View source for Nuclear power in Pakistan

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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2022}}
{{Electricity generation in Pakistan}}
{{Location map+|Pakistan|float=right|width=300|places=
{{Location map~|Pakistan|label=[[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|Chashma]]|lat=32.020172|long=72.207506 |position=left |mark=Location dot red.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|label=[[Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor|Nilore]]|lat= 33.65265168367541 |long= 73.24529118160538 |mark=Location dot green.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|label=[[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex|Karachi]]|lat=24.833333|long=66.783333 |mark=Location dot red.svg}}
|caption=Nuclear power plants in Pakistan<br/>[[image:Location dot red.svg|8px]]&nbsp; Commercial active plants<br>[[image:Location dot green.svg|8px]]&nbsp; Research active plants
}}
In [[Pakistan]], [[nuclear power]] is provided by six [[nuclear reactor]]s in two commercial [[nuclear power plants]] with a net capacity of 3,545 MW from [[pressurized water reactor]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 14: Energy {{!}} Pakistan Economic Survey 2023-24 |url=https://finance.gov.pk/survey_2024.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=finance.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in Pakistan - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/pakistan |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> In FY2023, Pakistan's nuclear power plants (NPPs) produced a total of 24.054 [[terawatt-hours]] of electricity, which accounted for roughly 18.65% of the nation's total electric energy generation.<ref name=":1" /> Pakistan is the first country in the [[Muslim world]] to construct and operate commercial nuclear plants, with first being commissioned in [[1972 in Pakistan|1972]].<ref name="Nuclear Power in Pakistan, Siddiqui & Qureshi">Nuclear power in Pakistan, Dr. Zia H. Siddiqui and Dr. I.H. Qureshi, pp.31–33.</ref> As of 2025, there is one NPP ([[Chashma Nuclear Power Complex|Chashma-V]]) that is under construction and expected to produce 1,200 MW of electricity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=Chashma-5 Nuclear Power Plant to add 1,200 MW to national grid |url=https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/06/03/chashma-5-nuclear-power-plant-to-add-1200-mw-to-national-grid/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Profit by Pakistan Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Larson |first=Aaron |date=2024-12-30 |title=Pakistan Will Build Another Chinese-Designed Nuclear Power Unit |url=https://www.powermag.com/pakistan-will-build-another-chinese-designed-nuclear-power-unit/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=POWER Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Only one NPP, [[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex|KANUPP-1]] has been decommissioned, after a 50-year run in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1734533 | title=Expansion in nuclear power generation hits snags | date=31 January 2023 }}</ref> Under its [[Nuclear power programme-2050|current policy]] to address its energy security, the country plans on constructing 32 commercial NPPs by 2050, with a combined generation capacity of 40,000 MW to meet 25% of the nation's electricity demands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=17 September 2015 |title=Pakistan envisions 40,000MW of nuclear power generation capacity: PAEC |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1207543 |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=Dawn |language=en |location=Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalil |first=Ghazala Yasmin |date=2023-06-09 |title=Pakistan's Nuclear Journey: Security and Development |url=https://cscr.pk/explore/themes/defense-security/pakistans-nuclear-journey-security-and-development/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Centre for Strategic and Contemporary Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

The nuclear power in Pakistan is regulated through the [[Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority]] (PNRA), which grants licenses and their renewals, while the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) manages the operations of the NPPs.<ref name="Nuclear Power Plants- PNRA">{{cite web |title=Nuclear Power Plants- PNRA |url=https://www.pnra.org/npps.html |website=www.pnra.org |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Nuclear Power, PAEC">{{cite web |title=Nuclear Power |url=https://paec.gov.pk/NuclearPower/ |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> Due to the country's refusal to join the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons#Non-parties|Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT) and accept full-scope IAEA safeguards, the imports and access to the [[Nuclear reactor technology|reactor technology]] has been restricted by the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG). In the past, [[Canada]] partnered with Pakistan in providing the nation's first nuclear power plant in 1965 and later, [[China]] and the IAEA has provided support in providing the nuclear power plants since 1993 at address its challenges relating to energy security.<ref name="world-nuclear.org">{{cite web |title=Nuclear Power in Pakistan - World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/pakistan.aspx |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-10 |title=The China-Pakistan Nuclear Deal: A Realpolitique Fait Accompli |url=https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/china-pakistan-nuclear-deal-realpolitique-fait-accompli-1/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The Nuclear Threat Initiative |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

