |author=John Smyth |url=http://johnsmyth.ie/wordpress/the-liberator-at-sliding-rock/ | date=6 August 2013 |accessdate=7 October 2019}}</ref> he drew attention to the ''Cyclops'' anchored in the bay and said that “The [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], Sir [[Robert Peel]] and [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]] could think of nothing better for Ireland than to arrest the old women who sang ballads in the street. They also sent a steamer here to prepare for this meeting, but I will send four old women and a cook to take her.”<ref>{{cite news |title=What 'The Liberator' said in Shantalla - A magnificent public demonstration |newspaper=Galway Advertiser |date=8 January 2009 |first= Paul |last=McGinley |url=https://www.advertiser.ie/Galway/article/6932/what-the-liberator-said-in-shantalla-a-magnificent-public-demonstration |accessdate=7 October 2019}}</ref> His last meeting was at [[Clifden]] in September, after which was arrested for treason and imprisoned.

[[File:Visite de la reine Victoria au Tréport, 2 septembre 1843 - Eugène Isabey.jpg|thumb|A number of steam frigates are shown with HMY ''Victoria and Albert'' at Le Tréport in 1843.]]
In September 1843 ''Cyclops'' joined the royal squadron accompanying "Her Majesty's Marine Excursion" in [[HMY Victoria and Albert (1843)|HMY ''Victoria and Albert'']] to [[Le Tréport]], France at the beginning of her first [[List of foreign visits made by Queen Victoria|first foreign visit]] to the [[Chateau d'Eu]], and [[Ostend]], Belgium. The ''Victoria and Albert'' (like ''Cyclops'' designed by William Symonds and built in Pembroke Dockyard), was launched in April 1843.

Queen Victoria was the first British monarch to visit France since 1520.

 FRANCE: Queen, Yacht, Treport, antique print, 1843, inc. ''Cyclops''(?) on right
 https://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/france-queen-yacht-treport-antique-print-1843-145131-p.asp

Other ships in the squadron included the paddle steamers HMS ''Lightning'' (1823), HMS ''Prometheus'' (1839) (''Alecto''-class paddle sloop), HMS ''Firebrand'' (1842) and HMS ''Fearless'' (1837).

 ''[[The Observer]]'', Monday, September 4, 1843, p. 2
 https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/258986426/

Illustrated London News, Volumes 3-4 16 September 1843 p. 188 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=c3Y5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA188 - good etching of the steam fleet at Le Tréport - Cyclops, Tartarus, V&A, Picton?/Platon?, Ariel, Archimedes, (Mail) Prometheus, Napoleon (Fr.?)

Paid off 29 September 1843.<ref>https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1309</ref> On the same day both Captain Austin and the Master, J. T. Russell, wrote a letter of appreciation to the inventor Lt. William Roger RN, whose 'Small Palmed Anchor'<ref>Lieutenant Rodger Anchor, Yurulbin Point, Birchgrove, New South Wales. By Benjamin Wharton, December 2016. https://www.academia.edu/32355880/Lieutenant_Rodger_Anchor_Yurulbin_Point_Birchgrove_New_South_Wales</ref> had been of great use during the four years of the commission. <ref> The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle, 1844, pp. 37, 526. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nXpGGY3hunYC&pg=PA37</ref>

===Channel Squadron===
[[File:The steam frigate 'Firebrand' and the Experimental Squadron of 1844 RMG PY0917 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Firebrand (1842) with the [[Experimental Squadron (Royal Navy)|Experimental Squadron]] of 1844]]

'''23 November 1843''' - until paying off at [[Sheerness Dockyard|Sheerness]] December 1846) by Captain William Frederick Lapidge.{{efn|1=''Cyclops'' is mentioned as being on the south-east coast of America under Lapidge before the Channel Squadron, but since she was transporting troops to Cork on 27 December 1843, the idea of Cyclops making a 13,000 mile return journey in a month seems unlikely.

There seems to be no actual contemporary record of ''Cyclops'' sailing or returning to S. America, only mentions in modern sources, I think emanating from Winfield: but there ''are'' contemporary reports of her in Ireland and the [[Channel Fleet|Channel Squadron]]. I really don't think that ''Cyclops'' could possibly have gone all the way to Uruguay and back in a month at 5 or six knots or so. It's over 6,500 miles, and at 6½ knots that's about 1,000 hours or fifty days just to get there. And sailing ''Cyclops'' was even slower with only two light masts, about 3 knots. Uruguay and back in a month - just don't think so. Anyway, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jekNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA220 Navy List, February 1844, p. 220] just has "Cyclops / ''Ireland''" in the main entry. I think Winfield is to blame for this one, dunno where he got the info. Maybe just a mistake, he certainly covered a lot of material. }} 

27 December 1843:  ''Cyclops'', Lapidge, arr. Plymouth with Marines embarked at [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]]. ''Cyclops'' needed some defects made good, 29 Dec: Marines transferred to ''Radamanthus'', along with Marines from the Plymouth division, and sailed for Cork the same day. 7 Jan 1844 - Cyclops towed {{HMS|Nereus|1821|6}} (coal & stores bound for [[Valparaiso]]) clear of the English Channel, then to Cork. 

Lapidge bios
 Navy List Feb 1855, p. 55 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dusNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA55
 https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=615

Jan 1844 - Lieut. Robert Coote (later Commander-in-chief, [[China Station]] 1878–1881) to Cyclops.<ref> The United Service Magazine, 1844 p. 157 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qfXP5bfuGygC&pg=PA157</ref><ref>https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=978</ref>

1844: James Bedford (1862 Asst. Hydrographer to the Admiralty, 1869 Rear-Admiral) appointed additional Commander to Cyclops for the survey of W. coast of Ireland. 1847 additional Commander to HMS ''Crocodile'' (1825), W, Coast of Ireland.<ref>Forest of Dean Family History Trust: Forest of Dean Wills 1858-1941. https://forest-of-dean.net/joomla/index.php/resources/16-wills/21-people</ref>

George Augustus Bedford, (Commander, 1843) since 1 July, 1844, has been conducting, as Additional-Commander of the Cyclops and Crocodile, the survey of the West Coast of Ireland. NB Same career, different first name...<ref> A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive. by   O'Byrne, William R., 1849 https://archive.org/details/cu31924027921372/page/n4 p. 66</ref>

[[Experimental Squadron (Royal Navy)|Experimental Squadron]] April - July 1846 (Capt. Lapidge)

14 August 1846 - huge rollers at St. Helena, destroyed many boats and much of the port.

====Aground====
[[File:Thorness Bay.jpg|thumb|Thorness Bay, Isle of Wight]]
'''Sunday, 1 November 1846''': At about 0800hrs The steam frigate HMS Cyclops, outward bound for Lisbon, went aground in fog in [[Thorness Bay]] (north-west coast of the [[Isle of Wight]]) at the same time as the Pottinger, P&O paddle steamer returning from maiden voyage. The sea was completely calm, with "scarely a 'catspaw' to rumple the surface of the water."

Cyclops left Spithead around 0800 for Lisbon, carrying despatches for the [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Portugal|British Embassy at Lisbon]], under the charge of Colonel Wylde, an equerry.{{efn|Major General William Wylde, (1788-1877), serving briefly as Prince Albert's Equerry and subsequently [[Groom of the Bedchamber]] in 1846. The papers in this collection relate to his career from this time onwards, when he was employed by the British government in Portugal during the tumultuous years during and surrounding the [[Patuleia|Portuguese civil war]] of 1846-47. Wylde Family Papers. Jisc Archives Hub. https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/31fcb938-0bf5-364d-9489-1ce85cccb5ae }} Fog came on shortly after passing Cowes - steered cautiously to the west, passing [[Egypt Point]]. Fog so thick that the lead was their only guide. The water shoaled from twelve to ten, then seven then four fathoms (18 feet - draught only about 12 feet). Determined it prudent to anchor, but in rounding for that purpose the ship suddenly grounded. 

The topmast was struck and the main gaff lowered in order to shore her up. Low water at 3pm - luckily the bed was just a fine soft bed of mud. Some rocks, called the Gurnard Ledge lay between Cyclops and Pottinger. The shores of ''Cyclops'' gave way and she was lying over on her starboard bilge at about fifteen degrees.

