View source for Hyperloop

{{short description|Proposed mode of passenger and freight transportation}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=September 2020}}
[[File:Hyperloop all cutaway.png|thumb|Concept art of hyperloop inner workings|265x265px]]

'''Hyperloop''' is a proposed high-speed [[transport]]ation system for both passengers and freight.<ref>{{cite web |last=Simon |first=Joanna |url=https://wagner.nyu.edu/rudincenter/2017/02/primer-hyperloop-travel-how-far-future |title=A Primer on Hyperloop Travel: How far off is the Future? |publisher=[[Rudin Center for Transportation Policy & Management]], [[New York University]] |access-date=2024-05-24}}</ref> In 2013, the concept was published by entrepreneur [[Elon Musk]] in a [[white paper]], where the hyperloop was described as a transportation system using capsules supported by an [[air bearing|air-bearing surface]] within a low-pressure tube.<ref name="Alpha SpaceX" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Premsagar |first1=Smriti |last2=Kenworthy |first2=Jeffrey |date=2022 |title=A Critical Review of Hyperloop (Ultra-High Speed Rail) Technology: Urban and Transport Planning, Technical, Environmental, Economic, and Human Considerations |journal=[[Frontiers in Sustainable Cities]] |volume=4 |article-number=842245 |doi=10.3389/frsc.2022.842245 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022FrSC....4.2245P }}</ref> Hyperloop systems have three essential elements: tubes, pods, and terminals. The tube is a large, sealed, [[Vacuum#Vacuum-driven machines|low-pressure system]] (typically a long tunnel). The pod is a coach at [[atmospheric pressure]] that experiences low [[Drag (physics)|air resistance]] or friction inside the tube<ref name="mechsite2019092">{{cite web |last1=Opgenoord |first1=Max M. J. |title=How does the aerodynamic design implement in hyperloop concept? |url=https://mechanicalsite.com/446/how-does-the-aerodynamic-design-implement-hyperloop-concept |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003205826/https://mechanicalsite.com/446/how-does-the-aerodynamic-design-implement-hyperloop-concept |archive-date=3 October 2019 |access-date=16 September 2019 |website=Mechanical Engineering |publisher=MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Alex J. |last2=Connolly |first2=David P. |last3=de Boer |first3=Gregory |last4=Shahpar |first4=Shahrokh |last5=Hinchliffe |first5=Benjamin |last6=Gilkeson |first6=Carl A. |date=2024 |title=A review of Hyperloop aerodynamics |journal=Computers & Fluids |volume=273 |article-number=106202 |doi=10.1016/j.compfluid.2024.106202}}</ref> using [[Maglev|magnetic propulsion]] (in the initial design, augmented by a [[ducted fan]]). The terminal handles pod arrivals and departures. The hyperloop, in the form proposed by Musk, differs from other [[Vactrain|vactrains]] by relying on residual air pressure inside the tube to provide lift from [[Aerofoil|aerofoils]] and propulsion by fans; however, many subsequent variants using the name "hyperloop" have remained relatively close to the core principles of vactrains.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garfield |first=Leanna |title=15 remarkable images that show the 200-year evolution of the Hyperloop |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/history-hyperloop-pneumatic-tubes-as-transportation-2017-8#in-1799-inventor-george-medhurst-proposed-an-idea-to-move-goods-through-cast-iron-pipes-using-air-pressure-in-1844-he-built-a-railway-station-for-passenger-carriages-in-london-that-relied-on-pneumatics-until-1847-1 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2021 |title=Timeline: tracing the evolution of hyperloop rail technology - Rainway-Technology |url=https://rail.nridigital.com/future_rail_mar21/hyperloop_rail_system_timeline}}</ref>

Hyperloop was teased by Elon Musk at a 2012 speaking event, and described as a "fifth mode of transport".<ref name="PandoDaily Hyperloop">{{cite web |title=Pando Monthly presents a fireside chat with Elon Musk |url=https://pando.com/2012/07/12/pandomonthly-presents-a-fireside-chat-with-elon-musk/ |website=pando.com |publisher=PandoDaily |access-date=15 July 2017 |date=13 July 2012 |archive-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716135721/https://pando.com/2012/07/12/pandomonthly-presents-a-fireside-chat-with-elon-musk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Musk released details of an alpha-version in a [[white paper]] on 22 August 2013, in which the hyperloop design incorporated reduced-pressure tubes with [[pressurized]] capsules riding on [[air bearing]]s driven by [[linear induction motor]]s and [[axial compressor]]s.<ref name="gm20130822" /> The white paper showed an example hyperloop route running from the [[Los Angeles]] region to the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], roughly following the [[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]] corridor.<ref name="Alpha SpaceX" /> Some transportation analysts challenged the cost estimates in the white paper, with some predicting that a hyperloop would run several billion dollars higher.<ref name="NYT-Bilton" /><ref name="AJE" /><ref name="HuffPoAstronomical" />