In 1960, the plans on the construction for nation's first nuclear power plant were submitted to the [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] by the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]], with support from the [[Abdus Salam]] who was serving in capacity as [[Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan)#Science Advisors|Science Advisor]] to the [[Government of Pakistan]] at that time.<ref name="Nucleus, Riazuddin, 2005"/> In fact, it was Abdus Salam's efforts that led to the approval of the country's first commercial nuclear power plant at the  [[Paradise Point, Pakistan|Paradise Point]] in Karachi, Sindh.<ref name="Nucleus, Riazuddin, 2005">{{Cite journal |last = Professor Riazuddin
 |author-link = Riazuddin (physicist) |title = Contribution of Abdus Salam as Member of PAEC |journal = The Nucleus |volume = 42 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 31–34 |publisher = The Nucleus PINSTECH publication |location = Nilore, Islamabad
 |date = 13 October 2005 |url = http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/nucleus/pdf%20Special%20Issue%20Nucleus%2042%281-4%29/Contributions%20of%20Professor%20Abdus%20Salam%20%28ms603%29.pdf |issn = 0029-5698 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140627133716/http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/nucleus/pdf%20Special%20Issue%20Nucleus%2042%281-4%29/Contributions%20of%20Professor%20Abdus%20Salam%20%28ms603%29.pdf |archive-date = 27 June 2014 |df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last =Siddiqui | first =Dr. Zia | author2 =Dr. Iqbal Hussain Qureshi | title =Nuclear power in Pakistan | journal =The Nucleus | volume =42 | issue =1–2 | pages =63–66 | publisher =The Nucleus PINSTECH publication | location =Nilore, Islamabad | date =13 October 2005 | url =http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/nucleus/pdf%20Special%20Issue%20Nucleus%2042%281-4%29/Nuclear%20Power%20in%20Pakistan%20%28ms611%29.pdf | issn =0029-5698 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120306133728/http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/nucleus/pdf%20Special%20Issue%20Nucleus%2042%281-4%29/Nuclear%20Power%20in%20Pakistan%20%28ms611%29.pdf | archive-date =6 March 2012 | df =dmy-all }}</ref> During this time, the Ayub administration successfully negotiated the Canadian government that allowed the [[Canadian General Electric|GE Canada]] to work with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in designing and constructing the country's first commercial nuclear power in 1965.{{rp|54–55}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Feroz |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=7 November 2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA, US |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |pages=552 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=canada&pg=PA203 |access-date=16 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1965, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's [[Centre for Nuclear Studies]] (CNS) was able to design and construct its own small reactor, known as the [[Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor]] (PARR-I) in [[Nilore, Islamabad|Nilore]].{{rp|94–95}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> The fuel bundles were for this reactor were, however, provided by the United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) through the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for research and training purposes only.{{rp|193}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> The first commercial nuclear power plant was design on the basis of [[CANDU reactor|CANDU-type]] which was earlier offered to India (in [[1955 in India|1955]]) but Canada had its priced at [[United States Dollar|US$]] 10 million {{USDCY|10000000|1965}} which was too expensive for the country's taxpayers to afford.{{rp|30–31}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/>

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission eventually negotiated with the GE Canada to redesign the reactor for Pakistan-specific needs, which resulted in a {{cvt|137|MW|GW}} CANDU-type [[pressurised heavy water reactor]] and it featured stark differences in the reactor designs supplied to India by Canada.{{rp|110}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/>{{rp|3–4}}{{rp|3–4}}<ref name="MIT Conference on Security">{{cite web |last1=Ghoshroy |first1=Subrata |title=Parvez Butt |url=http://web.mit.edu/stgs/pdfs/Website%20BiosV2.pdf |website=www./web.mit.edu |publisher=Conference on Security and Cooperation in South Asia: A Global Perspective |access-date=13 August 2020 |location=Cambridge, Mass. USA |pages=23 |language=en-us |date=10 October 2007 }}</ref>

===Start of commercial nuclear power===
On 28 November 1972, the country's first nuclear power plant, the [[Karachi Nuclear Power Plant]] (KANUPP), was commissioned and went online with nation's electric grid system.<ref name="Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1972">{{cite book |title=Nation's First Nuclear Power Plant Is Inaugurated in Karachi |date=1972 |publisher=Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. |location=Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VI8AQAAIAAJ&dq=pakistan+first+muslim+world+kanupp&pg=PP375 |access-date=17 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title = Pakistan Makes Achievements in Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy |newspaper = Xinhua General Overseas News Service |date = 27 October 1979 |url = http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110918040826/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html
 |archive-date = 18 September 2011 |df = dmy-all}}</ref> Reportedly constructed at the taxpayer's cost of US$23 million {{USDCY|23000000|1972}}, the commissioning of KANUPP reactor provided a distinction to Pakistan as a "first in the [[Muslim world]] to have an operating nuclear power station."<ref name="Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1972"/>

In 1973, the Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's administration entered in several nuclear power agreements with [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique|France]], [[Germany]], [[Belgium]], and the [[British Nuclear Fuels plc|United Kingdom]] but Zulfikar Ali Bhutto administration's refusal to be a party of the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT) restricted any meaningful agreements with any of the European nuclear fuel suppliers.{{rp|104–105}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" />

