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{{User:IHelpWhenICan/Sandbox/Header|[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]]}}
{{Redirect|9/11 Memorial|other uses|9/11 Memorial (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox building
|name               = National September 11 Memorial & Museum
| former_names      = World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center
| alternate_names   = 9/11 Memorial, 9/11 Memorial Museum
|status             = {{green|Open}} (Memorial)<br />{{purple|Under construction}} (Museum)
|image              = Placeholder.svg
|image_size         = 300px
|caption            = Artist's conception of the museum and memorial
| map_type            = New York City
| map_alt             = 
| map_caption         = Location within New York City
| latd                = 40
| latm                = 42
| lats                = 42.1
| latNS               = N
| longd               = 74
| longm               = 0
| longs               = 49
| longEW              = W
|building_type      = [[Memorial]] & [[Museum]]
|location           = [[New York City]], [[New York]]

|start_date         = March 2006
|opening            = September 12, 2011 (Memorial)<br />September 11, 2012 (Museum)

|coordinates        = {{coord|40|42|42.1|N|74|0|49.0|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark}}
|roof               = The footprints of the [[World Trade Center|Twin Towers]] will be underground, the museum pavilion will be between 20 or 23&nbsp;meters.
|top_floor          = 
|floor_count        = 
|floor_area         = 
| architect         = '''Memorial''': [[Michael Arad]], [[Peter Walker (architect)|Peter Walker]] (landscape)<br />'''Museum''': [[Aedas]] (formerly [[Davis Brody Bond Aedas]])<br />'''Museum Pavilion''': [[Snøhetta_(company)|Snøhetta]]<ref>http://www.renewnyc.com/ThePlan/memorial.asp</ref><ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807E4DD173FF930A25753C1A9639C8B63</ref><ref>http://www.sfmoma.org/our_expansion/expansion_architects/expansion_architects_projects</ref><ref>http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/portfolio/2011/09/National-Sept-11-Memorial-Museum.asp</ref>
|structural_engineer= [[WSP Group|WSP Cantor Seinuk]]
|water_feature_design_consultant= [[Dan Euser|Dan Euser Waterarchitecture Inc]] 
}}
The '''National September 11 Memorial & Museum''' (branded as '''9/11 Memorial''' and '''9/11 Memorial Museum''') is the principal memorial and museum honoring the [[World Trade Center bombing]] in 1993 [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001.<ref>http://www.underconsideration.com/brandnew/archives/memorial_period.php</ref><ref>http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/name-misspelled-on-911-memorial-20110912-akd</ref> The memorial is located at the [[World Trade Center site]], on the former location of the [[World Trade Center|Twin Towers]] destroyed during the attacks. The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center in 2007.

The winner of the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition]] was Israeli-American architect [[Michael Arad]] of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design which calls for a forest of trees with two square pools in the center, where the [[World Trade Center|Twin Towers]] once stood.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/925885.html The politics of remembering Ground Zero - Haaretz - Israel News]</ref>

In August 2006, the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] began heavy construction on the memorial and museum.<ref>[http://www.observer.com/2007/memorial-name-changes-gets-longer Trade Center Memorial Name Changes, Gets Longer | The New York Observer]</ref>The design is consistent with the original [[Daniel Libeskind]] master plan that called for the memorial to be 30&nbsp;feet below street level (originally 70&nbsp;feet) in a [[piazza]]. The design was the only finalist to throw out Libeskind's requirement that buildings overhang the footprints.

