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<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE -->{{For|the right-wing conspiracy theory|Frankfurt_School#Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory}}{{Marxism sidebar|expanded=variants}}'''Cultural Marxism''' is a [[social theory]] and movement derived from [[Marxist historiography]] that seeks to examine and judge all ideas and [[culture]] based on their relation to [[Power (social and political)|power]], believing that [[Cultural artifact|cultural artifacts]]/productions (e.g., [[Book|books]], [[Institution|institutions]], etc.) and ideas are representations of fundamental [[Power structure|power structures]].<ref>[[Douglas Kellner|Kellner, Douglas]]. 2005. "Cultural Marxism and British Cultural Studies." Pp. 171–77 in ''Encyclopedia of Social Theory'', edited by [[George Ritzer|G. Ritzer]]. Thousand Oaks, CA: [[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]]. ISBN 9781452265469. {{EBSCOhost|474409}}. {{OCLC|162126827}}.</ref><ref name=":0">Zubatov, Alexander. 29 November 2018. "[https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/just-because-anti-semites-talk-about-cultural-marxism-doesnt-mean-it-isnt-real Just Because Anti-Semites Talk About ‘Cultural Marxism’ Doesn’t Mean It Isn’t Real]." [[Tablet (magazine)|''Tablet'']]. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</ref><ref>Bolton, K. R. 2019. "Cultural Marxism: Origins, Development and Significance." ''[[Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies|Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies]]'' 43(3):272–84. {{ProQuest|2119859610}}. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">[[Douglas Kellner|Kellner, Douglas]]. 2018. "[https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/culturalmarxism.pdf Cultural Marxism and Cultural Studies]."  [[UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies|''UCLA Graduate School of Education & Information Studies'']].</ref> In essence, it follows the theoretical framework that ''culture'' (e.g., ideas, religious beliefs, values, etc.) is fundamentally determined by one’s position in a [[Social hierarchy|social]] or [[class hierarchy]].<ref name=":4">Watts, Galen. 23 June 2018. "[https://quillette.com/2018/06/23/cultural-marxism-explained-and-re-evaluated/ 'Cultural Marxism' Explained and Re-Evaluated]." ''[[Quillette]]''. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</ref> In other words, per the traditional [[Marxism|Marxist]] sense, the [[superstructure]] (i.e., culture) is, in some way, a mere expression of the base (i.e., [[Relations of production|relations]] and [[means of production]])."<ref name=":4" />

In practice, cultural Marxism developed through Marxist historians who gradually became less orthodox from [[Karl Marx]]’s theory of history, or [[Dialectical materialism|''dialectical materialism'']].<ref name=":5">Calton, Chris. 21 June 2018. "What Is Cultural Marxism?" ''[[Mises Institute]]''. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</ref><ref>[[John Brenkman|Brenkman, John]]. 1983. "Theses on Cultural Marxism." ''[[Social Text]]'' 7:19–33. {{doi|10.2307/466452}}. {{JSTOR|466452}}. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref><ref name=":2">[[Brian Doherty (journalist)|Doherty, Brian]]. 2018. "[https://reason.com/2018/10/14/dont-blame-karl-marx-for-cultu/ Don't Blame Karl Marx for 'Cultural Marxism']." [[Reason (magazine)|''Reason'']] 50(6):58–63. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</ref> While rejecting Marxist history, these historians would retain Marx's class analysis, which would come to define, through various alterations, the essence of ''cultural Marxism''.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9">Guan, Beibei, and Wayne Cristaudo. 2019. ''Baudelaire Contra Benjamin: A Critique of Politicized Aesthetics and Cultural Marxism'', (''Politics, Literature, and Film''). Lanham, MD: [[Lexington Books]]. ISBN 9781498595087. {{OCLC|1098218872}}. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref> According to Watts (2018): "In their own ways, these thinkers challenged the orthodox Marxist unidimensional emphasis on economics at the expense of the capitalist society’s superstructure."<ref name=":4" />