After the India's [[Pokhran-I|first]] nuclear test in 1974, Canada and France became party of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG) that restricted any cooperation on nuclear power with the country unless the country becomes the party of the NPT.{{rp|105–110}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> In the absence of the foreign cooperation, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission worked on feasibility studies for its own power reactor and had secured funding for the nuclear power plant at the [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant]] from the [[Zia regime|Zia administration]] in 1980.{{rp|105–110}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> In 1985, the project was delegated to the former [[Soviet Union]] who later decided against participating in the project.<ref>{{Cite web
 |title = Soviet Ambassador Says Soviets Might Sell Pakistan A Nuclear Plant
 |url = http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1990.html
 |date = 26 February 1990
|url-status = dead
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101108072529/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1990.html
 |archive-date = 8 November 2010
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Benazir Bhutto's administration again held unsuccessful negotiations with France on participating in the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant in 1990.<ref>"Pakistan: Details on Bhutto-Mitterrand News Conference," Islamabad Domestic Service, 21 February 1990</ref> Eventually, the [[First Nawaz Sharif ministry|Sharif administration]] entered in successful negotiation with China for the construction of the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant in 1993.<ref>"Agreement with China on Power Plant: "Safeguarded" By IAEA," PTV Television Network (Islamabad), 12 August
1992; Proliferation Issues, 20 August 1992, Pg. 16</ref> On 14 September [[2000 in Pakistan|2000]], the [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant]] was commissioned and went online with the country's grid electric grid system.<ref name="WNO C1">{{cite web |title=Chashma Nuclear Power Plant 1 |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/reactor/default.aspx/CHASNUPP-1 |website=www.world-nuclear.org |accessdate=19 August 2020}}</ref>

Since 2000, Pakistan has signed multiple bilateral agreements with China in expanding its energy needs through nuclear power at the Karachi Nuclear Power Complex and the Chashma Nuclear Power Complex that has alleviated its economy and provided energy security to the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 March 2021|title=K-2 nuclear power plant connected to grid|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1613286|access-date=2 June 2021|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en}}</ref> The agreement with China on acquiring the nuclear power reactor technology was entrusted and transferred through the International Atomic Energy Agency's remedial and its safeguards.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 May 2021|title=PM Khan inaugurates Kanupp-2 Nuclear Power Plant in Karachi|url=https://nation.com.pk/21-May-2021/pm-khan-inaugurates-kannup-2-nuclear-power-plant-in-karachi|access-date=2 June 2021|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref>

==International cooperation==
===China===
{{Main|People's Republic of China – Pakistan relations}}

Since 2000, Pakistan and China have signed multiple bilateral agreements on the issues of nuclear power under the IAEA's permission and safeguards.<ref name="Defense Journal, Shabbir, 2004">{{cite web |last1=Shabbir |first1=Usman |title=Remembering Unsung Heroes: Munir Ahmed Khan |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2004-5/print/p-cvs.asp |website=www.defencejournal.com |publisher=Defense Journal |accessdate=19 August 2020 |location=Islamabad |language=en-us |date=5 May 2004 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118092337/http://www.defencejournal.com:80/2004-5/print/p-cvs.asp |archive-date=18 January 2005 }}</ref> Outside China, Pakistan is the only country that has commissioned and successfully operates the Chinese [[pressurized water reactor]]s.<ref>https://www.uxc.com/smr/uxc_SMRDetail.aspx?key=CNP-300 Info on CNP-300 at Ux Consulting</ref> In 1993, China agreed on supplying the {{cvt|324|MW|GW}} [[CNP-300]] reactor, which Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission had to conducted several lengthy safety and quality assurances tests.<ref name="Defense Journal, Shabbir, 2004"/> 
 
Cooperation of China and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) with Pakistan's nuclear power expansion has been critical for Pakistan's energy security matters since the hydroelectricity has been a subject of [[Kalabagh Dam|political controversies]] between the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]] of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuclear Power|url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/NuclearPower/|access-date=2 June 2021|website=paec.gov.pk}}</ref> In 2005, the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Ministry of Finance]] had approved {{PKRConvert|51.461|b|0|nolink=(yes)|to=US|year2004=}} for the construction of the second nuclear power plant in Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, alongside a separate [[IAEA safeguards|safeguard]] agreement between Pakistan and IAEA allowed the country to operate the nuclear power plants under the safe manner and only be used only for power generation. Under the 2005 Energy Security Agreement signed between Pakistan, China, and the IAEA, it is expected to increase power generation through nuclear power by 2030.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Ijaz |first = Muhammad, Director of Scientific Information and Public Relation (SIPR) |title = PAEC assigned 8,800 MWe nuclear power target by 2030:PAEC contributing to socio-economic uplift of the country |journal = PakAtom Newsletter |volume = 49 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 1–8 |publisher = Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |location = Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory |date = December 2010 |url = http://www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/p-nd10.pdf |access-date = 27 February 2011}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Since 2000, Pakistan has commissioned Chinese-exported {{cvt|1000|MW|GW}} [[pressurized water reactor]]s at its sites in [[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex|Karachi]] and [[Chashma Nuclear Power Complex|Chashma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/572141/with-chinese-assistance-ecnec-set-to-approve-three-nuclear-power-plants/|title=With Chinese assistance: ECNEC set to approve three nuclear power plants – The Express Tribune|date=4 July 2013|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=wnn-20130711>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN_Commitment_for_new_Pakistan_reactors_1106131.html |title=Commitment for new Pakistan reactors |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=11 July 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref>  The cooperation between China and Pakistan on commercial nuclear power plants has attracted controversies due to Pakistan being nonsignatory to the NPT treaty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/china-pakistan-reach-controversial-deal-on-nuclear-power-plant-sources-say/|title=China, Pakistan reach controversial deal on nuclear power plant, sources say|date=21 March 2013|publisher=Fox News|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://armscontrolnow.org/2011/06/21/germany-opposes-united-states-on-china-pakistan-nuclear-deal/|title=Germany Opposes United States on China-Pakistan Nuclear Deal|date=21 June 2011|website=armscontrolnow.org|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> The Pakistan and China have refuted and rebuffed the controversy with China informing the IAEA that the nuclear power reactors' exports are under the IAEA terms as all the nuclear power plant sites are placed under the IAEA inspections and international safeguards.<ref>{{Cite news
 | last =Samanta
 | first =Pranab Dhal
 | title =Out in open: China tells IAEA it'll sell n-reactors to Pakistan
 | newspaper =[[The India Express]]
 | date =24 September 2010
| url =http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology.html
 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110818074251/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology.html
 | archive-date =18 August 2011
| url-status =dead
 }}</ref>