A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the [[World Trade Center]] to remember both the victims and those involved in rescue. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the [[World Trade Center]] is a non-profit corporation with the mission to raise funds for, program, own and operate the memorial and museum at the [[World Trade Center site]]. On September 11, 2011, a dedication ceremony was held at the memorial, commemorating the tenth anniversary of the attacks. The memorial officially opened to the public on September 12, 2011, while the museum will open one year later, on or around September 11, 2012.<ref>{{cite web| title=Public Gets First Glimpse Of 9/11 Memorial |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/146985/public-gets-first-glimpse-of-9-11-memorial |author=NY1 News |date=September 12, 2011 |access-date=September 12, 2011}}</ref>

==History==
===Founding===
{{main| National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center}}

Formerly the [[World Trade Center]] Memorial Foundation, Inc., the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was formed as a [[501(c)|501(c)(3)]] non-profit corporation to raise funds and manage the planning and construction of the memorial. Its board of directors had its inaugural meeting on January 4, 2005. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum reached its first phase capital fundraising goal of [[US$]]350 million in April 2008. This money, along with additional amounts raised, will be used to build the memorial and museum and to create an endowment for the museum.

===Design competition===
{{main|World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition}}
{{New World Trade Center}}
In 2003, the [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]] launched an [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition|international competition]] to design a memorial at the World Trade Center site to commemorate the lives lost in the [[September 11 terrorist attacks]].

Individuals and teams from around the world contributed [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition|design proposals]].<ref>[http://www.national911memorial.org/site/PageServer?pagename=New_Memorial_Competition National September 11 Memorial &amp;amp;amp;amp; Museum :]</ref>

On November 19, 2003, the thirteen-member jury&nbsp;– which included [[Maya Lin]], designer of the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]], and deputy mayor [[Patricia Harris]]&nbsp;– selected eight finalists. "Reflecting Absence" was chosen as the winning design on January 6, 2004. On January 14, 2004, the final design for the World Trade Center site memorial was revealed in a press conference at [[Federal Hall]] in [[New York]].

====Mission statement====
The non-profit corporation that will manage the memorial states its goals as the following:
<br />
{{Quote|text=''The Memorial Mission:''
* Remember and honor the thousands of innocent men, women, and children murdered by terrorists in the horrific attacks of [[1993 World Trade Center bombing|February 26, 1993]] and [[September 11 terrorist attacks|September 11, 2001]].
* Respect this place made sacred through tragic loss.
* Recognize the endurance of those who survived, the courage of those who risked their lives to save others, and the compassion of all who supported us in our darkest hours.
* May the lives remembered, the deeds recognized, and the spirit reawakened be eternal beacons, which reaffirm respect for life, strengthen our resolve to preserve freedom, and inspire an end to hatred, ignorance and intolerance.
| source =[http://www.national911memorial.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_home National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center: About Us]
| width  =
| align  =center
}}

=== Fundraising ===
The Foundation has fundraising responsibilities because of the tasks assigned to it by the [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]] (LMDC). The Foundation is to own, operate and finance:
* National September 11 Memorial, the formal "Reflecting Absence" memorial designed by [[Michael Arad]] and [[Peter Walker (architect)|Peter Walker]].
* National September 11 Memorial Museum, a museum to tell the story of the events.
[[John C. Whitehead]] was [[chairman]] of both [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|LMDC]] and the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation. He announced his resignation in May 2006. Former LMDC President Kevin Rampe will become chairman of the LMDC. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg replaced Whitehead as chairman of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.

[[Thomas S. Johnson (banker)|Thomas S. Johnson]], chairman of the foundation's executive committee announced on May 9, 2006: {{cquote|The decision was made to not actively pursue new fund-raising efforts until complete clarity can be achieved with respect to the design and costs of the project. Cost concerns emerged publicly last week with the disclosure of an estimate by the construction manager, [[Bovis Lend Lease]], that the memorial and museum would cost $672 million and that it would take a total of at least $973 million to fully develop the memorial setting with a cooling plant, roadways, sidewalks, utilities and stabilized foundation walls. An estimate earlier this year put the cost of the memorial and memorial museum at $494 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=9/11 Group Suspends Fund-Raising for Memorial| first=David W.| last=Dunlap| work=New York Times| date=May 9, 2006|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/09/nyregion/09memorial.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print}}
</ref>}}