The hyperloop concept has been promoted by Musk and [[SpaceX]], and other companies or organizations were encouraged to collaborate in developing the technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/18/11965354/hyperloop-pod-competition-elon-musk-spacex-team-design |title=Here are the Hyperloop pods competing in Elon Musk's big race later this year |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |date=18 June 2016 |website=The Verge |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-date=11 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711010921/http://www.theverge.com/2016/6/18/11965354/hyperloop-pod-competition-elon-musk-spacex-team-design |url-status=live}}</ref>  
A [[Technical University of Munich]] hyperloop set a speed record of {{cvt|463|km/h|mph|0}} in July 2019<ref name=brde20210521/><ref name=verge20190722/> at the [[Hyperloop pod competition|pod design competition]] hosted by SpaceX in [[Hawthorne, California|Hawthorne]], California.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Etherington |first1=Darrell |title=Here's a first look at the SpaceX Hyperloop test track |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/02/heres-a-first-look-at-the-spacex-hyperloop-test-track/ |publisher=TechCrunch |date=2 September 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915205721/https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/02/heres-a-first-look-at-the-spacex-hyperloop-test-track/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Virgin Hyperloop]] conducted the first human trial in November 2020 at its test site in [[Las Vegas]], reaching a top speed of {{cvt|107|mph|km/h|0|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/nov/09/first-passengers-travel-in-virgins-levitating-hyperloop-pod-system |title=First passengers travel in Virgin's levitating hyperloop pod system |work=The Guardian |date=9 November 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110032806/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/nov/09/first-passengers-travel-in-virgins-levitating-hyperloop-pod-system |url-status=live}}</ref> Swisspod Technologies unveiled a 1:12 scale testing facility in a circular shape to simulate an "infinite" hyperloop trajectory in July 2021 on the EPFL campus at [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]].<ref name="epfl.ch"/> In 2023, a new European effort to standardize "hyperloop systems" released a draft standard.<ref name=cencenelec202301/>

[[Hyperloop One]], one of the best known and funded players in the hyperloop space, declared bankruptcy and ceased operations on 31 December 2023. Other companies continue to pursue hyperloop technology development.<ref name=hyperloopOneShutdown20231221/>

==History==
Musk first mentioned that he was thinking about a concept for a "fifth mode of transport", calling it the ''Hyperloop'', in July 2012 at a [[Pando Daily]] event in [[Santa Monica, California]]. This hypothetical high-speed mode of transportation would have the following characteristics: immunity to weather, collision free, twice the speed of a plane, low power consumption, and energy storage for 24-hour operations.<ref name="pando_video"/> The name ''Hyperloop'' was chosen because it would go in a loop. In May 2013, Musk likened Hyperloop to a "cross between a [[Concorde]] and a [[railgun]] and an [[air hockey]] table".<ref name="atd20130530"/> By 2016, Musk envisioned that more advanced versions could potentially be able to go at [[hypersonic speed]].<ref name="youtube20160131">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab2VVp1GfmA |title=Elon Musk speaks at the Hyperloop Pod Award Ceremony |publisher=YouTube |date=30 January 2016 |access-date=2 February 2016 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026083851/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab2VVp1GfmA |url-status=live}}</ref>