India, which is also not a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, has been critical of Pakistan's nuclear power expansion and has criticized the safety design features incorporated into the nuclear power reactors exported to Pakistan from China.<ref name="ChariDNA13072011">{{cite news |title=Why Indians are not welcome members at the NSG club |author=Chari, P.R.|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/comment_why-indians-are-not-welcome-members-at-the-nsg-club_1565171 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis (DNA) |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref>

===France===

In 2009, the [[Gillani ministry|Gillani administration]] held talks with French government on cooperation relating to reactor technologies, which was said to be a "significant development" between two nations by the Gillani administration's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign ministry]].<ref name="BBC Pakistan, French nuclear deal"/> Contrary to the Gillani administration expectations, the [[Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy|Sarkozy presidency]] was careful in its response, which was only interested in nonproliferation issues with Gillani administration."<ref name="BBC Pakistan, French nuclear deal">{{Cite news |date=15 May 2009 |title=Pakistan in 'French nuclear deal' |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8052587.stm |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>

In 2013, the French Ambassador to Pakistan, Philippe Thiebaud, opened the option of "civil nuclear cooperation at request" between two nation in line of international obligations.<ref name="tribune.com.pk, French Deal">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=Civil-nuclear cooperation: French govt says option can be explored at request |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/612657/civil-nuclear-cooperation-french-govt-says-option-can-be-explored-at-request |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> In spite of engagement between two nations in 2009 and 2013, no agreements have been reached between two nations owing to the France's [[France–India relations|strategic ties]] with India.<ref name="tribune.com.pk, French Deal"/>

===United States===

In a U.S.–Pakistan [[Pakistan–United States military relations|strategic dialogue]] on 24 March 2010, Pakistan pressed for a civil nuclear cooperation [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|deal similar to that with India]], though the request was denied by the United States but the talks were held on nonproliferation matters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100324_6901.php|title=Pakistan Pursues Nuclear Deal at High-Level Talks With U.S. – Analysis – NTI|website=gsn.nti.org|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
 | title =Pakistan-United States nuclear deal long way off
 | agency =[[Xinhua News Agency]]
 | pages =1
 | publisher =[[State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission]]
 | date = 29 March 2010
| url =http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/29/c_13228143_2.htm
 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110609224820/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/29/c_13228143_2.htm
 | url-status =dead
 | archive-date =9 June 2011
}}</ref>

===Japan===
{{see also|Pakistan–Japan relations}}
In 2011, President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] unsuccessfully persuaded Japanese government on signing a civil nuclear agreement that reflected the similar contract between India and Japan on nuclear cooperation; this was denied by the Japanese government.<ref>
{{Cite news | last =Michealson | first =David | title =Japan denied the civil nuclear power cooperation with Pakistan | newspaper =[[Daily Jang]] | location =Tokyo, Japan | pages =3–4 | language =ur | publisher =[[Jang Group of Newspapers]] | date =27 February 2011 | url =http://jang.com.pk/jang/feb2011-daily/27-02-2011/main3.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110302012633/http://www.jang.com.pk/jang/feb2011-daily/27-02-2011/main3.htm | archive-date =2 March 2011 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}[ Japan denied the civil power cooperation with Pakistan]
</ref>

Before the state visit of President Zardari, Japan held talks with Pakistan which was focused only on nonproliferation issues and stability in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite news | title =Pakistan and Japan signed Nuclear non-proliferation Agreement | newspaper =[[Daily Jang]] | location =Tokyo, Japan | pages =1 | language =ur | publisher =[[Jang Group of Newspapers]] | year =2011 | url =http://jang.com.pk/jang/jan2011-daily/17-01-2011/main4.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110120035700/http://www.jang.com.pk/jang/jan2011-daily/17-01-2011/main4.htm | archive-date =20 January 2011 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref>