On May 26, 2006, Gretchen Dykstra resigned as president and chief executive officer of the World Trade Center Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gretchen Dykstra Resigns As Head Of WTC Memorial Foundation| publisher=NY1 News| date=May 26, 2006|url=http://www.ny1.com/ny1/content/index.jsp?stid=203&aid=59772}}</ref> The current president and CEO of the Foundation, Joseph C. Daniels, was appointed in October 2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=WTC Memorial Foundation Names Joseph C. Daniels as President & CEO of the Foundation| date=October 31, 2006|url=http://www.buildthememorial.org/site/DocServer/JoeDanielsAppointment__5_.pdf?docID=2661}}</ref>

The memorial projects were eventually toned down, and the budget was cut to $530 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5101048.stm|title=9/11 memorial plans scaled down|date=21 June 2006|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Heavy construction for the memorial began in August 2006, and despite delays, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was still confident that the memorial would be complete by September 11, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sept. 11 memorial head wants to open by 9/11/11| date=July 1, 2008<!--, 2006-->|url= http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5joqtqJP1HL4E_ZYbJAIwKeTlkpRQD91LDKI82}} {{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref> The memorial was indeed completed by this date, but the museum will not open until September 2012.

===Construction===
On March 13, 2006, construction workers arrived at the WTC site to commence work on the Reflecting Absence design. On that same day, relatives of the victims and other concerned citizens gathered to protest the new memorial, stating that the memorial should be built above ground. The president of the memorial foundation, however, stated that family members were consulted and formed a consensus in favor of the current design, and that work will continue as planned.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Newsday]]|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/local/newyork/am-wtc0313,0,7984990.story?coll=ny-top-headlines|title=WTC memorial construction underway|last=Perez|first=Luis|date=March 14, 2006}} {{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4800398.stm|title=Work commences on 9/11 memorial|author=[[Laura Trevelyan]] | date=March 13, 2006 | access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref>

In May 2006, it was disclosed that the estimated construction costs for the Memorial had risen to over US$1 billion.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[The Guardian]] (UK)|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,,-5800493,00.html|title=Sept. 11 Memorial Cost Estimate Rises|author=Amy Westfeldt|date=May 6, 2006 | location=London}} {{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=July 2008}}
{{cquote|Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] said the costs of building the Sept. 11 memorial are skyrocketing and must be capped at $500 million.

'There's just not an unlimited amount of money that we can spend on a memorial,' Bloomberg said. Any figure higher than $500 million to build the memorial to the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks would be "inappropriate", even if the design has to be changed, he said.'}} 

In 2006, at the request of Governor George Pataki and Mayor Michael Bloomberg, builder Frank Sciame performed a month-long analysis, which considered input from victims' families, the Lower Manhattan business and residential communities, members of the memorial jury, architects and others. The analysis recommended design changes that kept the memorial and museum within the $500 million budget.

[[File:Empire State Building blue blue blue 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|The [[Empire State Building]] lit up with blue lights on September 12, 2011, in honor of the opening of the Memorial.]]In July 2008, the [[Survivors' Staircase]] was lowered to bedrock, marking the first artifact to be moved into the museum. By the end of August 2008, construction on the footings and foundations had been completed. On September 2nd, 2008, construction workers erected the 7,700-pound first column for the memorial, near the footprint of the north tower.<ref name="newsday-firststeel">{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | url=http://www.newsday.com/services/newspaper/printedition/wednesday/news/ny-nywtc035827071sep03,0,6320030.story | title=Steel column for 9/11 memorial rises at Ground Zero | work=Newsday | publisher=Newsday Inc. | location=[[Melville, New York]] | date=17 August 2008}}</ref> By then, approximately 70 percent of the construction trade contracts had been bid or were ready to award. In total, 9,100 tons of steel were installed at the site for the memorial.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|url=http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=1117|title=Steel Installation Begins for National September 11 Memorial & Museum at WTC Site|date=2 September 2008|archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20090516051851/http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=1117|access-date=17 September 2011|archive-date = 2009-05-16}}</ref> By April 2010, the reflecting pools were fully framed in steel, and 85% of the concrete had been poured. By April 22, 2010, workers had begun installation of the granite coating for the reflecting pools. By June 2010, the north pool's granite coating had been fully completed, and workers had begun installation of the granite in the south pool. In July 2010, the first shipments of soil arrived at the memorial site. In August 2010, workers started to plant trees on the memorial plaza. The trees, all [[Quercus bicolor|swamp white oaks]], can reach 60 to 80 feet at maturity, live as long as 300 to 350 years, and are golden-leafed in the fall. The "Survivor Tree" is a [[callery pear]] that survived the devastion and was preserved for re-planting.<ref>{{Cite web   | last = Sudol   | first = Valerie   | title = 9/11 MEMORIAL TREES STAND TALL   | publisher = nj.com   | date =    | url = http://www.nj.com/inside-jersey/index.ssf/the_garden_state/911-memorial-trees-stand-tall.html#incart_hbx   | access-date = 2011-09-06   | quote = }}</ref> In September 2010, workers reinstalled two tridents from the former twin towers. 