Revenue cutter ''Adder'' {{refn|the Adder was apparently in service until 1904 - "The Last of the Cutters – The Years at Sea"  Lieutenant W B Hunkin https://www.maritimeviews.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/LSC-Years-at-Sea.pdf</ref> Adder, 100 tons, 8 guns http://scillypedia.co.uk/SmugglingNotes.htm  and Adder, <-1816-1830->  1860 Coast Guard Tender http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/A/00057.html  and Hampshire Telegraph – 18 May 1840 https://www.customscowes.co.uk/customs_news_1820%20onwards.htm}} (Commander Morgan) and the ''Rose'', (Captain Hughes) came to their assistance, and she refloated about 9pm that evening after discharging 45 tons of water from boilers and tanks. ''Cyclops'' apparently received no damage and continued on her voyage.<ref> Her Majesty's Steamer "Cyclops", and the Peninsular and Oriental Company's Steamer "Pottinger" ashore on the Isle of Wight. Illustrated London News, Vol 9, no. 236, Nov. 7, 1846, p.300. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W9FCAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA300, page downloadable at https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3b46366/ </ref>

Also fix [[List of shipwrecks in November 1846]] - mostly nonsense.

November 1847: ''Cyclops'' and ''Cerberus'' were assigned as escort ships to the Dutch flagship ''Prince of Orange'' (''Prins van Oranje''), commanded by [[Prince Henry of the Netherlands (1820–1879)|Prince Henry of the Netherlands]] [[ref from here]] which brought [[Prince Alexander of the Netherlands]], suffering from terminal [[tuberculosis]], to [[Madeira]] for his health.<ref>Bouman, J.J. (1967). Op en om Oranjes troon (in Dutch). Zaltbommel: Europese bibliotheek., p. 115</ref>

===Irish insurgency 1848===
Coaling at Portsmouth.<ref> Nautical Standard (London) March 25, 1848, p. 3b. https://newspaperarchive.com/nautical-standard-mar-25-1848-p-3/ </ref>

'''29 July 1848''' - 15 August 1848 Commanded (until paying off at Portsmouth) by Captain the Hon. [[George Fowler Hastings]], conveying troops to Ireland (see [[Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848]]).

 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/Austin,_Horatio_Thomas

On the 28th of July 1848, orders were received for the [[35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot|35th Foot]] to be held in readiness for service in Ireland, in consequence of the very disturbed state of that country, and the next morning it was embarked on board her Majesty's ships ''Cyclops'' and ''Driver'', and immediately sailed, the detachment of the regiment at [[Pendennis Castle]] being put on board the latter vessel on her way down Channel, arriving at [[Dun Laoghaire|Kingstown Harbour]] on the night of the 30th.<ref>An Historical Memoir of the 35th Royal Sussex Regiment of Foot. Richard Trimen, 1873. The Southampton Times newspaper and printing and publishing company. https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalmem00trimgoog/page/n146</ref>

The Admiralty dispatched ''Cyclops'', ''Driver'' and ''Birkenhead'' with Marines & Marine Artillery from Portsmouth, also Marines from Devonport, and stores. Cyclops, and a draft of men from the ''Excellent'' was temporarily commanded by Capt. Hall, with Lieut. E. A. T. Lloyd. Capt. Hastings took command of the ''Dragon'', taking 200 Coast Guard men departed Portsmouth 1st August 1848, swapped with Capt. Hall in Ireland. Cyclops returned to England and was taken into the steam [[In ordinary|ordinary]].<ref>"Correspondence from the Principal Ports and Stations: Portsmouth, 24 August 1848". The United Service Magazine, Volume 58 September 1848, p. 135 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fNwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135</ref>

6 August 1848 - at Dublin along with Medusa (CG) Amphion, Driver, Dragon, Stromboli & Shearwater. There were 29 Navy vessels around the coast of Ireland.<ref>The ‘Navalization’ of Ireland: The Royal Navy and Irish Insurrection in the 1840s. Mariner's Mirror Vol 101 Issue 4 November 2015. Map. p. 406 https://www.academia.edu/17794112/The_Navalization_of_Ireland_The_Royal_Navy_and_Irish_Insurrection_in_the_1840s_Mariners_Mirror_Vol._101_Issue_4._November_2015_pp_388-409</ref>

Map also in Defending Ireland from the Irish: The Irish Executive’s reaction to 
Transatlantic Fenianism 1864-68. 2017 D Phil Thesis Jerome Devitt Trinity College Dublin pp 258, 270. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/60b5/0a4ab7139f77c3887b1d1ef71b4d34d3aaea.pdf

===Anti-slavery operations===

{{Main|Blockade of Africa}}

'''8 September 1848''' - February 1851 Commanded by Capt. Hastings, west coast of Africa in anti-slavery operations, took a number of prizes.

Appointments to ''Cyclops'':<ref> [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fNwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA315 "Promotions and Appointments - Royal Navy. 5th September"] ''The United Service Magazine'', Volume 58, September 1848, pp. 315-6  </ref>
 Lieut. A. B. Hodgkinson to Cyclops - later Lt.-Commander Hodgkinson, [[Arrow-class gunvessel|HMS Viper (1854)]] engaged in anti-slavery ops at St Paul de Loando ([[Luanda]]), Angola, some miles south of the mouth of the [[River Congo]] in 1858.<ref>{{cite book
 |title=Executive Documents printed by order of the House of Representatives during the 2nd session of the 36th Congress, 1860-'61. 
 |series=Congressional Serial Set, Volume 4, Document 7 
 |chapter=African Slave Trade 
 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office 
 |year=1861
 |pages=382ff, 400ff, 545ff
 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5JBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA570}}</ref>
 Lieut. Horace Bullock<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/Bullock,_Horace A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Bullock, Horace]. Wikisource.</ref> 
 Master John T. Crout (ex ''Pantaloon'', boarded a pirate slaver through the gun ports while they were pointed at the ship)
 Second Master A. O. West
 Midshipmen [[James Graham Goodenough|J Goodenough]], A. Tweedale & W. Simpson. Midshipman (later [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]]) [[James Graham Goodenough]] joined ''Cyclops'' from HMS Collingwood in 1848. He went on to become Commander-in-Chief, [[Australia Station]].<ref> Our Sailors: Gallant Deeds of the British Navy during Victoria's Reign Author: W.H.G. Kingston http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21402/21402-h/21402-h.htm</ref> 
 Cadet George H. Parker
 Master's assistant Edward Browne
 Naval Instructor W. H. Macintosh
 Asst. Surgeon John M. Trousdell, MD
 Paymaster Henry R. Cole
 Purser William L. Norcock

Evening, 30 September 1848: Mails left London for Cyclops at Portsmouth, bound for Madeira, Cape Verde Islands, Sierra Leone, and Ascension.<ref> "Mails will be Despatched from London" The Economist, 30 September 1848, p. 1118. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=N5sjAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1118</ref> 7 November 1848: Cyclops left Sierra Leone for [[Ascension Island]].<ref> Cyclops, https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1309</ref>

[[File:St-Helena-Jamestown.jpg|thumb|[[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]], the capital of Saint Helena]]
From 1840 [[St Helena]] became central to Britain's policy of suppressing the slave trade by military means, with the ships of the [[West Africa Squadron]]. From 1846-9 the Commodore of the Squadron was [[Charles Hotham]], previously captain of the ''Gorgon'' when she ran aground in [[Montevideo Bay]] in 1843.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Sir Astley Cooper |last=Key |author-link=Astley Cooper Key |title=A Narrative of the Recovery of the HMS Gorgon |place=London |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co. |year=1847 |url=https://archive.org/details/anarrativerecov01keygoog}}</ref>

The [[Aberdeen Act|Slave Trade (Brazil) Act 1845]] gave British ships the right to detain Brazilian and stateless vessels engaged in the slave trade, whether or not they had slaves on board: [[Vice admiralty court]]s could try them for piracy as if they were British vessels. (Niekerk p. 90). The Judge of the VA court from 1842 to 1863 was Judge William Wilde (Niekerk p. 106) [NB not [[William Wilde]], Oscar's father.]<ref>JP van Niekerk "The role of the vice admiralty court at St Helena in the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade, Part 1" vol? 15 Fundamina issue? 69 (2009) https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/51791707/the-role-of-the-vice-admiralty-court-at-st-helena-in-the-abolition-of-the- </ref>

The Vice-Admiralty court on St Helena condemned 450 vessels involved in the transatlantic slave trade, and liberated over 25,000 people, more than any other British possession.(Pearson p. 3) The court condemned the slaves to the Crown, who in turn granted them their freedom. Other places included [[Cape Colony]], [[Mauritius]] and Bombay. Also vice-Admiralty courts in Sierra Leone and Cuba.(Pearson p. 6)

Ships flying the American flag were as liable as any other to be stopped and searched for evidence of slaving. Some were ''bona fide'' US vessels, others were in fact Brazilian with false papers. To the commanders of some US Navy ships the cruising strategy of British ships appeared ill-chosen to suppress the slave trade. Indeed, Royal Navy officers admitted it was principally aimed at earning prize money or a head bounty.<ref>
 The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government's Relations to Slavery
 Don E. Fehrenbacher
 ed. Ward M. McAfee 
 Oxford University Press, 
 2002
 9780190289126
 p. 186
 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPfhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT186 </ref>