==Nuclear power plants==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Nuclear Power Plants in Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Nuclear Power Plants |url=https://www.pnra.org/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Commercial Nuclear Power Plants  !! Acronym !! Commission !! Decommission !! Lifetime !! Net Capacity 
|-
| [[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex]]|| {{center|{{small|'''KANUPP'''}}}}|| ''{{small|K1}} in {{small|{{start date|1971}}}}''<br>{{small|'''K2'''}} in {{small|{{start date|2021}}}}<br>{{small|'''K3'''}} in {{small|{{start date|2022}}}}|| {{small|'''K1'''}} in {{small|2021}}<br><br>|| {{small|50-years}}<br><br>|| {{small|137 MW}}<br>{{small|1100 MW}}<br>{{small|1110 MW}}
|-
| [[Chashma Nuclear Power Complex]]|| {{center|{{small|'''CHASNUPP'''}}}}||  {{small|'''C1'''}} in {{small|{{start date|2000}}}}<br>{{small|'''C2'''}} in {{small|{{start date|2011}}}}<br>{{small|'''C3'''}} in {{small|{{start date|2016}}}}<br>{{small|'''C4'''}} in {{small|2017}}|| || <br><br><br>||{{small|325 MW}}<br>{{small|325 MW}}<br>{{small|340 MW}}<br>{{small|340 MW}}
|-
|Total NPPs active || ||6 || || Total gross capacity || {{small|{{cvt|3540|MW|GW}}}}
|}

==Nuclear Fuel cycle==
{{Main|Uranium mining}}

After 1974, Pakistan has worked independently in its ability and capability to developed indigenous [[nuclear fuel cycle]].{{rp|114}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> The front-end and the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle technology was developed at its [[Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology]] laboratory while the atomic energy commission conducted several studies with the [[Geological Survey of Pakistan]] for the prospect of uranium exploration.{{rp|114}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" />

There are several uranium mining sites throughout Pakistan where the mineral excavation and refinement of ores took place, most of the which the reservations are owned by the [[Ministry of Energy (Pakistan)|Ministry of Energy]] (MoE) for nuclear fuel cycle. {{rp|110–114}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> Built in 1980, the [[Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex]] is a premier facility where nuclear fuel bundles for the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant are manufactured.{{rp|114–115}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> The [[Islamabad Uranium Conversion Facility|uranium conversion facility]] in Islamabad converts the [[yellowcake]] (uranium oxide or ''urania'') into the uranium hexflouride (UF<sub>6</sub>) gas before commencing the industrial enrichment at Gadwal Enrichment Plant for nuclear power production for the nuclear power sites in Karachi and Chashma.{{rp|100:102}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Growing Uranium Enrichment Program {{!}} Institute for Science and International Security |url=https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/pakistans-growing-uranium-enrichment-program/12 |website=isis-online.org |access-date=20 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission was approved for funding by the federal government to construct the [[Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex]] to locally manufacture fuel bundles for the Chasma Nuclear Power Plant.<ref>{{cite news|last=Associate Press of Pakistan (APP)|title=IAEA declares nuclear energy programme safe|url=http://dawn.com/2011/04/25/iaea-declares-pakistan-nuclear-program-safe/|access-date=17 April 2012|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=25 April 2011}}</ref> Unlike the [[Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex|Kundian]], Gadwal, and [[Islamabad Uranium Conversion Facility|Islamabad]], this facility is under IAEA safeguards with regular inspections and monitoring of its operations.<ref>{{Cite web
 | last =(WNA)
 | first =World Nuclear Association
 | author-link =World Nuclear Association
 | title =Fuel cycle Management
 | work =Nuclear power consortium management desk
 | publisher =The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and World Nuclear Association
 | url =http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf108.html
 }}</ref>

In 2015, the Ministry of Energy sat a target of producing {{convert|350|t|kg}} of [[triuranium octoxide]] (U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) per year from 2015 to meet one third of anticipated requirements then.<ref name="world-nuclear.org" />

===Nuclear reprocessing===
{{See also|Reactor-grade plutonium}}

There are many nuclear processing sites in Pakistan that can produce the by-products of plutonium in varying qualities and [[Isotopes of plutonium|grades]] of plutonium.{{rp|191–192}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" /> The reactor-grade plutonium is produced at the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant and the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, both of which, have separate plutonium separation facility and under the IAEA safeguard programs.{{rp|103}} Production of weapon-grade plutonium takes place in Nilore and Khushab, both of which, are separated from the nuclear power generation– therefore unsafeguarded from the IAEA inspections.<ref name="The Nation, Khan, 1998"/>

At the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle, the spent fuel undergoes of chemical process, reprocessing, to collect the reactor-grade plutonium and decaying uranium at the separate sites in Karachi and Chashma.{{rp|103}} At Karachi and Chashma, the plutonium extracted from the [[spent nuclear fuel]] which is monitored and requires the atomic energy commission to report the plutonium activities to IAEA.{{rp|423}} At Karachi and Chashma, the dismantling, storages, and separation of uranium and plutonium fuel rods from other impurities from [[tributyl phosphate]] solvent are all reported in its solid form to as a nuclear fuel to run the nuclear power plants.<ref name="The Nation, Khan, 1998">{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Munir Ahmad |date=7 February 1998 |title=How Pakistan Made Nuclear Fuel |work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]}}</ref> The heavy water to be used as a coolant in Karachi and Chashma nuclear power plants is produced at the [[Multan Heavy Water Production Facility|heavy water facility]] in Multan, Punjab in Pakistan.{{rp|192–198}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012" />