From late 2012 until August 2013, a group of engineers from both [[Tesla Motors|Tesla]] and SpaceX worked on the modeling of Musk's Hyperloop concept.<ref name="gm20130813"/> An early system conceptual model was published on both the Tesla and SpaceX websites<ref name="Alpha SpaceX"/><ref name="Alpha Tesla" /> which describes one potential design, function, pathway, and cost of a hyperloop system.<ref name="Alpha SpaceX" /> In the alpha design, pods were envisioned to accelerate to cruising speeds gradually using [[Linear motor|linear electric motors]] and glide above their track on [[air bearing]]s through tubes above ground on columns or below ground in tunnels to avoid the challenges of [[grade crossing]]s. An ideal hyperloop system was estimated to be more energy-efficient,<ref name="EDS power consumption">{{cite journal |url=https://www.pes-publications.ee.ethz.ch/uploads/tx_ethpublications/22_Scaling_laws_for_electrodynamic_suspension_Flankl_accepted-version.pdf |title=Scaling laws for electrodynamic suspension in high-speed transportation |last1=Flankl |first1=Michael |last2=Weller dieck |first2=Tobias |last3=Tüysüz |first3=Arda |last4=Kolar |first4=Johann W. |journal=IET Electric Power Applications |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=357–364 |date=November 2017 |access-date=2 February 2018 |doi=10.1049/iet-epa.2017.0480 |archive-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012539/https://www.pes-publications.ee.ethz.ch/uploads/tx_ethpublications/22_Scaling_laws_for_electrodynamic_suspension_Flankl_accepted-version.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ESC Hyperloop">{{cite AV media |url=http://www.esc.ethz.ch/news/archive/2017/11/energy-efficiency-of-an-electrodynamically-levitated-hyperloop-pod.html |title=Energy Efficiency of an Electrodynamically Levitated Hyperloop Pod |publisher=Energy Science Center |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120065425/https://esc.ethz.ch/news/archive/2017/11/energy-efficiency-of-an-electrodynamically-levitated-hyperloop-pod.html |url-status=live}}</ref> quiet, and [[vehicular automation|autonomous]] than existing modes of mass transit in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kassebi |first1=Oussema |last2=Siegfried |first2=Patrick |title=The Hyperloop: The innovative logistic technology |journal=Journal of Road and Traffic Engineering |date=2022 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=11–16 |doi=10.31075/PIS.68.01.02 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Hyperloop Alpha was released as an [[Open-source model|open source]] design. Musk invited feedback to "see if the people can find ways to improve it".<ref name="globemail20130812"/> The trademark "''HYPERLOOP''", applicable to "high-speed transportation of goods in tubes" was issued to SpaceX on 4 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web| title=Word Mark HYPERLOOP|url=http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4810:6uwa73.2.7|publisher=U.S. Patent and Trademark Office| access-date=10 September 2017|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721205854/https://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4810:6uwa73.2.7|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2025|reason=USPTO search does not show SpaceX ever owning the trademark.}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Muoio|first1=Danielle| title=Everything we know about Elon Musk's ambitious Hyperloop plan|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-hyperloop-plan-boring-company-2017-8|access-date=26 May 2025|publisher=Business Insider |date=17 August 2017|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019025704/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-hyperloop-plan-boring-company-2017-8|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 June 2015, SpaceX announced that it would build a {{convert|1|mi|km|-long| adj=mid}} [[Hyperloop pod competition#Test track|Hyperloop test track]] located next to SpaceX's [[Hawthorne, California|Hawthorne]] facility.<ref name="CNNmoney-15-6-15"/><ref name="SFchronicle-6-15-15" /> The track was completed and used to test pod designs supplied by third parties in the competition.

By 30 November 2015, with several commercial companies and dozens of student teams pursuing the development of Hyperloop technologies, the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' asserted that "'The Hyperloop Movement', as some of its unaffiliated members refer to themselves, is officially bigger than the man who started it."<ref name=wsj20151130>{{cite news |last=Chee |first=Alexander |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-race-to-create-elon-musks-hyperloop-heats-up-1448899356 |title=The Race to Create Elon Musk's Hyperloop Heats Up |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=30 November 2015 |access-date=21 January 2016 |archive-date=20 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185922/http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-race-to-create-elon-musks-hyperloop-heats-up-1448899356 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]] hyperloop team developed an early hyperloop pod prototype, which they unveiled at the [[MIT Museum]] on 13 May 2016. Their design used [[electrodynamic suspension]] for levitating and [[eddy current brake|eddy current braking]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Dave|title=Magnetic Hyperloop pod unveiled at MIT|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36292467|access-date=1 February 2017|publisher=BBC|date=14 May 2016|archive-date=21 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021015933/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36292467|url-status=live}}</ref>