As early as 1808, by an Order-In-Council the British government had been offering a bounty of £40 per man, £30 per woman and £10 per child in lieu of prize money.(Niekerk p. 83) The crew of ''Cyclops'' received bounties for the capture of a number of vessels: ''Bom Successo'' on 25 December 1848, ''Esperanca'' on 10 May 1849, ''Sophia'' on 11 August 1849 and ''Apollo'' on 29 October 1849 (the last two in consort with HMS ''Rattler''), ''Pilot'' on 10 January 1850, ''Ventura'' on 27 January 1850 (both with HMS ''Pluto''), ''Sociedade'' on 17 June 1850, and an unnamed "slave brigantine" on 20 November 1850.{{efn|Captain Hastings received £67 15 shillings and 11½ pence as his share from the ''Bom Successo'', £398 18 shillings for ''Esperanca'', £91 4 shillings 5¼ pence for ''Sophia'' and £106 19 shillings 10 pence for ''Apollo'',[11] £128 6 shillings 10 pence for ''Pilot'', £250 11 shillings 11 pence for ''Ventura'', £85 16 shillings 10 pence for ''Sociedade'', and £333 2 shillings 10 pence for the unnamed brigantine; a total of nearly £1500, worth around £150,000 today.<ref> HMS Cyclops https://www.worldnavalships.com/directory/shipinfo.php?ShipID=138  </ref> }} The unnamed brigantine carried 609 slaves, who were liberated on St. Helena. They were in unusually physically good condition, unlike many others. Conditions in the depots on St. Helena were appalling - 4,760 out of 15,076 liberated Africans received between 1849 died, mostly of [[dysentery]], [[pneumonia]], and [[smallpox]].<ref> 
 Distant Freedom: St Helena and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1840-1872
 Volume 10 of Liverpool studies in international slavery
 Pearson
 Andrew F. 
 Oxford University Press, 
 2016
 9781781382837
 p. 163
 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UYnADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6
</ref>

In around 1900 five of the last Liberated Africans still living on St. Helena were photographed by the amateur historian Emily Jackson.<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Jackson
 |first=Emily Louise
 |title=St. Helena: the Historic Island from its discovery to the present date
 |place=London
 |publisher=Ward Lock & Co.
 |date=1903
 |pages=262–4
 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028661530/page/n343}}</ref><ref>Slightly better reproduction of photo at {{cite news |newspaper=The Sentinel |publisher=South Atlantic Media Services |place=Jamestown, St. Helena |volume=6 |issue=24  |page=33 |date=14 September 2017 |title=Homegoing – Beyond Liberation |last=Dee |first=Emma |url=http://www.sams.sh/images/sentinel/Sentinel_170914.pdf}}</ref>{{refn|Jackson was the headmistress of the Girls’ School and established [[lace|lace making]] on the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flashback: from the ''St Helena News'', 3 July 1987 |website=Saint Helena Island Info |accessdate=2 October 2019 |url=https://sainthelenaisland.info/chronology.htm?doRecordsSrch%3DZenobia%26Go%3D%23q_ipysrchscrollid#q_ipysrchscrollid}}</ref>}} The men were aged over 70 and had arrived on the ''Cyclops'' between 1848 and 1851. The men were engaged as servants by officers from the St Helena Regiment garrisoned on the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=The St Helena Regiment |website=St Helena Island Info |url=https://www.sthelenaisland.info/the-st-helena-regiment/ |accessdate=2 October 2019}}</ref> Their names were Duke Wellington and Blinky.{{efn|In 1805 the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] visited St. Helena on his way back from India.{{sfn|Holmes|2002|p=85}} A possibly apocryphal story tells that he was nearly drowned when his boat overturned in rollers while he was being ferried to shore.<ref>http://sainthelenaisland.info/famousvisitors.htm#dukewellington1805</ref> }}

More explanation needed of the somewhat equivocal US-GB relationship as regards slavery. See eg Fehrenbacher.

In around April 1850 the ''Catherine'', an American slaver bark was fired at by Cyclops. Slavery was still legal in southern US states, and an exchange of diplomatic letters took place between Captain Hastings and Captain Levin M. Powell of the {{USS|John Adams|1799|6}} of the [[Africa Squadron]].<ref> Fehrenbacher, p. 181 </ref><ref>Index to United States documents relating to foreign affairs, 1828-1861 v.1. Hasse, Adelaide R. (Adelaide Rosalia), Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1914-1921. p. 288 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064854956&view=plaintext&seq=236</ref> 

Also in 1850, the same Captain Powell in the ''John Adams'' found himself on a shoal in the S. Atlantic. The first intimation of this was a lowering of the temperature of the surface water. This fact was noted by Lieutenant F. M. Maury, Superintendent of the US Observatory.<ref>Explanations and Sailing Directions to accompamy the Wind and Current Charts approved by Commodore Charles Morris. F. M. Maury. 5th Edition, 1853. p. 272. Washington, DC. C. Alexander, Printer https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DH8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272&lpg=PA272 </ref> ''Cyclops'' would soon encounter this phenomenon during her time as a survey ship. Coincidentally, Maury's later dissatisfaction with Berryman's preparatory survey in 1853 for the first [[transatlantic telegraph cable]] led to ''Cyclops'' undertaking a second transatlantic survey in 1857.

[[File:Royal Artillery at Leith Fort, 1846.jpg|thumb|Captain John St. George (2nd from right) whose company of Royal Artillery sailed to S. Africa on ''Cyclops''. Early [[calotype]] c1846 by [[Hill & Adamson]], one of the first photographs ever taken of soldiers. ]]
22 Nov 1850 - went to the assistance of the ''Flamer'' wrecked 14 miles off coast of [[Monrovia]] near Salt Pun Light.<ref>“Captain Superintendents” and the “Ships they built” p. 95 - see v. end of article.</ref>

She arrived back in England in January 1851 with invalids and news of the loss of the ''Flamer''. (Captain Superintendents, p. 95) and was paid off at Woolwich on the 28 January.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}}

On 17 June 1851 she was commissioned as a troopship under Master George Hoffmeister, to replace {{HMS|Megaera|1849|6}} which had broken down on her maiden voyage and had to be towed back to Sheerness. She conveyed two [[Royal Artillery]] companies to the Cape of Good Hope, which she reached by 30 August.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}}<ref>Megaera https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1753 </ref><ref>http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/C/01238.html</ref>{{efn|Captain Faddy's company fought in the [[Eighth Xhosa War]] <ref> Correspondence of Lieut.-General the Hon. Sir George Cathcart, K.C.B., relative to his military operations in Kaffraria 1856 London, J. Murray  pp 181 231 https://archive.org/details/correspondencel00cathgoog/page/n214</ref>, and Captain (later General) John St. George's company<ref>St. George, John (DNB00) https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/St._George,_John_(DNB00)</ref> sailed for Ceylon.<ref>The World War Forum (Page 29) Circle City Communities http://www.circlecity.co.uk/wartime/board/index.php?page=29 - St George's to Ceylon</ref> }}

''Cyclops'' was paid off in December, underwent repairs and a refit at Sheerness during 1852, and was then placed in the Steam Reserve.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}}

===Russian war===
Commissioned in Dec 1853.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}}
[[File:Siege of Sevastopol -Our fighting services - Evelyn Wood pg473.jpg|thumb|Positions of the fleets at Sevastopol, showing ''Cyclops'' and ''Bellerophon'' off Cape Constantin.]]