Without the international cooperation, the atomic energy commission spent decades on learning the nuclear reprocessing as most studies were conducted at the second [[Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor]] located in Pinstech laboratory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhri |first=M. A. |date=May 2006 |title=Pakistan's Nuclear History: Separating Myth from Reality |journal=Defence Journal |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=14–50}}</ref> Under the IAEA guidelines and monitoring, the plutonium separation sites at the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant and the Chasma Nuclear Power Plant have expanded to increase the nuclear power generation and to address Pakistan's energy security issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=IAEA, Pakistan to enhance cooperation in nuclear technology uses in health and climate |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/iaea-pakistan-to-enhance-cooperation-in-nuclear-technology-uses-in-health-and-climate-1.93895424 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en |date=16 February 2023}}</ref> The back-end nuclear fuel cycle is managed by the IAEA-authorized contractor, the [[China-Pakistan Power Plant Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web
 | last =(WNA)
 | first =World Nuclear Association
 | author-link =World Nuclear Association
 | title =Fuel cycle Management
 | work =Nuclear power consortium management desk
 | publisher =The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and World Nuclear Association
 | url =http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf108.html
 }}</ref>

==Waste disposal==

The nuclear and [[hazardous waste]] is managed by the Pakistan's nuclear regulartory authority and has taken steps to ensure the safe disposal of the hazardous waste since 1972.<ref>
{{Cite web | last =(NSD) | first =Nuclear Safety Directorate | title =Nuclear Safety Policy of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission | work =PAEC | publisher =Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission | date =March 2010 | url =http://www.paec.gov.pk/nsp-paec.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101112184426/http://www.paec.gov.pk/nsp-paec.htm | archive-date =12 November 2010| url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref> Monitoring of the waste management and federal regulatory oversights are provided by the Pakistan's nuclear regulatory authority in a series of guidelines at their Radioactive Waste Management Facility.<ref>{{Cite web | last =PNRA | title =Guidelines for the Management of Radioactive Waste (MRW) in hospitals/nuclear research and nuclear medical centers. | work =PAEC | publisher =Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission | date =March 2010 | url =https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:nrSymmFSPLQJ:www.pnra.org/guidelines/Guide%2520on%2520RWM%2520at%2520Hospitals-research-2004.doc+Radioactive+Wastes+Management+in+Pakistan&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESie2XV9tWrDdCURcK5dtg5ZlCyGhyLbu1yl7gTxHm2h7E24IoDLtdnSd8pfnMPccuo96uufRXEg5zJHShR5aRmHIojLNtqf2iGSVogU-H18tYht3xtdl1lPbXbeRCKDO8cMvAYS&sig=AHIEtbTwCOoFFj5BzZOYIL1XKPL7Nxz_LQ | format =[[google docs]] }}</ref>

The nuclear waste is stored  at the [[Baghalchur|Baghalchur-1]] facility, which became a subject of political controversy when the residents filed a lawsuit against the atomic energy commission at the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]].<ref name="Dawn newspaper, Kaleem, 2014">{{cite news |last1=Kaleem |first1=Moosa |title=Herald Exclusive: Nuclear hazards |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1092251 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=10 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref> The case was eventually settled between the Pakistan's atomic energy commission and the legal firms representing the residents amid the intervention from the nuclear regulatory authority.<ref name="Dawn newspaper, Kaleem, 2014"/>

In light of the lawsuit, the nuclear regulatory authority's guidelines were eventually signed into the law enacted by the [[Parliament of Pakistan]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web | last =PNRA | first =Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority | title =Regulations of Radioactive Waste Management | work =PNRA | publisher =Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority | date =March 2010 | url =https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:7DMhFUEJiYwJ:www.pnra.org/legal_basis/PAK-915.pdf+Radioactive+Wastes+Management+in+Pakistan&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESglZF_bbC6mNow9hg3iJ0VjRK3-xkX0oEtInEOdmePMTWAi7bhaSm1AaZkb7v-EfmEHfLQur5J7oN-g7tONJ_CqG5To4ArJ8VdKc-ZCX7cGDapYj69h-ktCYWGHUM7tzqRD2Sf3&sig=AHIEtbSakh-0r2OGkXjUj48C2zNsVCOHCA | format =google docs }}</ref>

There are four deep nuclear waste repositories in [[Southern Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Radioactive Waste Management Facility |url=https://www.pnra.org/pprwmf.html |website=pnra}}</ref> The extremely high hazardous nuclear waste is being managed in the [[South Punjab Province|most-northern]] side of southern region while the low nuclear waste is being managed in the [[Southern Pakistan|southern region]] of the country.<ref>Ibid, Radtion Active Waste Management Facility</ref>

