View source for Three-level diamond interchange

{{short description|Type of highway interchange}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
[[File:Volleyball Interchange Diagram.gif|frame|Three-level diamond diagram. Arrows are for traffic driving on the right.]]
A '''three-level diamond interchange''' is a type of highway [[Interchange (road)|interchange]] where through traffic on both main roads is [[Grade separation|grade-separated]] from intersections which handle transferring traffic.<ref>[[Indiana Department of Transportation]], {{cite web|url= http://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/standards/dm/Part%205%20Vol.%201/Ch%2048/Ch48.pdf |title=Interchanges }}&nbsp;{{small|(203&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, pages 21 and 22</ref> It is similar in design to a [[Roundabout#Motorways|three-level stacked roundabout]] except for its use of (usually signalled) [[Intersection (road)|conventional intersections]], and can be thought of as two [[diamond interchange]]s fused together.

[[Roadgeek|Road enthusiast]]s sometimes use the terms '''volleyball interchange''' or '''split-level diamond interchange''' to refer to these interchanges.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.kurumi.com/roads/interchanges/volleyball.html | title = Volleyball Interchange | work = Kurumi's Field Guide to Interchanges | last = Oglesby | first = Scott | access-date = 23 August 2013 }}{{Self-published source|date=December 2013}}</ref>

==Description==
In a three-level diamond interchange, the two main roads are on separate levels, and on a third level, usually in the middle, there is a square of one-way roads.  The square circulates clockwise where traffic drives on the left, or anticlockwise where it drives on the right.  At each corner of the square is the terminal of an exit ramp from one main road and an entrance ramp to the other main road.

Traffic transferring from one road to the other to make an overall right turn only passes through one corner of the square, at which point a right turn is made.  Transfer traffic making an overall left turn must proceed straight through the first intersection it encounters, turn left at the next, and then proceed straight through a third intersection to enter the other main roadway.

Its two-level variant is the [[split diamond interchange]].

Its at-grade variant is the [[town center intersection]] (TCI).