16 December 1853 - bad OCR - "It is expected the ''Cyclops'' steam-frigate, commanded this day at gbosm^ ([[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]]?) by Master-Commander Robert W. Roberts, will proceed to the Mediterranean, for the purpose of being employed in conveying stores or troops from the different places on that station, the service for which HMS ''Rhadamanthus'' (1832) was intended but subsequently countermanded."<ref>Morning Chronicle December 17, 1853, page 15 https://newspaperarchive.com/morning-chronicle-dec-17-1853-p-15/</ref>

Robert W. Roberts was previously acting Master on {{HMS|Terrible|1845|6}} in 1848, and on {{HMS|Blenheim|1813|6}} in 1850.<ref> Navy List June 1850  https://archive.org/details/navylist11admigoog/page/n140, p.130</ref> 1855 Commanded by [[Master (naval)]] Robert W. Roberts.<ref>THE NAVY LIST February 1855 By Joseph Allen https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dusNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA281</ref>

Monday previous to 11 Feb 1854 - "The ''Cyclops'', paddlewheel steam transport, [NB re-classified from steam frigate] - Master-Commander Robert W. Roberts, arrived at Spithead this morning from the eastward, en route to the Mediterranean station, with Royal Artillery, &c., on board."  "At Spithead ; The ''Boscawen'', 70, Captain Glanville ; ''Juno'', 26, Captain Freemantle; ''Leopard'' (paddle), 18, Captain George Giffard; ''Frolic'', 16, Captain Nolloth ; and ''Cyclops'', Master-Commander Roberts." <ref>Isle of Wight Observer Ryde, Isle of Wight 11 Feb 1854, Saturday   Page 2 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24351511/peter_welllington/ </ref>

[[File:BombardementOfSebastopolHMSRodney.jpg|thumb|Bombardment of Fort Constantine by {{HMS|Rodney|1833|6}} towed by HMS ''Spiteful'', which may be partially concealing ''Cyclops'', which towed ''Bellerophon'' into position.]]
At the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)|1st Bombardment of Sevastopol]] on 17 Oct 1854 Cyclops towed [[HMS Waterloo (1818)|HMS ''Bellerophon'']] into position to attack Fort Constantine.{{sfn|Clowes|1901|p=440}} The next pair of ships in the line were {{HMS|Rodney|1833|6}} towed by HMS ''Spiteful'', and ''Cyclops'' may be be the leftmost, two-masted, ship in the illustration.

"Master.— John F. Rees (1841), who was promoted from second master of {{HMS|Dolphin|1836|6}} in 1841, for the capture of a slaver ship in the boats of that vessel, and recently serving in {{HMS|Vengeance|1824|6}} 34, in the [[Black Sea]], has been appointed to the ''Cyclops'', 6, paddle, in the Black Sea, vice Roberts, invalided.<ref>Standard (London) June 20, 1855, page 1. https://newspaperarchive.com/london-standard-jun-20-1855-p-1/ </ref>

Paid off 15 September at Sheerness.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}} December 1856, at [[Sheerness Dockyard|Sheerness]], not in commission. Navy List Dec 1856 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v-UNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA147 Fitted out for Atlantic cable at a cost of £13,181{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}}

===Laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable===

[[File:The Niagara, Valorous, Gordon and Agamemnon laying the cable at mid-ocean RMG PU6212.tiff|thumb|The ''Niagara'', {{HMS|Valorous|1851|6}}, {{HMS|Gorgon|1837|6}} (commanded by Capt. Dayman) and ''Agamemnon'' laying the cable at mid-ocean]]

'''April 1857''' - September 1857 - ''Cyclops'' commanded by Lieutenant Commander Joseph Dayman, taking soundings of the N. Atlantic seabed in preparation for laying the first [[Transatlantic telegraph cable]]. <ref> Navy List https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v-UNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA147, 2nd part</ref>

 The Story of the Atlantic Telegraph
 By Henry Martyn Field
 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPUD3m-zwcYC&pg=PT50

 RN Executive officers 1790 - 1879, "D"
 Surname: Dayman, First Names : Joseph
 http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Nbd/exec/D/Index.html

 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/Dayman,_Joseph

 https://www.pdavis.nl/Officers.htm - Dayman on HMS Hydra:

 Dayman, Captain Joseph (hydrography) 
 https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=674

 Ships meteorological Log no. 509 
 30 May 1857 - 16 August 1857
 https://library.metoffice.gov.uk/Portal/Default/en-GB/recordview/index/626155

 British Geological Survey. Catalogue of holdings related to Royal Navy ships geomagnetic log books.  http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/data_service/data/survey/shipslogs.html
 Cyclops 	1857-1859 	D 	Worldwide 	        110 (Packet No.)
 Cyclops 	1860 	D 	Indian and Atlantic Oceans 	110
 Cyclops 	1861 	D 	Indian and Atlantic Oceans 	110

Hart Gimlette, "Tables of temperature, density of sea water, soundings and observations on specimens taken at various depths in the Atlantic on board the 'Cyclops' during June and July 1857," p. 21, in Thomas H. Huxley, "Deep Sea Soundings," Notebook 116, p. 20, Huxley Papers, Scientific Notebooks, 2nd Series. <!-- Gimlette (d. 1877), an assistant surgeon on ''Cyclops'' was later on HMS St George, guard/hospital ship at Devonport. http://archives.wellcomelibrary.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=30&dsqSearch=%28Sources_guides_used%3D%27Maritime%20medicine%27%29

Medical and Surgical Journal of Her Majesty's frigate Arrogant for 30 August 1860 to 31 August 1861 by Hart Gimlette, MD, Surgeon, during which time the said frigate was employed on the West Coast of Africa. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10577301 -->

1853 Lt Otway Berryman USN, requested by Matthew Fontaine Maury, surveys sea bed from Newfoundland to Ireland finding a plateau suitable for laying submarine cable, using  the Brooke Sounding Machine 

Notwithstanding this good work, the discarding of the use of time intervals, carelessness in preparing profile chart of the bottom, and the publication of the results in England before resort was made to the Navy Department, engineered differences — personal and official — between Berryman and Maury, which led the latter to so discredit the "Arctic's" work as to cause the British Admiralty to detail H. M. S. " Cyclops," Lieut. Dayman, li.N., to make a supplementary survey. Dayman had similar appliances to those used on board the "Arctic," but discarding the quills, fitted a valve in the specimen cup, and substituted wire for the rope or cord slings originally designed by Brooke. Brooke subsequently modified the rod so as to have only one trigger, insuring more certainty in its working. The same route was gone over, and the 34 casts made substantially agreed with those made by Berryman.

<ref>"A naval encyclopædia: comprising a dictionary of nautical words and phrases: biographical notices, and records of naval officers: special articles of naval art and science" Article Deep Sea Sounding p. 202. https://archive.org/stream/anavalencyclopd00unkngoog/anavalencyclopd00unkngoog_djvu.txt </ref>

Actually Berryman handed over his soundings to the Telgegraph Company & the prees which published it. Maury was v annoyed, and attacked Berryman over everything -  Berryman, the results of the survey, and the methods used in the charts published in 1858. He implored to British Govt. to send out a sounding vessel to check Berryman's work. The same ground was gone over by Lieutenant Dayman, in HMS Cyclops, in June and July 1857, and thirty-four soundings were taken, the depth being estimated by Massey’s sounding machine and a modification of Brooke’s machine …. <ref>The Myth of the Telegraphic Plateau - 05/10/2012 Albert E. Theberge. Hyrdo-International https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/the-myth-of-the-telegraphic-plateau</ref>  

Maury propagated the myth of the Telegraphic Plateau, which appeared on maps until around 1925. Neither Berryman nor Dayman located the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]].<ref> 15 March 2011
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge  http://researchatporthcurno.blogspot.com/2011/03/ </ref>

1857  HMS Cyclops surveys the great circle line Newfoundland to Ireland and confirms Lt Maury's findings 

"On the 29th of July, 1857, the U.S.N. frigate Niagara arrived at Queenstown, having been preceded by H.M.S. Leopard and H.M.S. Cyclops, which latter steamer had taken the soundings of the intended bed of the Cable. The Niagara was accompanied by the U.S.N.S. Susquehanna, to act as her convoy. H.M.S. Agamemnon had already arrived.

On the evening of Friday, August 7th, the squadron sailed, and the Niagara commenced paying out the Cable very slowly. About four miles of the shore Cable had been payed out, when it became entangled with the machinery, by the carelessness of one of the men in charge, and broke; 

This loss proved fatal to the first attempt to lay the Atlantic Cable, as on consultation among the officers and engineers it appeared to be unwise to renew the attempt with only 1,847 miles on board the ships, or an excess of 12 per cent. on the quantity required by the whole distance.

Nothing daunted by the failure, Mr. Field started off at once in H.M.S. Cyclops for England, and, on his arrival, urged the immediate renewal of the enterprise; but it was resolved by the directors in London to postpone it to the following year."

THE ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH (1865) by W. H. RUSSELL https://www.ajhw.co.uk/books/book371/book371.html

By June 1858 Dayman was in command of {{HMS|Gorgon|1837|2}}, assisting {{HMS|Agamemnon|1852|6}} along with {{HMS|Valorous|1851|6}}, and {{USS|Niagara|1855|6}} while they laid the first transatlantic telegraphic cable. It was initiated 16 August 1858, but stopped working only a couple of weeks later, mostly because the two project chiefs in Britain and the US had different ideas about the amount of power to push down the cable.