==Organizations==
===Industry and academic===
{{Main|Pakistan Nuclear Society}}
The [[Pakistan Nuclear Society]] (PNS) is a scientific and educational society that has both industry and academic members.<ref>{{Cite web| last = (PNS)| first = Pakistan Nuclear Society| title = Pakistan Nuclear Society| url = http://pns.org.pk/index.asp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320200520/http://pns.org.pk/index.asp| archive-date = 20 March 2012| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> The nuclear society lobbies for the cause of the nuclear power generation by holding conferences and publishing papers on civilian nuclear technology at its journal.<ref>
{{Citation | last =(PNS) | first =Pakistan Nuclear Society's affiliation | title =Related Links | url =http://pns.org.pk/Rlinks.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120320200513/http://pns.org.pk/Rlinks.htm | archive-date =20 March 2012 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref>

On the topic of nuclear engineering and reactor physics, the Pakistan's atomic energy commission has sponsors large publication in its quarterly magazine— ''The Nucleus''.<ref>{{Citation
 | last1 =Qureshi
 | first1 =Riffat M.
 | last2 = Hussain
 | first2 =Nazar
 | title =The Nucleus
 | year =2011
 | url =http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/
 }}</ref> The PAEC's academic scientists and engineers also publishes the newsletter— ''The PakAtom''— concerning on nuclear technology and lobbying for the commercial nuclear power plants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SI & PR – Pak Atom |url=https://paec.gov.pk/SIPR/PakAtom/ |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=paec.gov.pk}}</ref> Education on nuclear engineering is provided at the [[Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] in Nilore, [[NED University of Engineering and Technology|NED University]], [[Karachi Institute of Power Engineering|Institute of Power Engineering]] in Karachi, and professional training and certifications at the [[Chashma Nuclear Power Complex#Training opportunities|Centre of Nuclear Training]] in [[Chashma Nuclear Power Complex|Chashma]], and the [[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex#Education facilities|Center of Nuclear Power Training]] in Karachi.<ref name="Nuclear Power, PAEC" />

The other organizations that also the country's industry and the academics are part of included the [[CANDU Owners Group]] and the [[World Association of Nuclear Operators]].<ref name="world-nuclear.org" />

==Employment==

In 2021, the assessment compiled by the China's [[China National Nuclear Corporation|National Nuclear Corporation]], the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant's construction works has promoted the development of related industries in Pakistan, providing more than 10,000 jobs for the local area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fuel loading under way at first Pakistani Hualong One : New Nuclear – World Nuclear News |url=https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Fuel-loading-under-way-at-first-Pakistani-Hualong |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=world-nuclear-news.org}}</ref>

== Nuclear Power Programme 2050 ==
The '''Nuclear Power Program 2050''' is an official policy measure program of the federal [[Government of Pakistan]] to utilize the [[nuclear power]] to meet to increase its [[Electricity in Pakistan|energy capacity]] to support the [[Economy of Pakistan|national economy]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Government of Pakistan"/><ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs">{{cite web |title=Official Policy|url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/mfa/pages/print.aspx?id=1154&type=3|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Government of Pakistan|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=23 November 2012|author=Raza Bashir Tarar, Acting Permanent Representative of Pakistan at the United Nations Security Council Meeting under Agenda Item Maintenance of International Peace and Security}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another |url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/Civil-nuclear-technology-Pakistan-wants-end-to-discrimination-248591.html |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=Paktribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2011 |title=Pakistan wants to join Nuclear Suppliers Group |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/210107/pakistan-wants-to-join-nuclear-suppliers-group |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The policy addresses the nation's [[energy security]] matters by aiming to expand the self-sustaining nuclear power infrastructure all over the country by year 2050 with cooperation from China.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NCA okays Nuclear Power Prog 2050, Space Prog 2040 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/26091-nca-okays-nuclear-power-prog-2050-space-prog-2040 |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> This program is seen as a direct response to the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|India–United States nuclear deal]], as well as to counter the existing energy shortfalls and future requirements of a growing population and national economy.<ref name=":0" /> The primary focus of this program is to promote scientific and socio-economic development of the people as a "foremost priority."<ref name=":0" />