Perhaps the most significant element in [[Marxian class theory]] is Marx’s notion of [[Exploitation (Marxism)|''exploitation'']]:<ref name=":5" /> According to Marxist historian [[Eric Hobsbawm]], the orthodox Marxist perspective believed that [[Social class|class]] and [[class conflict]] were present "whenever society was divided between exploiters and exploited," thus [[Political organisation|political organization]] was required to "channel such conflict into an emancipatory class consciousness."<ref>[[Eric Hobsbawm|Hobsbawm, Eric]]. 1984. "Notes on Class Consciousness." Pp. 15–32 in ''Workers: Worlds of Labor'' (1st American ed.). New York: [[Pantheon Books]]. pp. 25–27.</ref> Moving away from the orthodox notion, however, Marxist historian [[E. P. Thompson]] would reshape it by emphasizing the ''cultural'' elements of the [[working class]],<ref name=":9" /> instead of purely ''[[Marxian economics|economic]]'' forces as Marx contended.<ref name=":6">[[E. P. Thompson|Thompson, E. P.]] [1963] 1964. ''[[The Making of the English Working Class]]''. New York: [[Pantheon Books]].</ref><ref>Stevenson, Nick. [2016] 2017. "E. P. Thompson and Cultural Sociology: Questions of Poetics, Capitalism and the Commons." [[Cultural Sociology (journal)|''Cultural Sociology'']] 11(1):11–27. {{doi|10.1177/1749975516655462}}.</ref><ref>Green, Anna, and Kathleen Troup. 2016. ''The Houses of History: a Critical Reader in History and Theory'' (2nd ed.). Manchester: [[Manchester University Press]]. p. 52.</ref> More specifically, Thompson argued that, not only is [[class consciousness]] coerced by economic factors, it is dictated by cultural and religious factors just as well: "Class consciousness is the way in which these experiences are handled in cultural terms: embodied in traditions, [[Value systems|value-systems]], ideas and institutional forms."<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|9-10}}

Though its meaning remains somewhat unclear and contested by many, the term has had various—scholarly and [[Ideology|ideological]]—uses, including as a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[conspiracy theory]].<ref>Duyvendak, J. W. 2018. "[https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/32103261/1363460718792419.pdf Cultural Marxism and intersectionality]." ''[[Sexualities (journal)|Sexualities]]'' 21(8):1300–03. {{doi|10.1177/1363460718792419}}. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref><ref>Jamin, Jérôme. 2018. "Cultural Marxism: A survey." ''Religion Compass'' 12(1/2):e12258. {{doi|10.1111/rec3.12258}}. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref> Associated with American [[religious fundamentalists]] and [[paleoconservatives]], this [[Frankfurt School#Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory|right-wing theory of cultural marxism]] attributes the "[[Social ills|ills]]" of contemporary American culture—"from [[feminism]], [[affirmative action]], [[sexual liberation]], [[racial equality]], [[multiculturalism]] and [[gay rights]] to the decay of traditional education"—to the 1930s' [[Frankfurt School]] of [[social theory]] and [[critical philosophy]].<ref name=":7">[[Martin Jay|Jay, Martin]]. 2010/2011. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045123/http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe]." [[Salmagundi (magazine)|''Salmagundi'']] 168/169. Archived from the [http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm original] on 24 November 2011.</ref><ref>Lütticken, Sven. 2018. "Cultural Marxists Like Us." ''[[Afterall]]'' 46(Autumn/Winter ):66–75. {{doi|10.1086/700248}}.</ref> While it has been accused of such, the concept of ''cultural Marxism'' is, by and large, a much more substantive concept than the conspiracy contended by right-wing ideologues.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>Schwartzentruber, John. 2018. "The Landscape through the Eyes of an Ex-FSU Trucker; 'Revolutionary Marxism there, Cultural Marxism here,' I Said." ''Ontario Farmer'' B.30. London, ON: [[Postmedia Network]]. {{ProQuest|2158094682}}.</ref><ref>Green, Dominic. 28 March 2019. "[https://spectator.us/whats-wrong-cultural-marxism/ What’s wrong with ‘cultural Marxism’?]" ''[[Spectator USA]]''. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref><ref name=":3">Mueller, Antony. 18 October 2018. "[https://fee.org/articles/cultural-marxism-is-the-main-source-of-modern-confusion-and-its-spreading/ Cultural Marxism Is the Main Source of Modern Confusion—and It's Spreading]." ''[[Foundation for Economic Education]]''.</ref><ref>Mendenhall, Allen. 4 January 2019. "[https://www.jamesgmartin.center/2019/01/cultural-marxism-is-real/ Cultural Marxism Is Real]." ''[[James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal]]''.</ref>