The relative superiority of paddle steamers, with their remarkable ability to control their movement on the ocean swell (compared to the converted screw steamers ''Agamemnon'' & ''Niagara''), meant they were of considerable use during the operation. Their ndependently powered paddles (one engine to each side), used skilfully, allowed a ship to maintain a fixed point over the sea bed in order to make soundings or take samples. The paddles also mitigated excessive rolling of the ship, making the paddle steamers a more stable survey platform than screw-powered vessels.
 HMS "Valorous": Her Contribution to Galway Maritime History
 Timothy Collins
 Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society
 Vol. 49 (1997), pp. 122-142 (21 pages), p. 124
 Published by: Galway Archaeological & Historical Society
 https://www.jstor.org/stable/25535676


In the autumn of 1858 Lieutenant Dayman, in H.M.S. Gorgon, took another line of soundings from the S.E. angle of Newfoundland to Fayal, and from Fayal to the Channel. In the following year, in H.M.S. Firebrand, he took another series across the Bay of Biscay and along the coast of Portugal to Malta.
<ref>"The lands of silence, a history of Arctic and Antarctic exploration" SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, 
https://archive.org/stream/landsofsilencehi00markuoft/landsofsilencehi00markuoft_djvu.txt</ref>

Letter from Sir [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], to his father Sir [[William Jackson Hooker]],  March 12 1845, asking William to send a seed sample of Falkland Island [[Tussac Grass]] is ''Poa flabellata'' via Dayman. D. was Artist and Mate of the HMS 'Erebus' on its voyage to Antarctica 1839--1843, Hooker considered him the best artist on the Antarctic voyage. JD Hooker was asst. surgeon on the Erebus.<ref>https://jdhooker.kew.org/p/jdh/asset/3082 </ref>

See also Pullen, May 1862, for bringing specimens back to UK

====T. H. Huxley and ''Bathybius haeckelii''====

Aaaaaaaaaaaaaargh what a disaster. 

"When, in 1857, Capt. Dayman, of  H.M.S. Cyclops, returned from his exploration of the bed of the Atlantic, some of his specimens of soundings were placed in the hands of Professor Huxley for examination. Dayman had already noticed the singular stickiness of the mud brought up by the lead, and Professor [[Thomas H. Huxley]] believed that this viscid condition arose from the diffusion through it of abundance of [[Amoeba#Amoebae as organisms|sarcode]] or protoplasm of a [[protozoic]] nature. 

The mud, like much of what constitutes the bed of the Atlantic, consisted of chiefly accumulated shells of [[Globigerina bulloides]] ([[Update with info here]]) - themselves the skeletons of a protozoic sarcode. The ''[[Bathybius haeckelii]]'', which Huxley named it in honour of [[Ernst Haeckel]], appeared to occur in minute patches of gelatinous protoplasm, usually of irregular shape, but occasionally assuming roundish forms. It consisted of a transparent jelly containing innumerable, very minute, granules, many of which Huxley found to be equally soluble in dilute [[acetic acid]] and in strong, solutions of the [[Corrosive substance#Common types|caustic]] [[alkali]]s; but, in addition, Huxley noticed, adhering to the protoplasm—and occasionally embedded in it—numerous minute rounded bodies, soluble in acids, and which he described as [[Coccoliths]]."<ref> T. H. Huxley, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88303#page/211/mode/1up "On Some Organisms Living at Great Depths in the North Atlantic Ocean"]. ''Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science'', 1868, N.S. '''8:'''203-212 (p. 205). See also T. H. Huxley, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93116#page/718/mode/1up "On Some Organisms which Live at the Bottom of the North Atlantic, in Depths of 6000 to 15,000 Feet."] ''Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science'', 1869 - Notices and Abstracts, p. 102. NB This only contains a bare mention of the previous paper.</ref>

This gave rise to speculative articles such as "What is Bathybius?" in [[The American Naturalist]].<ref>{{cite journal
 |last=Williamson
 |first=W. C.
 |title=What is Bathybius?
 |journal=The American Naturalist
 |volume=3
 |issue=12 
 |date=February 1870
 |pages=651–662
 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists
 |doi=10.1086/270515
 |jstor=2446676
 |s2cid=83521360
 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2446676 }} (free-to-read)</ref>

However, [[John Young Buchanan]] the chemist on the [[Challenger expedition|HMS Challenger expedition]] in 1875 (some time after ''Cyclops'' had been broken up) analysed a previously collected sample and noticed that it was a [[precipitate]] of [[calcium sulphate]] from the seawater that had reacted with the preservative liquid (alcohol), forming a gelatinous ooze which clung to particles as if ingesting them.<ref}
 
 Journal Article
 Huxley, Haeckel, and the Oceanographers: The Case of Bathybius haeckelii
 Philip F. Rehbock
 Isis
 Vol. 66, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 504-533 (30 pages)
 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society
 https://www.jstor.org/stable/228925 </ref)

Huxley realised his mistake, acknowledging it a letter to ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' and fully at the 1879 meeting of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]].

===The Red Sea telegraph cable===

'''15 September 1857''' Commanded by Captain (later Vice-Admiral) [[William Pullen]], East Indies and China.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}}<ref>http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5781</ref><ref> Pullen bio:  http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic35-3-444.pdf </ref> Pullen in ''Cyclops'' was to spend a year surveying the bed of the [[Red Sea]] in preparation for an undersea telegraph cable to link Britain and India. <ref> {cite book
W.J.S. Pullen (1818-1887)
 by H. F. Pullen {Pullen 1982)
 Arctic
 Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sep., 1982), pp. 444-445 (2 pages)
 Published by: Arctic Institute of North America
 http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic35-3-444.pdf }</ref>

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Zk1iCI0wMVwC&pg=PA443 ???

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx1cei&view=plaintext&seq=546

On 6 November 1857, at 32° 10' N, 19° 7' W, Capt. Pullen threw a message in a bottle overboard, as part of an effort to understand the ocean currents. It was found on 6 December that year on the shore of [[Porto Santo Island]], having travelled 120 miles E.N.E. <ref>"The Bottle Question" The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1860, April 1860, p. 220 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1uVeY-e1IMQC&pg=PA220</ref>


Steam winch
"...the advantage of steam not only to keep the ship in position but to run the line in"{{sfn|Pullen|1862|p=20}} deck engine did not appear to have the power to overcome the resistance - all the watch hauling on the line and assisting the flywheel at the same time that it could be accomplished."{{sfn|Pullen|1862|p=480-81}}

"Steam was got up '''and the paddle-wheels connected'''".{{sfn|Pullen|1862|p=81}}<ref name=paddles />
Sykes' Self-Registering thermometers.{{sfn|Pullen|1862|pp=81-2}}

Paddle-beam nearly rotted away.{{sfn|Pullen|1862|pp=256}} <ref>(Shipbuilding) One of two large timbers supporting the spring beam and paddle box of a steam vessel. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Paddle+beam and : one of two bracket-shaped beams projecting one before and one abaft the paddle wheel and helping to support the paddle box of a ship. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paddle%20beam</ref>

During the voyage the ''Cyclops'' visited [[Tristan da Cunha]], the world's remotest [[archipelago]]. She was bringing stores sent by the British government as an acknowledgement for the islanders' aid to shipwrecked mariners. There was a population of 35.<ref> Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events
 LSE Monographs in International Studies
 Studies in Polar Research, ISSN 1351-5721
 Author	R. K. Headland
 Cambridge University Press, 1989
 9780521309035, p. 175
 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sg49AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA175</ref>{{sfn|Pullen|1862|pp=199-201}}

Apart from the full bunkers, she had 200 bags of coal on deck.{{sfn|Pullen|1862|pp=199-201}}

Wear and tear to the ship waterways and decks were leaaky - officers' quarters needed 
Damage to main steam pipes near the coal bunkers - rubbing against the iron stanchions supporting the deck.{{sfn|Pullen|1862|pp=310-11, 312}}

"...and having nothing to say about the old ''Cyclops'' as a weatherly craft...a ship neither whose steaming nor sailing qualities are to be boasted of." {{sfn|Pullen|1862|pp=430-31}}

Admiralty orders - proceed to [[Hodeidah]] and Jeddah to see whether they offered conveniences for establishing electrical stations, the company proposing to lay a cable in sections between Aden and Suez - then Cosire and Suez. Also, keep within 100 fathoms - probs to minimise the use of cable.{{sfn|Pullen|1862|pp=430-31}} Jeddah 31 March{{sfn|Pullen|1862|pp=535}}

Pullen was the author of ''The Red Sea electric cable'' in which he claimed that a undersea route was preferable to the overland route favoured by [[Viscount Palmerston]]'s government.
 ''The Red Sea electric cable''
 Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle (London), 27 (1858): 353–57
 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wkLIVWgk8yoC&pg=PA353
 (Source from  http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5781, notes)

Chart of the Red Sea surveyed by Captain T. Elwon, Commander R. Moresby and Lieutenants H.N. Pinching and T.G. Carless, Indian Navy 1830-4. Additional soundings by Captain W.J. S. Pullen and the officers of H.M.S. Cyclops, 1850. (1:2,000,000)  Inset: [[Suakin|Port Suakin]] surveyed by Captain W.J.S. Pullen, R.N. 1:20,000 [bar] https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/578710.html

On the voyage of H.M.S. 'Cyclops' in 1857-58, forty-one important observations of the temperature of the oceans were made by Captain Pullen in the North and South Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea, at depths of from 2400 to about 16,000 feet. It was on this voyage that the first regular precautions against pressure were taken in Britain. Captain Pullen was furnished, by order of the late Admiral [[Robert FitzRoy]] with some instruments constructed purposely for deep-sea observations by [[Negretti and Zambra]].(Prestwich p. 608) Pullen was the first in Britain to confirm the observations of the continental observers that so low a temperature as 35 deg. F (about 2 deg. C) existed in the [[Deep ocean water|depths of intertropical seas]].