This policy measure program was first announced on 14 July 2011 and enacted by the Gilani administration at the [[Pakistan National Command Authority|National Command Authority]] by Prime minister [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]].<ref name="Government of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Government of Pakistan|first=Prime minister Secretariat|title=Opening Remarks by the Prime Minister at the National Command Authority|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:kiYaasGdfXAJ:www.pid.gov.pk/Opening%2520Remarks%2520by%252014-7-2011the%2520PM.doc+pakistan+nuclear+power+programme+2050&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiKsbJTOW3vQHtY4X4n0iToUVFrcUHP7VAwRoKeQYP_potrTxJL0lWksAZ0TiqYJKUvVH24o_qIRZNduyBs2JAE3JHbHw_vxcvQW0gWmt5yIAC2hZ-VBmeEqv8qlxbTY8A_Koq5&sig=AHIEtbS4chXpihcGOhDsv2CinRyIOHwnLw|work=Pakistan Nuclear Command|publisher=Government of Pakistan|accessdate=23 November 2012|format=google docs|date=14 July 2011}}</ref>  The policy measures to regulate the nuclear power facilities, safe management of [[Radioactive waste|waste storage]], along with an increase in power plant building to meet the target of producing {{cvt|8800|MW|GW}} electricity in the country.<ref name="Government of Pakistan"/><ref name="Directorate-General for Nuclear Power Generation">{{cite web|last=Syed Yousaf|first=Raza|title=Current Picture of Electrical Energy In Pakistan|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:T4QW3douApsJ:www.iaea.org/INPRO/4th_Dialogue_Forum/DAY_3_01_August-ready/2._-_DG-C3-4-31-07-2012.pdf+pakistan+nuclear+power+program+2050&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjUcYBzrkzBdSSwbflDwBpLkLAkFaFROisP_jK3E3S97aqHY9tMS-It6gaYDd-q4lZP8BEuD6e4C5E91EnlkiSKIw-JbWuYsNwjNNC1f1Nxyw9D0Ib_V424k5ghsCazU80qDKfF&sig=AHIEtbRAsJSVdJ36dVxzvdggw_Xz16RLGg|work=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|publisher=Directorate-General for Nuclear Power Generation|accessdate=28 November 2012|date=31 July 2012}}</ref>  PAEC said an initial 1100 MWe plant would be built at Muzaffargarh, on the Taunsa-Panjnad canal near Multan in southwest Punjab. It was also reported that discussions with China were under way to supply three nuclear power units for about $13 billion.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Economics==
{{See also|Circular debt|Economics of nuclear power plants|National debt of Pakistan|Debt-trap diplomacy}}

In Pakistan, the [[Ministry of Energy (Pakistan)|Ministry of Energy]] (MoE) has prioritized the  [[hydropower]] over the [[nuclear power]], mainly influenced from the budgetary point of view.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Khan, 2013">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Rina Saeed |title=The untapped blessing of hydropower |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1031357 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=23 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, the facilities and infrastructure, which operates outside the [[IAEA safeguards]], to support the nuclear power plants have been subjected to criticism at the international venue.<ref name="wnn-20130711" />

However, the issue of building the larger earth-filled dams has always been subject of [[Kalabagh Dam|political controversy]] between the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]] of Pakistan where water is scarce and usually are installed [[Northern Pakistan|in upcountry]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Durrani, 2015">{{cite news |last1=Durrani |first1=Musa Khan |title=Solar, nuclear, hydel? Pakistan's best power solution is... |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1218513 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=9 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Muzamil, 2015">{{cite news |last1=Muzamil |first1=Hafiz |title=Pakistan's energy mix: power and politics |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1210831 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=4 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref> On both energy sources, Pakistan has spent billions of dollars from its [[Taxation in Pakistan|taxpayers funds]], and initiated in capital loans from the international monetary banks to build the hydropower and nuclear power infrastructure to address its [[energy security]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Muzamil, 2015"/>

The [[Asian Development Bank]], [[World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund]], [[United Nations Development Programme|United Nations Development Program]], and the [[Foreign aid to Pakistan|loans]] (also engineering assistance) from the United States subsequently helped Pakistan building its [[List of hydroelectric power stations in Pakistan|hydroelectric]] power stations and [[List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan|dams]] whereas the nuclear power plants were financed from the loans given to Pakistan by Canada (in past) and currently from China.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Muzamil, 2015"/>

In an absence of the international interaction and cooperation, federal Government of Pakistan has spent large financial capital from its federal budgets in investing on education and building the training resources locally on reactor and nuclear engineering to its general nuclear [[Nuclear labor issues|workforce]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Muzamil, 2015"/>

==See also==
* [[Nuclear power]]
* [[Nuclear power by country]]

==References==
{{Ibid|date=March 2024}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
 | last1 =Siddiqui
 | first1 =Dr. Zia H.
 | last2 =Qureshi
 | first2 =I. H.
 | author2-link =Iqbal Hussain Qureshi
 | title =Nuclear Power in Pakistan
 | journal =The Nucleus
 | volume =42
 | issue =1–2
 | pages =63–66
 | publisher =[[Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology]] (PINSTECH)
 | location =[[Nilore]], [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]
 | date =2005
 | url =http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/nucleus/pdf%20Special%20Issue%20Nucleus%2042(1-4)/Nuclear%20Power%20in%20Pakistan%20(ms611).pdf
 | issn =0029-5698
 | access-date =11 May 2010
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120306133728/http://www.thenucleuspak.org.pk/nucleus/pdf%20Special%20Issue%20Nucleus%2042(1-4)/Nuclear%20Power%20in%20Pakistan%20(ms611).pdf
 | archive-date =6 March 2012
| url-status =dead
 | df =dmy-all
 }}
* Nuclear Power for Pakistan: Reviving the 3Es (Energy, Economy, and Environment), by Abdul Rehman Abbasi and Anwar ul Hasson Syed, in Proc. ICESE-2010.

==External links==
* [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf108.html World Nuclear Organisation]
* [https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2014_06/Book_Reviews/Bringing-Pakistan-In-From-the-Cold Bringing Pakistan In From the Cold]

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