An early passenger test of low-speed hyperloop{{clarify|what was hyper about this other than the name of the company?|date=January 2024}} technology was conducted by Virgin Hyperloop by two employees of the company in November 2020, where the unit reached a maximum speed of {{cvt|172|km/h|mph|0}}<!-- 173 km/hr or 106 mph is nowhere near high sonic speeds, let alone supersonic or hypersonic speeds -->.<ref name=nyt20210406>{{Cite news| last=Taub| first=Eric A.| date=2020-11-09|title=A Step Forward in the Promise of Ultrafast 'Hyperloops' |language=en-US| work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/08/business/virgin-hyperloop-passenger-test.html|access-date=2021-04-05|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035010/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/08/business/virgin-hyperloop-passenger-test.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2023, the [[European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization]] released the first technical standard for hyperloop systems.<ref name=cencenelec202301>{{cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=CEN/CLC/JTC 20 - Hyperloop systems |url=https://standards.cencenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=205:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT:73581&cs=11E010B88AE4EFF5D0306CE9D430CBCF0 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=CENELEC}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2024}} Hardt Hyperloop demonstrated a Hyperloop lane switch without moving components in the infrastructure in June 2019 at its test site in [[Delft]], [[The Netherlands]].<ref name="eit.europa.eu">{{cite web |title=Europe's first hyperloop a step closer to offering a green alternative to short-haul flights |url=https://eit.europa.eu/news-events/news/eit-innoenergy-supported-hardt-hyperloop-celebrates-breakthrough |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=eit.europa.eu/}}</ref>

As of 21 December 2023, [[Hyperloop One]], the former, rebranded Virgin Hyperloop, has terminated operations.<ref name=hyperloopOneShutdown20231221>{{cite news|last=McBride |first=Sarah |title=Hyperloop One to Shut Down After Failing to Reinvent Transit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-21/hyperloop-one-to-shut-down-after-raising-millions-to-reinvent-transit|publisher=Bloomberg |date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

==Theory and operation==
[[File:Hyperloop capsule.svg|thumb|An artist's rendition of a Hyperloop capsule: [[axial compressor]] on the front, passenger compartment in the middle, battery compartment at the rear, and [[air caster]] skis at the bottom]]
[[File:Hyperloop.jpg|thumb|A 3D sketch of potential Hyperloop infrastructure. The steel tubes are rendered transparent in this image.]]

The much-older [[vactrain]] concept resembles a [[high-speed rail]] system without substantial [[Drag (physics)|air resistance]] by employing [[maglev|magnetically levitating]] trains in [[vacuum|evacuated]] (airless) or partly evacuated tubes. However, the difficulty of maintaining a vacuum over large distances has prevented this type of system from ever being built. By contrast, the Hyperloop alpha concept was to operate at approximately {{convert|1|mbar|Pa|spell=in|lk=on}} of pressure and requires the air for levitation.<ref name="nova20130813"/>

===Initial design concept===

The hyperloop alpha concept envisioned operation by sending specially designed "capsules" or "pods" through a steel tube maintained at a partial vacuum. In Musk's original concept, each capsule would float on a {{convert|0.5-1.3|mm|in|2|order=flip|abbr=on}} layer of air provided under pressure to [[air caster|air-caster]] "skis", similar to how pucks are levitated above an air hockey table, while still allowing higher speeds than wheels can sustain. With [[rolling resistance]] eliminated and air resistance greatly reduced, the capsules can [[gliding flight|glide]] for the bulk of the journey. In the alpha design concept, an electrically driven [[ducted fan|inlet fan]] and [[axial compressor]] would be placed at the nose of the capsule to "actively transfer high-pressure air from the front to the rear of the vessel", resolving the problem of air pressure building in front of the vehicle, slowing it down. A fraction of the air was to be shunted to the skis for additional pressure, augmenting that gain passively from lift due to their shape.<ref name="Alpha SpaceX" />

In the alpha-level concept, passenger-only pods were to be {{convert|2.23|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} in diameter and were projected to reach a top speed of {{convert|760|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} to maintain aerodynamic efficiency.<ref name="Alpha SpaceX" /><sup> (Section 4.4)</sup> The design proposed passengers experience a maximum inertial [[g-force|acceleration]] of 0.5 g, approximately 2 or 3 times that of a commercial airliner on takeoff and landing.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Proposed routes===
{{undue weight|section|date=January 2024}}
Several routes have been proposed that meet the distance conditions for which a hyperloop is hypothesized to provide improved transport times: under approximately {{Convert|1500|km|miles|abbr=off}}.<ref name=zdnet20200418>{{Cite web|last=Ranger|first=Steve|title=What is Hyperloop? Everything you need to know about the race for super-fast travel|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-hyperloop-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-future-of-transport/|access-date=18 April 2020|website=ZDNet|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030113256/https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-hyperloop-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-future-of-transport/|url-status=live}}</ref> Route proposals range from speculation described in company releases<!-- and this speculative material is often [[WP:UNDUE]] -->, to [[business case]]s, to signed agreements.