== History ==
[[Philosopher]] and [[Literary criticism|literary critic]] [[Russell Blackford]] attributes the first use of the term to a book by scholar Trent Schoyer, "who was sympathetic to the theories he characterized as ''cultural Marxism''."<ref name=":0" />

=== Frankfurt School ===
In 1930s Germany, a [[School of thought|school]] of [[Neo-Marxism|neo-Marxist]] thinkers developed [[critical theory]], which they held as a necessary tool in liberating humans from the binds of [[capitalism]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>Garbicz, Dorota. [2018] 2019. "The Persuasion of Discourse of Political Correctness with Regard to the Philosophical Foundation." ''Folia Litteraria Polonica'' 48(2):197–206. {{doi|10.18778/1505-9057.48.14}}. [https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/polonica/article/view/4019/3463 Available in Polish].</ref> Known as the [[Frankfurt School]], this group involved the writings of such theorists as [[Theodor W. Adorno|Theodor Adorno]], [[Max Horkheimer]], [[György Lukács]], and [[Herbert Marcuse]], among others.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The first two—Adorno and Horkheimer—gained prominence for their [[critique]] of the [[Culture industry|''Culture Industry'']], which they used to describe the use of [[popular culture]] in order to "manipulate [[Western world|Westerners]] into acquiescing to the dictates and norms of a capitalist society."<ref name=":4" /><ref>[[Ioan Davies|Davies, Ioan]]. 1991. "British Cultural Marxism." ''[[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]]'' 4(3):323–44. {{JSTOR|20007001}}.</ref>

=== Gramsci and Althusser ===
In the 1930s, Italian Marxist [[Antonio Gramsci]], a key figure in the canon of cultural Marxism, developed a more elaborate concept he called ''[[hegemony]]''. For Gramsci, a war of ideas necessarily precedes any actual war against the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[ruling class]]. ''Hegemony'' is the use of [[mass culture]] by the ruling class in order to dominate the masses and defend the core interests of elites.<ref name=":0" /> To Gramsci, the culture of the ruling class was "not coercively imposed upon the lower classes." Rather, they were "assented to, voluntarily."<ref name=":4" />

As such, [[revolution]] can only occur after a long battle of position against these cultural and ideological defenses. According to Gramsci, every revolution is preceded by an intense period of criticism, ''a [[culture war]]''. A key role in this process of [[Counterhegemony|counter-hegemony]] is played by [[Organic intellectual|''organic intellectuals'']]—Gramsci's term for those born into an oppressed, or [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|''subaltern'']], class. Such intellectuals refine the '[[common sense]]' of the masses into ''good sense'', "thereby planting the seeds of a more widespread revolutionary consciousness."<ref name=":0" />

Just as Gramsci, French Marxist philosopher [[Louis Althusser]] argued that culture plays a pivotal role in the reproduction of capitalism. Althusser is recognized for contending that "Institutional State Apparatuses," such as the [[education system]], the church, and [[Sociology of the family|the family]], work to propagate and perpetuate capitalist ideology.<ref name=":4" />

== Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory ==
{{Hatnote|Some content in this section has been copied from [[Frankfurt School]]; see that page's history for attribution.}}Though its meaning remains somewhat unclear and contested by many, the term has had various—scholarly and [[Ideology|ideological]]. One of the specific uses of the term ''Cultural Marxism'' has been by a [[far-right]], [[antisemitic]] [[conspiracy theory]] from the late 1990s, in which the [[Frankfurt School]] is argued to be the origin of an ongoing [[academic]] and [[Intellectualism|intellectual]] movement that intends to undermine and destroy [[Western culture]] and values.<ref name=":7" /><ref>Jamin, Jérôme. 2014. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=VbLSBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA84 Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right]." Pp. 84–103 in ''The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate'', edited by A. Shekhovtsov and P. Jackson. Basingstoke: [[Palgrave Macmillan]]. ISBN 978-1-137-39619-8. {{doi|10.1057/9781137396211.0009}}.</ref><ref>Richardson, John E. 2015. "'Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: a transnational discourse." In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ Cultures of Post-War British Fascism]'', edited by N. Copsey and J. E. Richardson. ISBN 9781317539360.</ref><ref>Berkowitz, Bill. 15 August 2003. "[https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching 'Cultural Marxism' Catching On]." ''Intelligence Report''. [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180930043851/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching Archived] from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</ref>

According to this theory, the Frankfurt School and other [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist theorists]] were part of a conspiracy to attack Western society by undermining [[traditionalist conservatism]] and Christianity using the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s counterculture]], [[multiculturalism]], [[progressive politics]] and [[political correctness]].<ref name="Berkowitz">{{cite web|last1=Berkowitz|first1=Bill|title=Ally of Christian Right Heavyweight Paul Weyrich Addresses Holocaust Denial Conference|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/ally-christian-right-heavyweight-paul-weyrich-addresses-holocaust-denial-conference|access-date=19 April 2016|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|publisher=SPLC 2003}}</ref><ref name="Lind">{{cite web|last1=Lind|first1=William S.|title=What is Cultural Marxism?|url=http://www.marylandthursdaymeeting.com/Archives/SpecialWebDocuments/Cultural.Marxism.htm|access-date=9 April 2015|website=Maryland Thursday Meeting}}</ref><ref>Jeffries, Stuart. 2016. ''Grand Hotel Abyss''. [[Verso Books|Verso]]. pp. 6–11.</ref> Associated with American [[Fundamentalism|religious fundamentalists]] and [[paleoconservatives]], such as [[William S. Lind]],<ref>[[William S. Lind|Lind, William S.]] 2018. "The Scourge of Cultural Marxism." ''[[The American Conservative|American Conservative]]'' 17(3):12. {{EBSCOhost|129055409}}.</ref> [[Pat Buchanan]], and [[Paul Weyrich]], the theory also holds currency among the [[alt-right]], [[white nationalists]], [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] organizations, and the [[Dark Enlightenment|neo-reactionary movement]].<ref name=":8">[[Paul Weyrich|Weyrich, Paul]]. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20000411172504/http://www.nationalcenter.org/Weyrich299.html Letter to Conservatives by Paul M. Weyrich]." ''Conservative Think Tank: 'The National Center for Public Policy Research'''. Archived from [https://www.nationalcenter.org/Weyrich299.html the original] on 11 April 2000. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref><ref>[[Ruth Wodak|Wodak, Ruth]]. [2012] 2013. Right-wing populism in Europe: Politics and discourse, edited by [[Majid KhosraviNik|M. KhosraviNik]] and [[Brigitte Mral|B. Mral]]. London: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury Academic]]. ISBN 978-1-7809-3245-3. Retrieved 30 July 2015. pp. 96, 97.</ref><ref name="Rosenberg 2019">{{cite web|last=Rosenberg|first=Paul|date=2019-05-05|title=A user's guide to "Cultural Marxism": Anti-Semitic conspiracy theory, reloaded|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/05/05/a-users-guide-to-cultural-marxism-anti-semitic-conspiracy-theory-reloaded/|access-date=2019-06-11|website=Salon}}</ref>