In November 2010, workers started testing the north pool's waterfall. Construction progressed significantly through the spring of 2011. In March 2011, the installation of glass panels on the museum pavilion's façade began, and in May 2011, workers started testing the south pool's waterfall. Most of the memorial was finished in time for the 10th anniversary of the terrorist attacks, with the museum slated for completion one year later. By September 2, 2011, more than 242 trees had been planted at the site, while 8 more were planted before the memorial opened. By then, both pools had been completed, and were tested daily to ensure that the waterfalls were working. On September 12, 2011, one day after the 10th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks, the memorial officially opened to the public. Work continues on the museum, which will be completed by September 2012.

=== Construction gallery ===
<gallery class="center" widths="167px" heights="150px">
File:Freedom tower construction.jpg | Construction progress, as of January 21, 2008
File:Ground zero 9112010.jpg| Construction progress, as of September 2010
File:911 Memorial 16.08.2011.jpg| Construction progress, as of August 22, 2011
</gallery>

== Architecture ==


== Withdrawn proposals ==
Two centers were proposed and withdrawn from the World Trade Center Memorial plan in 2005:
* The [[International Freedom Center]]&nbsp;– a "[[think tank]]" which was intended to draw attention to the battles for freedom through the ages.  World Trade Center Memorial Foundation member [[Deborah Burlingame]] wrote in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' that the center would have a mission that had nothing to do directly with the events of September 11 and could potentially criticize American policies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110006791|author=Debra Burlingame|publisher=Wall Street Journal|title=The Great Ground Zero Heist|date=June 8, 2005}}</ref>  [[Blog]]s and commentators heavily criticized the center until Governor [[George Pataki]] withdrew support for it.
* The [[Drawing Center]] Art Gallery at the World Trade Center&nbsp;– Plans called for the Freedom Center to share its space with the Drawing Center in a building called the "Cultural Center."  The ''[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]'' ran a series of articles questioning whether its exhibits would be appropriate at Ground Zero based on the gallery's previous exhibits in its small [[SoHo]] quarters.

== Other 9/11 memorials ==
{{Portal|New York City}}
*[[Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks]]
* [[Flight 93 National Memorial]], [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Pentagon Memorial]]
* [[Tribute in Light]], WTC site (temporary/periodic performance)
* [[9/11 Memorial (Arizona)]]
* [[Tear of Grief]]
* [[Staten Island September 11 Memorial]], [[Staten Island, New York]]
* [[Eisenhower Park]], memorial located inside the park [[East Meadow, New York]]
* [[The Rising (9-11 memorial)]], [[Valhalla, New York]]
* [[Empty Sky (9-11 memorial)]], [[Liberty State Park]], NJ
* Garden of Reflection (9-11 memorial), Yardley, PA

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.national911memorial.org/ Official site]

{{commonscat|National September 11 Memorial & Museum}}
{{World Trade Center}}