==== South Korea ====

An agreement was signed in June 2017 to co-develop a hyperloop line between [[Seoul]] and [[Busan]], South Korea.<ref name=imeche20170719>{{cite news |url=http://www.imeche.org/news/news-article/investment-in-hyperloop-routes-speeds-up |title=Investment in hyperloop routes speeds up |first=Jørn |last=Madslien |publisher=Institute of Mechanical Engineers |location=UK |date=19 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525055436/https://www.imeche.org/news/news-article/investment-in-hyperloop-routes-speeds-up |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=wired20170620>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/story/hyperloop-south-korea/ |title=South Korea Is Building a Hyperloop |first=Alex |last=Davies |magazine=Wired |location=US |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018220418/https://www.wired.com/story/hyperloop-south-korea/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2018}} The project was shelved in early 2024 after the Korean government withdrew public funding due to questions over the venture's economic viability.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/national-en/2024/03/19/33ACLJSONFDPDJJMJ4JVFTPIVE/ |title=S. Korea ends Seoul-Busan dream train research over profit concerns, while China advances |first1=Jong-hyun |last1=Lee |first2=Hyun-a |last2=Yeom |work=The Chosun |location=South Korea |date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2025-04-09}}</ref>

In April 2025, the government launched a research project to develop [[maglev]] propulsion technology for the Hypertube, a proposed next-generation high-speed train system, between Seoul and Busan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20250409001800320 |title=S. Korea launches research on maglev propulsion tech for envisioned Hypertube train |first=Dong-woo |last=Chang |work=Yonhap News Agency |date=2025-04-09 |access-date=2025-04-09}}</ref>

==== United States ====
[[File:Interstate5 map.png|thumb|upright=.8|Interstate 5]]

The route suggested in the 2013 alpha-level design document was from the [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] to the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. That conceptual system would begin around [[Sylmar, California|Sylmar]], just south of the [[Tejon Pass]], follow [[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]] to the north, and arrive near [[Hayward, California|Hayward]] on the east side of San Francisco Bay. Proposed branches were shown in the design document, including [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]], [[San Diego]], and [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]].<ref name="Alpha SpaceX" />

No work has been done on the route proposed in Musk's design; one cited reason is that it would terminate on the fringes of two major metropolitan areas, Los Angeles and San Francisco. This would result in significant cost savings in construction, but require passengers traveling to and from [[Downtown Los Angeles]] and San Francisco, and any other community beyond Sylmar and Hayward, to transfer to another transportation mode to reach their destination. This would significantly lengthen the total travel time to those destinations.<ref name="GGW20130814"/>

A similar problem already affects present-day air travel, where on short routes (like LAX–SFO) the flight time is only a rather small part of door-to-door travel time. Critics have argued that this would significantly reduce the proposed cost and/or time savings of hyperloop as compared to the proposed [[California High-Speed Rail]] project that will serve downtown stations in both San Francisco and Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pedestrianobservations.wordpress.com/2013/08/13/loopy-ideas-are-fine-if-youre-an-entrepreneur |title=Loopy Ideas Are Fine, If You're an Entrepreneur |work=Pedestrian Observations |first=Alon |last=Levy |date=13 August 2013 |access-date=2 February 2016 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606194028/https://pedestrianobservations.wordpress.com/2013/08/13/loopy-ideas-are-fine-if-youre-an-entrepreneur/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stopandmove.blogspot.de/2013/08/hyperloop-proposal-bad-joke-or-attempt.html |title=Hyperloop proposal: Bad joke or attempt to sabotage California HSR project? |work=Stop and Move |first=James |last=Sinclair |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=2 February 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083338/http://stopandmove.blogspot.de/2013/08/hyperloop-proposal-bad-joke-or-attempt.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/19848/musks-hyperloop-math-doesnt-add-up |title=Musk's Hyperloop math doesn't add up |work=Greater Greater Washington |first=Matt |last=Johnson |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=2 February 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112180413/http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/19848/musks-hyperloop-math-doesnt-add-up/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Passengers traveling from financial center to financial center are estimated to save about two hours by taking the Hyperloop instead of driving the whole distance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://transportandtravel.wordpress.com/2016/03/21/pipedreams |title=Pipedreams |work=Transport and Travel |first=Pat |last=Humphreys |date=23 March 2016 |access-date=24 March 2016 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327024409/https://transportandtravel.wordpress.com/2016/03/21/pipedreams/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Others questioned the cost projections for the suggested California route. Some transportation engineers argued in 2013 that they found the alpha-level design cost estimates unrealistically low given the scale of construction and reliance on unproven technology. The technological and [[economic feasibility]] of the idea is unproven and a subject of significant debate.<ref name="NYT-Bilton" /><ref name="AJE" /><ref name="HuffPoAstronomical" /><ref name="GGW20130814" />