In 1998, Weyrich presented his version of the conspiracy theory in a speech to the [[Civitas Institute#Events|Conservative Leadership Conference]] of the [[Civitas Institute]], which was then published the speech in his syndicated [[Paul Weyrich#Culture war letter|Culture war letter]].<ref name=":8" /><ref>[[Les Moonves|Moonves, Leslie]]. "[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/death-of-the-moral-majority/ Death Of The Moral Majority?]" ''[[CBS News|CBS news]]''. [[The Associated Press]]. Retrieved 19 April 2016.</ref><ref>Koyzis, David T.  2003. ''Political Visions and Illusions: A Survey and Christian Critique of Contemporary Ideologies''. Downers Grove, IL: [[InterVarsity Press]]. ISBN 978-0-8308-2726-8. Retrieved 5 March 2016. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4elGv0rz-u4C&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82 p. 82].</ref> At Weyrich's request, William S. Lind wrote a short history of his conception of Cultural Marxism for the [[Free Congress Research and Education Foundation|Free Congress Foundation]], in which he identifies the presence of [[openly gay]] people on television as proof of Cultural Marxist control over the [[mass media]] and claims that [[Herbert Marcuse]] considered a coalition of "[[Black people|blacks]], students, [[feminist]] women, and homosexuals" as a vanguard of cultural revolution.<ref name="Berkowitz" /><ref name="Lind" /><ref name="HOROWITZ">{{cite web|last1=Lind|first1=William S.|title=Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology|url=http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/viewSubCategory.asp?id=1332|access-date=5 March 2016|website=Discover The Networks|publisher=David Horowitz}}</ref>

In the ''Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe'' (2011), historian [[Martin Jay]] says that Lind's documentary of conservative [[counterculture]], ''Political Correctness: The Frankfurt School'' (1999), was effective [[propaganda]], because:<ref name=":7" /><blockquote>"[It] spawned a number of condensed textual versions, which were reproduced on a number of radical, right-wing sites. These, in turn, led to a plethora of new videos, now available on YouTube, which feature an odd cast of pseudo-experts regurgitating exactly the same line. The message is numbingly simplistic: All the '[[Social ills|ills]]' of modern American culture, from [[feminism]], [[affirmative action]], [[sexual liberation]], [[racial equality]], [[multiculturalism]] and [[gay rights]] to the decay of traditional education, and even [[environmentalism]], are ultimately attributable to the insidious intellectual influence of the members of the Institute for Social Research who came to America in the 1930s.</blockquote>

=== Aspects of the conspiracy ===

==== Cultural pessimism ====
In his essay "New Dark Age: The Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'" (1992), Michael Minnicino presented a precursor of the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory on behalf of the [[Schiller Institute]] of the LaRouche political movement. Minnicino said the "Jewish intellectuals" of the Frankfurt School promoted [[modern art]] to make [[cultural pessimism]] the spirit of the [[counter-culture]] of the 1960s, based upon the counter-culture of the ''[[Wandervogel]]'', the socially liberal German youth movement whose Swiss [[Monte Verità]] commune was the 19th-century predecessor of Western counter-culture.<ref>The historian Martin Jay (2010) pointed out that Daniel Estulin's book cites Minnicino's essay as political inspiration for the Free Congress Research and Education Foundation.</ref><ref name="Jay">{{cite web|last1=Jay|first1=Martin|title=Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe|url=http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045123/http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm|archivedate=24 November 2011|website=skidmore.edu|publisher=Salmagundi Magazine}}</ref><ref name="schillerinstitute.org">[http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_91-96/921_frankfurt.html "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness{{'"}}], Schiller Institute</ref><ref>[http://www.schillerinstitute.org/conf-iclc/1990s/conf_feb_1994_minnicino.html Freud and the Frankfurt School] (Schiller Institute, 1994), in the conference report "Solving the Paradox of Current World History" published in the ''Executive Intelligence Review''.</ref>

In ''Fascism: Fascism and Culture'' (2003), professor and [[Oxford fellow]] Matthew Feldman traced the etymology of the term "Cultural Marxism" back to the anti-Semitic term ''[[Cultural Bolshevism|Kulturbolschewismus]]'' (Cultural Bolshevism), which [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] used to assert that Jewish cultural influence was the source of German [[Degeneration theory|social degeneration]] under the liberal régime of the [[Weimar Republic]] (1918–1939), and also the cause of social degeneration in the West.<ref name="Matt">{{cite book|last1=Matthew|first1=Feldman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOH4yTFvBokC&dq=Cultural+Marxism&pg=PA343|title=Fascism: Fascism and Culture|last2=Griffin|first2=Roger (Ed.)|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-29018-0|edition=1. publ.|location=New York|page=343|access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref>