==Examples==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="20%"|Location
!width="25%"|First Route
!width="25%"|Second Route
!width="30%"|Notes
|-
| [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], Arizona, United States
| Indian School Road
| {{jct|state=AZ|I|17|name1=Black Canyon Freeway}}
| Proposed three-level diamond interchange, will include I-17's frontage roads and [[Texas U-turn]]s for Indian School Road traffic.<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://azdot.gov/projects/central-district-projects/interstate-17-indian-school-road-traffic-interchange-improvement | title = Interstate 17: Indian School Road Traffic Interchange Improvement Project | work = Arizona Department of Transportation  | access-date = 20 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], Arizona, United States
| Kolb Road
| {{jct|state=AZ|I|10|name1=Tucson-Benson Highway}}
| Proposed combination of a three-level and [[Diverging diamond interchange]], entrances and exits will utilize the diverging diamond element.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interstate 10 and State Route 210 Study {{!}} Department of Transportation |url=https://azdot.gov/planning/transportation-studies/interstate-10-and-state-route-210-study |website=azdot.gov |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Doral, Florida|Doral]], Florida, United States
| [[Miami International Airport|MIA]] Cargo Viaduct
| {{jct|state=FL|SR|826|name1=Palmetto Expressway}}
| Northwest 25th Street serves as a frontage road for the MIA Cargo Viaduct.  A flyover ramp was added to allow westbound MIA Cargo Viaduct traffic to join SR 826 north.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-18|title=Road Project Gives Trucks Direct Access to MIA Cargo Area|url=https://www.aviationpros.com/airports/press-release/12233160/miami-international-airport-road-project-gives-mia-direct-access-to-cargo-area |access-date=2023-02-02|work=AVIATIONPROS|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]], Iowa, United States
| {{jct|state=IA|I|380}}
| {{jct|state=IA|IA|100}}
| [[Collector/distributor road]]s intersect.
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Detroit]], Michigan, United States
| {{jct|state=MI|I|75|name1=Walter P. Chrysler Freeway}}
| {{jct|state=MI|M|102|name1=8&nbsp;Mile Road}}
| I-75 uses frontage roads
|-
| {{jct|state=MI|M|1|name1=Woodward Avenue}}
| {{jct|state=MI|M|102|name1=8&nbsp;Mile Road}}
|
|-
| {{jct|state=MI|M|10|name1=John C. Lodge Freeway}}
| {{jct|state=MI|M|102|name1=8&nbsp;Mile Road}}
| Includes slip ramps from northbound M-10 to westbound M-102, eastbound M-102 to southbound M-10, and westbound M-102 to northbound M-10. M-10 uses frontage roads
|-
| [[Redford Charter Township, Michigan|Redford Township, Wayne County]], Michigan, United States
| {{jct|country=USA|I|96|name1=Jeffries Freeway}}
| {{jct|state=MI|US|24|name1=Telegraph Road}}
| I-96 uses frontage roads
|-
| [[Jefferson City, Missouri|Jefferson City]], Missouri, United States
| {{jct|state=MO|US|50|US|63|dir2=northbound}}
| {{jct|state=MO|US|54|US|63|dir2=southbound}}
| A flyover ramp has been added to allow westbound US&nbsp;54 traffic to join US&nbsp;50 east, bypassing one intersection. This addition necessitates the use of a nearby city street to transfer from westbound US&nbsp;50 to westbound US&nbsp;54.
|-
| [[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville]], North Carolina, United States
| {{jct|state=NC|I|240}}
| {{jct|state=NC|US|70}}
| I-240 exit&nbsp;7
|-
| [[High Point, North Carolina|High Point]], North Carolina, United States
| {{jct|state=NC|I|74}}
| {{jct|state=NC|US|29}}
| I-74 exit&nbsp;71B
|-
| [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, United States
| {{jct|state=OK|OK|74}}
| {{jct|state=OK|I-Toll|344|Turnpike|Kilpatrick}}
| Includes [[frontage road]]s at-grade with interchange (signed as Portland Avenue and West Memorial Road, respectively, for the first and second routes).  Two flyover ramps, one from westbound Kilpatrick Turnpike (I-344) to southbound OK-74 and the other from northbound OK-74 to eastbound Kilpatrick Turnpike, are included with the interchange.
|-
| [[Marple Township, Pennsylvania|Marple Township, Delaware County]], Pennsylvania, United States
| {{jct|country=USA|I|476}}
| {{jct|state=PA|US|1}}
| I-476 exit&nbsp;5
|-
| [[Robinson Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania|Robinson Township, Washington County]], Pennsylvania, United States
| {{jct|state=PA|Toll|576}}
| {{jct|state=PA|US|22}}
| PA&nbsp;576 exit&nbsp;6
|-
| [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|US|183}}
| {{jct|state=TX|Loop|275|name=1=Lamar Boulevard}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange
|-
| [[Big Spring, Texas|Big Spring]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|US|87}}
| {{jct|state=TX|I|20}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange
|-
| [[Conroe, Texas|Conroe]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|SH|242}}
| {{jct|state=TX|I|45}}