In November 2017, [[Arrivo]] announced a concept for a maglev automobile transport system from [[Aurora, Colorado]] to [[Denver International Airport]], the first leg of a system from downtown Denver.<ref name="fm171114">{{cite news|last1=Jenkins|first1=Aric|title=A Guy Named Brogan BamBrogan Wants to Bring a 200 mph Hyperloop to Denver. Here's His Plan|url=http://fortune.com/2017/11/14/hyperloop-denver-brogan-bambrogan/|access-date=16 November 2017|publisher=Fortune|date=14 November 2017|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204132729/https://fortune.com/2017/11/14/hyperloop-denver-brogan-bambrogan/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its contract described potential completion of a first leg in 2021. In February 2018, [[Hyperloop Transportation Technologies]] announced a similar plan for a loop connecting [[Chicago]] and [[Cleveland]] and a loop connecting [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] and [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2018/02/whos-ready-to-hyperloop-to-cleveland/554117 |title=Who's Ready to Hyperloop to Cleveland? |work=CityLab |first=Meredith Rutland |last=Bauer |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=26 February 2018 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216062219/https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2018/02/whos-ready-to-hyperloop-to-cleveland/554117/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018 the [[Missouri Hyperloop]] Coalition was formed between Virgin Hyperloop One, the [[University of Missouri]], and engineering firm [[Black & Veatch]] to study a proposed route connecting [[St. Louis]], [[Columbia, Missouri|Columbia]], and [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]].<ref name="Missouri feasibility study">{{cite web|url=https://hyperloop-one.com/blog/missouri-one-step-closer-hyperloop-depth-feasibility-study|title=Missouri Is One Step Closer to a Hyperloop with In-Depth Feasibility Study|website=hyperloop-one.com|publisher=Virgin Hyperloop One|date=30 January 2018|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328225948/https://hyperloop-one.com/blog/missouri-one-step-closer-hyperloop-depth-feasibility-study|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Missouri move forward">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2018/01/30/plans-are-moving-forward-to-bring-a-hyperloop-route-to-missouri/#668b8d504414|title=Plans Are Moving Forward To Bring A Hyperloop Route To Missouri|website=Forbes|last=Knapp|first=Alex|date=30 January 2018|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329002630/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2018/01/30/plans-are-moving-forward-to-bring-a-hyperloop-route-to-missouri/#668b8d504414|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 December 2018, Elon Musk unveiled a {{convert|3|km|mi|round=0.5|order=flip|abbr=out|adj=on}} tunnel below Los Angeles. In the presentation, a Tesla Model X drove in a tunnel on the predefined track (rather than in a low-pressure tube). According to Musk, the costs for the system are {{USD|10 million}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article185762176/Loop-Projekt-Mit-nur-80-km-h-durch-Elons-Musks-Turbo-Tunnel.html|title="Loop"-Projekt: Mit nur 80 km/h durch Elons Musks Turbo-Tunnel|last=WELT|date=19 December 2018|work=DIE WELT|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304105425/https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article185762176/Loop-Projekt-Mit-nur-80-km-h-durch-Elon-Musks-Turbo-Tunnel.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Musk said: "The Loop is a stepping stone toward hyperloop. The Loop is for transport within a city. Hyperloop is for transport between cities, and that would go much faster than 150 mph."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la.curbed.com/2018/12/18/18147366/elon-musk-tunnel-tesla-test-opening-grimes|title=Here's what it's like to ride in Elon Musk's tunnel|last=Walker|first=Alissa|date=18 December 2018|website=Curbed LA|language=en|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411012003/https://la.curbed.com/2018/12/18/18147366/elon-musk-tunnel-tesla-test-opening-grimes|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency, or NOACA, partnered with [[Hyperloop Transportation Technologies]]{{when|date=September 2021}} to conduct a $1.3 million feasibility study for developing a hyperloop corridor route from [[Chicago]] to [[Cleveland]] and [[Pittsburgh]] for America's first multistate hyperloop system in the [[Great Lakes Megaregion]]. Hundreds of thousands of dollars have already been committed to the project. NOACA's Board of Directors has awarded a $550,029 contract to Transportation Economics & Management Systems, Inc. (TEMS) for the Great Lakes Hyperloop Feasibility Study to evaluate the feasibility of an ultra-high speed hyperloop passenger and freight transport system initially linking Cleveland and Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vindy.com/opinion/editorials/2019/10/hyperloop-could-bring-new-options/|title=Hyperloop could bring new options|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521174123/https://www.vindy.com/opinion/editorials/2019/10/hyperloop-could-bring-new-options/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==== India ====
[[Hyperloop Transportation Technologies]] were considering in 2016 with the Indian Government for a proposed route between [[Chennai]] and [[Bengaluru]], with a conceptual travel time of {{Convert|345|km|abbr=on}} in 30 minutes.<ref name=econtimes20161207>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/india-in-talks-to-build-hyperloop-two-indian-companies-involved-in-the-project/articleshow/55832973.cms |title=India in talks to build Hyperloop; two Indian companies involved in the project |first=BENGALURU |last=technology |work=ET online |date=7 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-date=6 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206203456/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/india-in-talks-to-build-hyperloop-two-indian-companies-involved-in-the-project/articleshow/55832973.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> HTT also signed an agreement in 2018 with [[Andhra Pradesh]] government to build [[India]]'s first hyperloop project connecting [[Amaravathi]] to [[Vijayawada]] in a 6-minute ride.<ref name=bsi20180507>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-07|title=Hyperloop Technologies proposes 700-800 km project for AP in three phases|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hyperloop-technologies-proposes-700-800-km-project-for-ap-in-three-phases-118050700628_1.html#:~:text=US-based%20Hyperloop%20Transportation%20Technologies,while%20connecting%20the%20new%20capital|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411012008/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hyperloop-technologies-proposes-700-800-km-project-for-ap-in-three-phases-118050700628_1.html#:~:text=US-based%20Hyperloop%20Transportation%20Technologies,while%20connecting%20the%20new%20capital|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2019}}