The first British use of [[Six's thermometer|self-registering thermometer]] with bulb protected from pressure was by Capt. Pullen on the ''Cyclops''.<ref>Six, James, F.R.S.. Two Hundred Years of the Six's Self-Registering Thermometer. in eds. Jillian F. Austin and Anita McConnell. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jul., 1980), pp. 49-65 (17 pages). https://www.jstor.org/stable/531601.</ref> [[Abel Aubert Dupetit Thouars| Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars]] used one in his circumnavigatory voyage of 1836–9. <ref>Tables of Temperatures of the Sea at Different Depths beneath the Surface, etc. [[Joseph Prestwich]]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 165 (1875), pp. 587-674 https://www.jstor.org/stable/109161, pp. 601-2. Free download.</ref>{{efn|In a vague and slight coincidence, Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars was the second cousin of the botanist [[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars]] who, like Pullen, had also visited Tristan da Cunha, in 1793. (i.e. Louis-Marie was the son of of Abel's great-uncle. There are many people named Thouars with very similar names. See [[:fr:Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars#Famille|Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars]]) }}

Temps in the Red Sea: Surface in the months of March and April . . 78' to 86 FAHR.  At 300 feet, 77 deg.: at 2552 feet, 71 deg: at 4068 feet, 70.5 deg.(Prestwich p. 622)

Capt. Joseph Dayman, on the ''Rattlesnake'' in 1846–50 had also made some measurements, but he gives little information about the instruments or how they were used.(Prestwich p. 607)

In June 1859 Cyclops rescued some 150 passengers from the ''Alma'', a P&O iron screw mail steamer from Calcutta which had been wrecked on a reef off the island of Haruish (70 miles N. of [[Perim]]) in the Red Sea, shortly after leaving Aden. One of the passengers was Sir [[John Bowring]], 4th [[Governor of Hong Kong]] and main cause of the [[Second Opium War]], returning from his posting in disgrace.<ref>Ship Fact Sheet: Alma (1855) P&O Heritage. http://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92690ALMA-1855pdf.pdf </ref> Most of the passengers boarded the ''Bombay'', a P&O steamer.<ref> Bygone Days in India. Douglas Dewar. London, John Lane The Bodley Head 1922. pp 281-2. http://public-library.uk/dailyebook/Bygone%20days%20in%20India%20(1922).pdf</ref>A letter from Kong Kong to Boston carried by the ''Alma'' and then ''Cyclops'' fetched HK$ 34,500 (about £3,500) at auction in 2010<ref>interasia Auctions Sale 14: Asian Stamps & Postal History, Lot 1949. Hong Kong, Wreck of the "Alma" : 1859 http://www.interasia-auctions.com/cgi-bin/chap_auc.php?site=1&lang=1&sale=14&chapter=64&page=1</ref>

The survey for the Red Sea telegraph cable was finished by July 1859:

:''[[Illustrated London News]]'', July 9th, 1859. Letter from the Rev. Mr. Badger, Chaplain at Aden: "The services of Captain Pullen, also, of the Cyclops, should not be forgotten. For the last year he has been engaged in the arduous task of surveying the [[Red Sea]] in order to test its capabilities for submarine telegraphic communication and the final decision of our Government to sanction and subsidise this line, in preference to any other, is mainly to be attributed to his able and favourable reports. It remains to be seen what reward the country will bestow upon the man who, after having distinguished himself in two Arctic expeditions, has added a fresh claim upon the national gratitude for his important labours in the Red Sea." <ref> History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications. 1859 Suez - Aden - Karachi Cable  https://atlantic-cable.com/Cables/1859SuezKarachi/index.htm</ref>

But the cable broke before it was even put into service and was never actually used. Several sources say that the survey was not detailed enough (despite Pullen's year-long trip), and that the cable was laid too taut and over jagged rocks, and was easily attacked by the [[teredo worm]] and even sharks.

 ''British routes to India'' by  Hoskins, Halford Lancaster, 1928 https://archive.org/details/britishroutestoi01hosk/page/376

 Submarine Telegraph Cables: Business and Politics, 1838-1939
 Author(s): Daniel R. Headrick and  Pascal Griset
 Journal: The Business History Review, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Autumn, 2001), pp. 547-8
 Published by: The President and Fellows of Harvard College
 Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3116386

Report of pieces of the Red Sea cable exhibited at the 'Burra Institute Conversazione', Southern Australia.<ref>"Burra Institute Conversazione",  Burra Record Fri 7 Oct 1881 Page 2 : https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/36060765</ref>

A successful cable was laid in 1870 from Britain to India using the same route via the Med (Falmouth - Gibraltar?) and the Red Sea. The survey from Aden to Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) was carried out in 1868 by {{HMS|Hydra|1838}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=5829&&PHPSESSID=ychzfqkvzape |title=Peter Frederick Shortland |first=William Arthur |last=Spray |work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online |year=2012 |accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref>

In 1859 it was suggested in a letter to the government by [[P&O (company)|P&O]] that ''Cyclops'' could be used to make a detailed survey of islands in the Red Sea suitable for building [[lighthouse]]s (of which there none at the time), and also that navy hulks could be used as [[lightvessel|lightship]]s.{{sfn|Fargher|2018|pp=118-9}}{{efn|The first lighthouse to be completed in the Red Sea was on [[Perim]] in the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] Strait in 1861, followed by Ra's az Za'farānah (Zaafarana, Zafarana) in 1862, the [[Daedalus Reef]] in 1863 and later the [[Brothers Islands Lighthouse]] further south in 1883.{{sfn|Fargher|2018|pp=151-3}} }}

* {{cite thesis
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Fargher|2018|p -->
 |last=Fargher
 |first=James Andrew
 |type=Ph.D Thesis
 |title=Steam, Cannon and Wires: The Royal Navy and British Imperialism in Northeastern Africa, 1799-1899
 |date=September 2018
 |publisher=King's College London
 |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/106675838/2019_Fargher_James_1014712_ethesis.pdf
 |accessdate=9 November 2019}}

====Jeddah massacre====

"It became known that Capt. Pullen intended to carry of the ''Irania'', an English ship upon which the Turkish colours had been hoisted. The ship had been "worked out" and the boats of the ''Cyclops'' departed. Then the massacre began. <ref> Life of Sir Richard Burton. Lady Isabel Burton vol 2 London Chapman and Hall 1893 p. 516 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=smDczyoyYKkC&pg=PA516</ref>

On 15 June 1858 ''Cyclops'' was lying off [[Jeddah]] harbour (now in [[Saudi Arabia]]) having almost finished the survey of the Red Sea submarine telegraph cable when [[Jeddah massacre of 1858]] took place.
 https://archive.org/details/historyofindiann02lowc/page/387

Journal Article
The Jidda Massacre of 1858
W. L. Ochsenwald
Middle Eastern Studies
Vol. 13, No. 3 (Oct., 1977), pp. 314-326 (13 pages) p. 317
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282661 

''Cyclops'' boats were fired upon by civilians. Cyclops left for Suez with refugees. and messages from the Vali for Istanbul. "The British foreign secretary ordered Pullen to go to Jidda and obtain summary punishment of the murderers, by use of force if necessary. The British threatened the Ottomans with the seizure of Jidda if justice was not speedily obtained. By 26 July the sultan's emissary had full powers, and Ottoman troops were on the way to Hijaz."

"In the meantime, the energetic Pullen had returned from Suez to Jidda with his orders to secure the execution of the murderers. The vali and the acting amir had a conference with him on 22 July.
They pointed out to Pullen that although the murderers were known, all death sentences in the empire had to be confirmed by the sultan. Therefore they could not carry out the executions until the arrival of orders from Istanbul." Pullen bombarded the town on 25 July, firing over 100 shots, with seven known deaths. He didn't fire at the Ottoman fort, and they didn't fire back. Ismail Pasha arrived from Istanbul, 6th August eleven men accused of murder were executed.

pp 143ff. 