==== Othering of political opponents ====
In the article titled ''Hate Crimes, Vol. 5'', Heidi Beirich stated that the conspiracy theory is used to [[demonize]] various conservative "[[wiktionary:bête noire#English|bêtes noires]]" including feminists, homosexuals, [[secular humanists]], multiculturalists, [[Sex education|sex educators]], environmentalists, immigrants, and [[black nationalists]].<ref name="PERRY">{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=Barbara (ed.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7p6TDR1zwcC&dq=Heidi+Beirich+Cultural+Marxism&pg=PA109|title=Hate crimes [vol.5]|last2=Beirich|first2=Heidi|date=2009|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0-275-99569-0|location=Westport, Conn.|pages=119|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref>

In Europe, the Norwegian far-right terrorist [[Anders Behring Breivik]] quoted Lind's usage of the term "Cultural Marxism" in his political manifesto ''2083: A European Declaration of Independence'', writing that the "sexually transmitted disease (STD) epidemic in Western Europe is a result of cultural Marxism", that "Cultural Marxism defines Muslims, feminist women, homosexuals, and some additional minority groups, as virtuous, and they view ethnic Christian European men as evil", and that "The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Strasbourg is a cultural-Marxist-controlled political entity." About 90 minutes before killing 77 people in his [[2011 Norway attacks|terrorist attacks in Norway]] on July 22nd, 2001, Breivik e-mailed 1003 people a copy of his 1500-page manifesto and a copy of ''Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology'', which was edited by Lind and published by the Free Congress Research and Education Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 July 2011|title='Breivik Manifesto' Details Chilling Attack Preparation|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14267007|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Trilling|first1=Daniel|date=18 April 2012|title=Who are Breivik's Fellow Travellers?|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2012/04/who-are-breivik%E2%80%99s-fellow-travellers|magazine=New Statesman|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="QANTARA">{{cite web|last1=Buruma|first1=Ian|title=Breivik's Call to Arms|url=http://en.qantara.de/content/islamophobia-in-europe-breiviks-call-to-arms|access-date=25 July 2015|website=Qantara|publisher=German Federal Agency for Civic Education & Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref name="PINO">{{cite book|last1=Shanafelt|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDmLBQAAQBAJ&dq=Rethinking+Serial+Murder,+Spree+Killing,+and+Atrocities:+Beyond+the+Usual+author&pg=PT10|title=Rethinking Serial Murder, Spree Killing, and Atrocities: Beyond the Usual Distinctions|last2=Pino|first2=Nathan W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-56467-6|language=en}}</ref>

In the article titled ''Collectivists, Communists, Labor Bosses, and Treason: The Tea Parties as Right-wing, Populist Counter-subversion Panic'', [[Chip Berlet]] identifies the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory as an ideological basis of the [[Tea Party movement]] within the Republican Party. The Tea Party identifies as a right-wing populist movement; its claims of social subversion echo earlier white-nationalist claims of racial, social, and cultural subversion. The economic elites use [[Populism|populist rhetoric]] to encourage counter-subversion panics. Thus, a large, middle-class white constituency is politically deceived into siding with the ruling-class social and economic elites to defend their relative and precarious socioeconomic position in the middle class. Cultural scapegoats, such as mythical conspiracies claiming that [[Collectivism|collectivists]], communists, labor bosses, and nonwhite citizens and immigrants are to blame for the economic, political, and social failures of free-market capitalism. In that manner, under the guise of [[patriotism]], economic [[libertarianism]], traditional Christian values, and [[Nativism (politics)|nativism]], right-wing accusations of Cultural Marxism defended the [[Racism|racist]] and [[Sexism|sexist]] social hierarchies specifically opposed to the "big government" policies of the Obama administration.<ref name="Collectivists">{{cite journal|author=Berlet, Chip|date=July 2012|title=Collectivists, Communists, Labor Bosses, and Treason: The Tea Parties as Right-wing Populist Counter-Subversion Panic|url=http://crs.sagepub.com/content/38/4/565.abstract|url-status=dead|journal=Critical Sociology|volume=38|issue=4|pages=565–587|doi=10.1177/0896920511434750|s2cid=144238367 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115213944/http://crs.sagepub.com/content/38/4/565.abstract|archivedate=15 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="KIMBALL">{{cite web|last1=Kimball|first1=Linda|title=Cultural Marxism|url=http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2007/02/cultural_marxism.html|access-date=11 March 2016|website=American Thinker}}</ref>