On 22 February 2018, Hyperloop One entered into a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the [[Government of Maharashtra]] to build a hyperloop transportation system between [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] that would cut the travel time from the current 180 minutes to 20 minutes.<ref name=mcc20180222>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/mumbai-pune-25-minute-hyperloop-ride-by-2024-could-be-a-pipe-dream-2512623.html|title=Mumbai-Pune 25-minute Hyperloop ride by 2024 could be a pipe dream|website=Moneycontrol|date=22 February 2018 |access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720154747/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/mumbai-pune-25-minute-hyperloop-ride-by-2024-could-be-a-pipe-dream-2512623.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.brinkwire.com/164660/virgin-hyperloop-one-to-link-pune-to-mumbai/|title=Brinkwire|website=en.brinkwire.com|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225210559/http://en.brinkwire.com/164660/virgin-hyperloop-one-to-link-pune-to-mumbai/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Indore]]-based Dinclix Ground Works' DGW Hyperloop advocates a hyperloop corridor between [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]], via [[Indore]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], and [[Jaipur]].<ref name=dincliz20161029>{{cite web|url=http://dinclixgroundworks.com/hyperloop/Overview-Research.pdf |title=DGWHyperloop - Overview |date=29 October 2016 |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142739/http://dinclixgroundworks.com/hyperloop/Overview-Research.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{update after|2017}}

==== Saudi Arabia ====
On 6 February 2020, the Ministry of Transport in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia announced a contract agreement with [[Virgin Hyperloop One]] (VHO) to conduct a ground-breaking pre-feasibility study on the use of hyperloop technology for the transport of passengers and cargo.<ref name=saudigaz20220615>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-08 |title=Saudi Arabia leads with world's first national hyperloop study |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/588537 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Saudigazette |language=English |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812025401/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/588537 |url-status=live}}</ref> The study will serve as a blueprint for future hyperloop projects and build on the developers long-standing relationship with the kingdom, which has peaked when [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Crown Prince]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]] viewed VHO's passenger pod during a visit to the United States.<ref name=saudigaz20220615/>{{update after|2021}}

==== Italy ====

In December 2021, the Veneto Regional Council approved a memorandum of understanding with MIMS and CAV for the testing of hyper transfer technology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ItalianPostNews |date=2022-03-16 |title=A Letexpo signed a protocol for the creation of Hyper Transfer |url=https://www.italianpost.news/a-letexpo-signed-a-protocol-for-the-creation-of-hyper-transfer/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Italian Post |language=en-US |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808052109/https://www.italianpost.news/a-letexpo-signed-a-protocol-for-the-creation-of-hyper-transfer/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2022}}