An Ottoman commission decided in the end that the massacre had been planned, and on 12 January 1859, the muhtasib and the leader of the Hadramis were publicly executed by decapitation. The kaimmakam was removed from office, taken to Istanbul, and sentenced to life imprisonment. The others who had been present at the council on 15 June as well as the qadi and Baghlaf were exiled from Jidda and were to be in prison or under supervision in Istanbul. Compensation of Turkish Lira 315,360 was paid to settle French and British claims, inc. TL 139,150 to the British.

Ochsenwald, William. 
Religion, society, and the state in Arabia. 
Ohio State University Press
1984
ISBN 0-8142-0366-3 
https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/24661/RELIGION_SOCIETY_AND_THE_STATE_IN_ARABIA.pdf

"As we afterwards learnt, it was their aim to lure us on, and the captain of the port, used the expression and gesture, Had you fallen into the hands of the mob, they would have eaten you."{{sfn|Pullen|1863|p=220}}

Cyclops continued northwards with her sounding voyage on 25 June to Suez, and returned to Jeddah having received orders.{{sfn|Pullen|1863|p=221}}


22nd Octr. {{HMS|Chesapeake|1855|6}} arrived at Jeddah on Friday 22nd at 5 P.M. having been piloted in through the outer reefs by Mr Mayes Master of the Cyclops.<ref>Some malformed .xml file http://tapas.neu.edu/sites/default/files/1554862162/tei/McArthur_contextforplayreviews.xml </ref>

On Wednesday Evening 25th Inst several officers from "Cyclops" and "Pelorus" assembled on board the "Chesapeake" and after much merry dancing while the Band was playing on the Main Deck, retired to the Ward room to finish the Evening with a bowl of punch, and a few concomitant songs [more details about celebrations and such...]
https://tapasproject.org/shipboard-theatricals/files/1867-lithograph-edition-young-idea

Lietenant (later Admiral) [[John Maclear]] served on board HMS Cyclops as Mate during the outbreak at Jeddah in 1858. He commanded the round-the-world [[Challenger expedition|''Challenger'' expedition]] 1872-6. He married Julia, a daughter of Sir [[John Herschel]].

===Survey of Ceylon coasts===
''Cyclops'', commanded by William Pullen, continued with a survey of the S. and S.E. coasts of [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] from May to July 1860. (Pullen 1982, p. 445)

''Cyclops'' struck a coral reef three times which entitled it to bear her name. ENE ½E from Potana Shoal in the Great Basses Reef. See also [[Great Basses Reef Lighthouse]] and [[Little Basses Reef Lighthouse]]
 Description of Basses Reefs, and dangers on the SE coast of Ceylon
 The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1860. November 1860, p. 595 
 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1uVeY-e1IMQC&pg=PR5

Chart of the "Indian Ocean Ceylon east coast with enlarged plans of Trincomalie, Vendaloos Bay and the Batticoloa River...with additions and corrections by Capt WJS Pullen...HMS Cyclops 1860"
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/548141.html

1861 - Still with Pullen in East Indies & China.<ref name="Navy List March 1861" />Navy List March 1861 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ek9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA162 </ref> The chaplain, the Rev Charles B Haslewood, was among the 189 men who drowned when {{HMS|Orpheus|1860|6}} was wrecked on 7 February 1863 near [[Auckland]], New Zealand.<ref>[https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/hms-orpheus-graves HMS Orpheus graves] Text: Bruce Ringer, 2014. New Zealand History. (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 17-Feb-2017  Retr. 26 October 2021.</ref>

*Also in the Navy list for 1861 on the same page (p.162) as ''Cyclops'': Thomas C. Pullen (William's brother) was [[Commander (naval)|Master Commanding]] {{HMS| Dee|1832|}}, the Navy's first steam vessel to carry significant armament. Thomas had been Master on one of the first searches (led by Sir [[Edward Belcher]]) for [[Franklin's lost expedition]], 1852-1854. {{HMS|North Star|1824|6}} (Commander William Pullen), was the only one of five ships to return from the mission. <ref>[https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/e36b2c8d-ec2b-343d-bc11-bac406274d9a Thomas Pullen collection]. Jisc Archives Hub. Retr. 26 October 2021.</ref><ref>[https://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca//dcass/84386.pdf One of the Great Polar Navigators Capt. T C Pullen] Retr. 26 October 2021</ref> Thomas Pullen may have been one of the last Masters Commanding in the Navy: in 1851 there were around 21 men with this rank. In 1861, there were only eight left.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ek9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA156&dq=%22Master+Com%22 Navy List for March 1861]</ref> See also [[Master (naval)#Transition to commissioned officer|Master]] NB May be nonsense.

May 1861: ''McCleverty'' left [[Trincomalee]] on 11th March, for Madras. The ''Cyclops'', ''Sampson'', ''Magicienne'', ''Cruiser'', ''Inflexible'', and ''Sparrowhawk'', had all touched at the Cape of Good Hope on their way to England, and the Inflexible and Cruiser have since arrived at Portsmouth, and the Magicienne at Plymouth.<ref>
United Service Magazine, May 1861, p. 110 http://www.google.it.ao/books?id=h9cRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA109 - free pdf available</ref>

The Cyclops returned to England early in 1861. (DNB: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Pullen,_William_John_Samuel_(DNB00) Paid off 22 May 1861 at Sheerness into the Steam Reserve.{{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=304}}

Pullen, like Dayman, was entrusted with letters and specimens from naturalists/biologists/collectors to take back to Britain: eg ''Lannea schimperi'' after May 1862<ref>
Notes on the Anacardiaceae of Eastern Africa
 J. O. Kokwaro and J. B. Gillett
 Kew Bulletin
 Vol. 34, No. 4 (1980), pp. 745-760 (16 pages)
 Published by: Springer on behalf of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
 DOI: 10.2307/4119068
 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4119068 p. 750</ref>

December 1862 - Sheerness <ref>Navy List Dec 1862 https://archive.org/details/navylist03admigoog/page/n191 p. 170</ref>

==Fate==
"The old steam-frigates of the ''Bulldog'' and ''Cyclops'' class are fast disappearing, their slow speed rendering them utterly worthless." <ref> High Speed in the Navy. The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1863. p. 528 https://books.google.li/books?id=5XoEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA528</ref>

Sold for £5,000 on 26 January 1864 for breaking up by H. Castle & Sons (or Castle and Beech) at the Admiralty Shipbreaking Yard, Anchor and Hope Wharf, Charlton.<ref> Henry Castle https://castlesshipbreaking.co.uk/henry-castle/ </ref> Her semi-sister ships ''Firebrand'', ''Sampson'', and ''Dragon'' were also broken up by Castles in 1864.<ref>Castles Shipbreaking. Ships Broken Up https://castlesshipbreaking.co.uk/ships-broken-up/ </ref> 

==Data==

*Tons ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]) - 1195
*Displacement - 1960 tons
*Length - 190' 3"
*Breadth - 37' 6"
*Power - 320 hp (2x 160 hp engines)
*Guns - 2 x [[68-pounder gun], 95 cwt, 10 feet barrel on [[pivot gun|pivot slides]] and carriages
:: - 4 x 10-inch gun, 85 cwt, 9' 4" barrel, on pivot slides and carriages<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIFBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA182 | title=The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine | year=1847 }}</ref>
:: - Guns upgraded twice more, see ''British Cruisers of the Victorian Era'', Norman Friedman 
*Complement - 235 officers and men, 25 marines
*Launched - 10 July 1839
*Completed - 19th November 1839 
*Builder - Royal Dockyards, [[Pembroke Dock]]
*Sold  - 26th January 1864 
*Broken up - 1864

 https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1309

==See also==
* [[List of frigate classes of the Royal Navy]]


== References ==

;Notes
{{Notelist}}
;Citations
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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* {{cite book
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Caquet|2016|p -->
 |last=Caquet
 |first=P. E.
 |title=The Orient, the Liberal Movement, and the Eastern Crisis of 1839-41
 |publisher=Springer
 |year=2016
 |isbn=9783319341026
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0u8qDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120}}

* {{cite book
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Clowes|1901|p  -->
 |last=Clowes
 |first=Wm. Laird
 |title=The Royal Navy, a History from the Earliest Times to Present, Vol. 6
 |year=1901
 |place=London
 |publisher=Samson Low, Marston and Co.
 |url=https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory06clow/page/n8}}