| Proposed three-level diamond interchange.<ref>{{cite news |title = Montgomery County Precinct 2 Mobility Study - Recommendations |url = https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/14a4ac0bd1d34ca39e3a686dabf37f78/page/Intersection-%26-Roadway/?data_id=dataSource_add_from_url_entry-1827f669597-layer-10%3A83 |access-date = June 5, 2023 |work = Experience.ArcGIS.com |location = The Woodlands |publisher  = Houston-Galveston Area Council | language = en-US }}</ref> Currently, at-grade frontage roads and two flyover ramps, one from northbound I-45 to westbound SH 242 (College Park Drive) and the other from westbound SH 242 (Needham Road) to southbound I-45, are included with the interchange. A third flyover from northbound I-45 to eastbound SH 242 is in the planning stages.<ref>{{cite news |last = Thompson |first = Ben |date = April 6, 2021 |title = Eastbound, Nontolled Flyover Road from I-45 to Eastbound Hwy. 242 Enters Preconstruction Phase |url = https://communityimpact.com/houston/the-woodlands/transportation/2021/04/06/eastbound-nontolled-flyover-road-from-i-45-to-eastbound-hwy-242-enters-preconstruction-phase/ |access-date = June 5, 2023 |work = CommunityImpact.com |location = The Woodlands |publisher  = [[Community Impact Newspaper]] | language = en-US }}</ref>
|-
| [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|Loop|12|name1=Buckner Boulevard}}
| {{jct|state=TX|I|30|US|67}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange
|-
| [[Del Valle, Texas|Del Valle]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|71}}
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|130|name1=Pickle Parkway}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.  A flyover ramp was added to allow eastbound SH 71 traffic to join SH 130 north.
|-
| [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|US|54|name1=Patriot Freeway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|Loop|375|name1=Woodrow Bean Transmountain Drive}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|SRT}}
| {{jct|state=TX|TX|289|name1=Preston Road}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange (signed as [[Texas State Highway 121|SH 121]] for the first route)
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|DNT}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US|380|name1=University Drive}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange (signed as Dallas Parkway for the first route)
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|US|380|name1=University Drive}}
| {{jct|state=TX|TX|289|name1=Preston Road}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.
|-
|rowspan=13| [[Houston]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|SH|6|FM|1960}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US|290|name1=Northwest Freeway}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.  A flyover ramp was added to allow northbound SH 6 traffic to join U.S. 290 east.
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|SH|6}}
| {{jct|state=TX|IH|10|name1=Katy Freeway}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|BW|8|name1=Sam Houston Parkway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|HTR}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.  A flyover ramp was added to allow eastbound Beltway 8 traffic to join Hardy Toll Road north.
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|FM|1960|name1=Cypress Creek Parkway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|HTR}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|FBT}}
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|SHT}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange (signed as Hillcroft Avenue and Beltway 8, respectively, for the first and second routes).
|-
| [[Fort Bend Parkway|Fort Bend Parkway Toll Road]]
| {{jct|state=TX|SH|6}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.
|-
| [[Texas State Highway 99|Grand Parkway Toll Road]]
| [[Westpark Tollway|Fort Bend Westpark Tollway]]
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange (signed as SH 99 and [[List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1000–1099)#FM 1093|F.M. 1093]], respectively, for the first and second routes).  A flyover ramp was added to allow southbound Grand Parkway traffic to join Westpark Tollway east.
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|IH|45|name1=North Freeway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|FM|1960}}
|rowspan=3| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchanges.
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|IH|45|name1=North Freeway}}
| Greens Road
|-
| Memorial Drive
| Houston Avenue
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|SHT}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US|90|name1=Crosby Freeway}}
|rowspan=2| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchanges (signed as Beltway 8 for Sam Houston Tollway).
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|SHT}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US-Alt|90}}
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|SH|249|name1=Tomball Parkway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|FM|1960}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.
|-
|rowspan=4| [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|US|62|US|82}}
| {{jct|state=TX|Loop|289}}
|rowspan=4| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchanges.  
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|US|84}}
| {{jct|state=TX|I|27|US|87}}
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|Loop|289}}
| {{jct|state=TX|I|27|US|87}}
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|Loop|289}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US|82|SH|114}}
|-
| [[Mont Belvieu, Texas|Mont Belvieu]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|99|name1=Grand Parkway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|I|10}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.
|- 