In the essay ''Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right'', the political scientist Jérôme Jamin said that "next to the global dimension of the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, there is its innovative and original dimension, which lets its racist authors avoid racist discourses, and pretend to be defenders of democracy in their respective countries".<ref name="Jamin">{{cite book|last=Jamin|first=Jérôme|title=The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2014|isbn=978-1-137-39619-8|editor1-last=Shekhovtsov|editor1-first=A.|location=Basingstoke|pages=84–103|chapter=Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right|doi=10.1057/9781137396211.0009|editor2-last=Jackson|editor2-first=P.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbLSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84}}</ref> The essay titled ''How Trump's Paranoid White House Sees 'Deep State' Enemies on all Sides'' reported that an employee within the Trump administration by the name of Richard Higgins was dismissed from the U.S. National Security Council because he published a memorandum called ''POTUS & Political Warfare'', wherein Higgins claimed the existence of an alleged left-wing conspiracy to destroy the Trump presidency and that "American public intellectuals of Cultural Marxism, foreign Islamicists, and globalist bankers, the news media, and politicians from the Republican and the Democrat parties were attacking Trump because he represents an existential threat to the cultural Marxist memes that dominate the prevailing cultural narrative in the U.S."<ref>{{cite news|date=13 August 2017|title=How Trump's Paranoid White House Sees 'Deep State' Enemies on all Sides|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/13/donald-trump-white-house-steve-bannon-rich-higgins}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=10 August 2017|title=Here's the Memo That Blew Up the NSC|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/08/10/heres-the-memo-that-blew-up-the-nsc/|magazine=Foreign Policy}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=2 August 2017|title=An NSC Staffer Is Forced Out Over a Controversial Memo|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/a-national-security-council-staffer-is-forced-out-over-a-controversial-memo/535725/|magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref>

==== "Political Correctness" and anti-Semitic Canards ====
In the speech titled "The Origins of Political Correctness" (2000), William S. Lind established the ideological and etymological lineage of Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory:

{{quote|If we look at it analytically, if we look at it historically, we quickly find out exactly what it is. [[Political correctness]] is Cultural Marxism. It is Marxism translated from economic into cultural terms. It is an effort that goes back not to the 1960s and the [[Hippies]] and the [[peace movement]], but back to World War I, to ''Kulturbolshewismus''. If we compare the basic tenets of Political Correctness with the basic tenets of [[classical Marxism]], the parallels are very obvious.<ref name="Bill">{{cite web|last1=Lind|first1=William S.|title=The Origins of Political Correctness|url=http://www.academia.org/the-origins-of-political-correctness/|website=Accuracy in Academia|publisher=Accuracy in Academia/Daniel J. Flynn|access-date=8 November 2015|date=2000-02-05}}</ref>}}

Lind's history of the term and its meanings were described in "The Alt-right’s Favorite Meme is 100 Years Old" (2018), in which professor of law [[Samuel Moyn]] reported that social fear of Cultural Marxism is "an American contribution to the phantasmagoria of the alt-right"; while the conspiracy theory, itself, is "a crude slander, referring to [[Judeo-Bolshevism]], something that does not exist."<ref>{{cite news|author=Samuel Moyn|authorlink=Samuel Moyn|date=13 November 2018|title=The Alt-Right's Favorite Meme is 100 Years Old|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/13/opinion/cultural-marxism-anti-semitism.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fopinion&action=click&contentCollection=opinion&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=3&pgtype=sectionfront|accessdate=4 November 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Cultural Bolshevism]]
* [[Frankfurt School]]

== References ==
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