* {{cite book
 |ref={{harvid|Levant Correspondence|1841}} <!-- {{sfn|Levant Correspondence|1841|p -->
 |title=Correspondence Relative to the Affairs of the Levant, Vol. 2
 |publisher=T.R. Harrison
 |year=1841
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShV0s22miQQC}}

* {{cite book
 |ref = <!-- {{sfn|Farah|Farah|2000|p -->
 |last1=Farah
 |first1=Caesar E.
 |last2=Farah
 |first2=Caesar D.
 |title=The Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon, 1830-61
 |others=Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain)
 |year=2000
 |publisher=I.B.Tauris
 |isbn=9781860640568
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxkz9D4Ff_sC}}

*{{cite book
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Friedman|2012|p pages 55, 299-300, 337 -->
 |last1=Friedman
 |first1=Norman
 |title=British Cruisers of the Victorian Era
 |year=2012
 |place=Barnsley, S. Yorkshire
 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing
 |isbn=9781473853126
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOWZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55}} 

* {{cite book <!-- {{sfn|Holmes|2002|p --> |author-link=Richard Holmes (military historian) |last=Holmes |first=Richard |title=Wellington: The Iron Duke |year=2002 |place=London |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |isbn=978-0007137503 |url=https://archive.org/details/wellingtonirondu0000holm_b8i9/page/85/mode/1up?view=theater}}

* {{citation
 |title=The Navies of the World 1835-1840
 |last=Houghton
 |first=John
 |date=2012
 |place=Melbourne
 |publisher=John Frederick Houghton
 |accessdate=1 October 2019
 |url=https://unimelb.academia.edu/JohnHoughton}}

* {{cite book  <!-- {{sfn|Napier|1862|p= -->
 |editor-last=Napier
 |editor-first=Edward Elers
 |title=The Life And Correspondence Of Admiral Sir Charles Napier, Vol. I 
 |date=1862 
 |place=London 
 |publisher=Hurst and Blackitt
 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82538/page/n422}}

* {{cite journal
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Pullen|1862|p }} -->
 |journal=The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1862
 |year=1862
 |title=Voyage of HMS Cyclops: from England to the Cape - from the Cape to Aden - the Red Sea
 |last=Pullen
 |first=William J. S. 
 |page=viii (index)
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XoEAAAAQAAJ&q=Cyclops}}

*{{cite journal
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Pullen|1863|p }} -->
 |journal=The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1863
 |year=1863
 |title=Voyage of HMS ''Cyclops'': the Red Sea [pt. 2]
 |last=Pullen
 |first=William J. S. 
 |page=217
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XoEAAAAQAAJ&q=Cyclops}}&nbsp[NB Although the words "To be continued" appear at the foot of the article, there appear to have been no more instalments.] 

* {{cite book
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Ufford|2007|p -->
 |last=Ufford
 |first=Letitia W.
 |title=The Pasha: How Mehemet Ali Defied the West, 1839-1841
 |publisher=McFarland
 |year=2007
 |isbn=9780786428939
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmJE_okYJE0C&pg=PA197}}

* {{cite book
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Wilkinson|1847|p= }} -->
 |last=Wilkinson
 |first=J. Gardner
 |author-link=John Gardner Wilkinson
 |title=Hand-book for travellers in Egypt
 |publisher=J. Murray 
 |year=1847
 |place=London
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1_1_nmcu7wC&pg=RA1-PA178}}

* {{cite book
 |ref=<!-- {{sfn|Winfield|2014|p  pages 303-4, xii (list of ships in Syrian coast actions) -->
 |last1=Winfield
 |first1=Rif
 |title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1817-1863: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
 |year=2014
 |place=Barnsley, S. Yorkshire
 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing
 |isbn=9781473849624
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imFEBgAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
*Video of a model of the engines: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0p5pOZM5hY&feature=youtu.be

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cyclops}}
[[:Category:Steam frigates of the Royal Navy]]
[[:Category:Ships built in Pembroke Dock]]
[[:Category:1839 ships]]
[[:Category:Victorian-era frigates of the United Kingdom]]
[[:Category:Crimean War naval ships of the United Kingdom]]

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Snippets of other ships

Future note for Samspson: "When H.M.S. Sampson arrived in Nagasaki on 18 June 1859 carrying Alcock and US consul C. Pemberton Hodgson (1821-1865), all seemed well. Hodgson, however, proved unable to perform his tasks because of alcoholism. He was dismissed from his post in Hakodate after one year."<ref> 14th Annual Conference of the EBHA 2010: "Business beyond the Firm" The Centre for Business History, University of Glasgow. Session 4B: Business and political action : ‘The business of consuls; consuls and businessmen’ Ferry de Goey https://ebha.org/ebha2010/code/media_167556_en.pdf>/ref> 

Dragon served as a lazarette ship. The Milford Haven Lazarette Ships . https://britanniasdragon.com/tag/hms-dragon/.   Model: https://www.modelboats.co.uk/news/article/the-society-of-model-shipwrights/8028. The two ship's boats were called paddle-box boats, because they were stowed upside down on top of the box which encased the paddle wheels above the waterline.

Picture: https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/102936.html

A bit about Gorgon at “Captain Superintendents” p. 152ff

"To judge of Gorgon, whether she be a failure or otherwise, she should be tried as an armed vessel, carrying 16 32-pounders & 2 swivel guns [.] We have no more money that we know what to do with - no more workmen than we to keep pace with our wants in the shipwright department - & yet we are sacrificing both to the vain endeavours of adventurers in naval architecture, while there are plenty of persons in the service who might be advantageously employed in preventing the occurrence of these & other discreditable blunders if it were not the fashion to prefer speculative notions to the plain & unerring principles of the of naval Construction."<ref>Informed attack on the design of HMS Gorgon (1837).] Long Manuscript Letter, lacking signature, addressed to Benjamin Sharpe of the Royal Navy, containing detailed criticism and informed criticism, following an inspection of the ship. https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/author/hms-navy/ </ref> 

Diagram of ''Gorgon''´s engines - but possibly the original lower-powered ones, not the ones also fitted to ''Cyclops'' - they don't look at all similar.<ref> A Manual of the Steam Engine By Richard Dennis Hoblyn. London: Scott, Webster and Geary, 1842 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VZGqwfaohgC&pg=PA250-IA2 p. 250</ref>

Lots and lots of info re Gorgon, inc. whole of the timbers, planking, beams and decks, were of East Indian teak from the East India Company's Bombay dockyard (originally destined for the cancelled [[Seringapatam-class frigate#Andromeda sub-Class (2nd modified version of Seringapatam Class|HMS ''Tigris'']]){{sfn|Winfield|2014|p=303}}and the main beams of African Oak [[Oldfieldia africana]]. The cabin partitions and doors were of of S. American cedar (perhaps [[Cedrela odorata]] which is  naturally [[termite]]- and rot-resistant), taken from [[Spanish ship Fenix (1749)|HMS Gibraltar]] which was broken up at Pembroke in November 1836. The [[orlop deck]], fore and aft, is appropriated for the reception of troops with stores and baggage. Water, provisions and stores were stowed in the hold.<ref name=NMNC_1838a>{{cite journal
 |journal=The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle
 |year=1838
 |title=The "Gorgon" Steam Frigate
 |volume=7
 |page=563
 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=koMEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA563}}</ref>

Gorgon vs. slavers, E. coast of Africa {{cite journal
 |ref=harv
 |journal=The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1862
 |year=1862
 |title=Evenings at Home at the Nautical Club
 |pages=435-440
 |url=https://books.google.li/books?id=5XoEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA435}}

Firebrand:  29 Oct 1853, HMS Rodney (1833) ran aground in the Dardanelles. She was re-floated with assistance from HMS Firebrand. “Captain Superintendents” and the “Ships they built”, and a “history of each vessel”. http://www.commodoretrust.org.uk/%E2%80%9CCaptain%20Superintendents%E2%80%9D%20and%20the%20%E2%80%9CShips%20they%20built%E2%80%9D,%20and%20a%20%E2%80%9Chistory%20of%20each%20vessel%E2%80%9D..pdf - No. 076

“Captain Superintendents” (ref above re Firebrand) - lots about Gorgon & some re Cyclops.

Vulture was caught in the Kong Kong typhoon of 1847. See also http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/info_center/APECwind/hongkong2.pdf. Typhoons affecting Hong Kong: Case Studies by  S. Campbell 
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology April 2005
 
Duke of Wellington - wooden screw & sailing battleship, class of 4 - ultimate development of the ship of the line - built as sailer, converted to screw on the stocks.

And the history of the Howitzer Brigade, RMA: Britain's sea soldiers. A record of the Royal marines during the war 1914-1919. Compiled by General Sir H. E. Blumberg https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000403728

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