| [[New Caney, Texas|New Caney]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|99|name1=Grand Parkway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|I|69|US|59}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.  Two flyover ramps, one from eastbound SH 99 to northbound I-69/US 59 and the other from northbound I-69/US 59 to westbound SH 99, are included with the interchange.
|-
| [[Pasadena, Texas|Pasadena]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|SHT}}
| {{jct|state=TX|SH|225|name1=Pasadena Freeway}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange (signed as Beltway 8 for the first route).
|-
| [[Richardson, Texas|Richardson]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|US|75|name1=[[Central Expressway (Dallas)|Central Expressway]]}}
| Spring Valley Road
|rowspan=3| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchanges.
|-
| [[Round Rock, Texas|Round Rock]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|US|79}}
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|130|name1=Pickle Parkway}}
|-
| [[Sherman, Texas|Sherman]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|US|75}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US|82}}
|- 
| [[Spring, Texas|Spring]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|99|name1=Grand Parkway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|I|45|name1=North Freeway}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange.  Two flyover ramps, one from eastbound SH 99 to northbound I-45 and the other from southbound I-45 to westbound SH 99, are included with the interchange.
|- 
| [[Sugar Land, Texas|Sugar Land]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|I|69|US|59}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US-Alt|90}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange
|- 
| [[Tomball, Texas|Tomball]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|99|name1=Grand Parkway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|Tomball}}
| Includes frontage roads at-grade with interchange (signed as SH 249 for the second route).  The southern half of the interchange has four flyover ramps: two from northbound Tomball Tollway to east and westbound SH 99 and the other two from SH 99 (west and eastbound) to Tomball Tollway southbound
|-
| [[Tyler, Texas|Tyler]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|Toll|49}}
| {{jct|state=TX|I|20}}
|rowspan=4| Includes [[frontage road]]s at-grade with interchanges.
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Waco, Texas|Waco]], Texas, United States
| {{jct|state=TX|TX|6|Loop|340}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US|84}}
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|I|35|name1=Jack Kultgen Freeway}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US-Bus|77|name1=New Dallas Highway}}
|-
| {{jct|state=TX|US|84|name1=Waco Drive}}
| {{jct|state=TX|US-Bus|77}}
|-
| [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], Virginia, United States
| {{jct|state=VA|I|395|name1=[[Shirley Highway]]}}
| Seminary Road
| I-395 exit&nbsp;4
|-
| [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]], Virginia, United States
| {{jct|state=VA|VA|286|name1=[[Fairfax County Parkway]]}}
| {{jct|state=VA|US|29}}
| The south end of West Ox Road also meets this interchange.
|- 
| [[Welch, West Virginia|Welch]], West Virginia, United States
| {{jct|state=WV|US|52|name1=[[King Coal Highway]]}}
| {{jct|country=USA|US|121|name1=[[Coalfields Expressway]]}}
| As of 2011, grading has been completed for interchange but interchange itself has not been constructed.
|-
| [[Wheeling, West Virginia|Wheeling]], West Virginia, United States
| {{jct|state=WV|I|470}}
| {{jct|state=WV|US|250|WV|2}}
| Entire interchange is elevated above city streets.
|-
| [[Wauwatosa, Wisconsin|Wauwatosa]], Wisconsin, United States
| {{jct|state=WI|I|41|US|45}}
| {{jct|state=WI|WI|190|name1=Capitol Drive}}
| An access road for the adjacent [[Harley-Davidson]] plant is also part of the interchange.
|-
| [[Belmont, Queensland|Belmont]], Queensland, Australia
| {{jctname|country=AUS|state=QLD|M|1|name1=[[Gateway Motorway]]}}
| {{jctname|country=AUS|state=QLD|S|22|name1=[[Old Cleveland Road, Brisbane|Old Cleveland Road]]}}
| Two of the ramps are two-way for a short distance to allow access from the interchange to and from local streets.
|-
| [[Düsseldorf-Stockum]], Germany
| <!-- {{jctname|country=DE|state=NW|M|30|name1=[[Autobahn 44]]}} -->[[File:Bundesautobahn 44 number.svg|30px]] [[Bundesautobahn 44|Autobahn 44]]
| <!-- {{jctname|country=DE|state=NW|S|name1=[[Bundesstraße 8]]}} -->[[File:Bundesstraße_8_number.svg|30px]] [[Bundesstraße 8]]
| At {{coord|51|16|16.9|N|6|45|1.8|E}}; rare design in Germany
|-
|[[Minsk]], Belarus
|Praspiekt Dziaržynskaha
|Praspiekt Žukava
|At {{Coord|53|52|59.7|N|27|30|19.2|E}}
|}

Many examples of this interchange type can also be found in Texas; however, the interchanges almost always include the [[frontage road]]s as well. If the traffic amounts increase, the interchange is usually converted into a [[stack interchange]], also as the second level of the [[High Five Interchange]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=1000+collins+rd+ne,+cedar+rapids,+ia&ie=UTF8&z=17&ll=42.028225,-91.673076&spn=0.002255,0.008411&t=k&om=0 Aerial view of a three-level diamond interchange] (Interstate 380 and Iowa Highway 100 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa).  Highway 100 runs from left to right; Interstate 380 runs from top to bottom.

{{Road junction types}}

[[Category:Road interchanges]]