==== Canada ====

In 2016, Canadian hyperloop firm [[TransPod]] explored the possibility of hyperloop routes which would connect [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]],<ref name="cbc20160916">{{cite news |last=Bambury |first=Brent |date=16 September 2016 |title=Toronto to Montreal in less than 30 minutes? How a Canadian company plans to make it happen |work=[[CBC Radio]] |location=Canada |url=http://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/episode-303-charlie-sykes-on-nevertrump-predicting-the-polaris-climate-change-cities-plus-lots-more-1.3764152/toronto-to-montreal-in-less-than-30-minutes-how-a-canadian-company-plans-to-make-it-happen-1.3764201 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509103644/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/episode-303-charlie-sykes-on-nevertrump-predicting-the-polaris-climate-change-cities-plus-lots-more-1.3764152/toronto-to-montreal-in-less-than-30-minutes-how-a-canadian-company-plans-to-make-it-happen-1.3764201 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rapid Transit">{{cite news |date=18 September 2017 |title=Rapid Transit |publisher=CBC |agency=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/rapid-transit-1.4296028 |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925053929/http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/rapid-transit-1.4296028 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Toronto]] to [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]],<ref name="Daily Hive">{{cite news |last1=Aboelsaud |first1=Yasmin |date=26 July 2017 |title=Toronto tech company proposes Toronto-Windsor hyperloop connection |publisher=Daily Hive |url=http://dailyhive.com/toronto/transpod-hyperloop-study-toronto-windsor-2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003050619/http://dailyhive.com/toronto/transpod-hyperloop-study-toronto-windsor-2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Calgary]] to [[Edmonton]].<ref name="cbccalgarycorridor">{{cite news |date=7 April 2017 |title=Calgary to Edmonton in 30 minutes? Hyperloop could be the future of transportation in Alberta |publisher=CBC |agency=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/transpod-hyperloop-calgary-edmonton-corridor-1.4060954 |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615010100/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/transpod-hyperloop-calgary-edmonton-corridor-1.4060954 |url-status=live}}</ref> Toronto and Montreal, the largest cities in [[Canada]], are connected by [[Ontario Highway 401]], the busiest highway in North America.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 April 2014 |title=The Busiest Highway in North America |url=http://oppositelock.kinja.com/the-busiest-highway-in-north-america-1559577839 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112035613/https://oppositelock.kinja.com/the-busiest-highway-in-north-america-1559577839 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2016 |work=Opposite Lock |location=US}}</ref> In March 2019, Transport Canada commissioned a study of hyperloops, so it could be "better informed on the technical, operational, economic, safety, and regulatory aspects of the hyperloop and understand its construction requirements and commercial feasibility."<ref name="dh20190408">{{Cite web |last=Aboelsaud |first=Yasmin |date=4 April 2019 |title=Virgin Hyperloop One: New transit technology could be here in years not decades |url=https://dailyhive.com/toronto/virgin-hyperloop-one-transport-canada-april-2019 |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=Daily Hive |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411012020/https://dailyhive.com/toronto/virgin-hyperloop-one-transport-canada-april-2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2020}}

The province of [[Alberta]] signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to support [[TransPod]] for its [[Calgary]] to [[Edmonton]] hyperloop project. [[TransPod]] plans to move forward and has secured {{USD|550 million|long=yes}} in private capital funding for the first phase, which will create an airport link for [[Edmonton]].{{Clarify|date=May 2025|reason=There are already public transit links to Edmonton International Airport}} However, the company will first need to build and test prototypes on test tracks before the project can begin.<ref name=gnews20221021>{{cite web |title=$550M secured to help finance ultra-high-speed hyperloop between Edmonton and Calgary {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8718640/alberta-ultra-high-speed-hyperloop-edmonton-calgary-funding/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021025704/https://globalnews.ca/news/8718640/alberta-ultra-high-speed-hyperloop-edmonton-calgary-funding/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cbc20221020>{{cite web |last=Edwardson |first=Lucie |date=2021-06-25 |title=Canadian hyperloop company says ultra-high-speed travel between Calgary and Edmonton is feasible |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/transpod-hyperloop-calgary-edmonton-sebastian-gendro-1.6078775 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=CBC News |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021025703/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/transpod-hyperloop-calgary-edmonton-sebastian-gendro-1.6078775 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2023}}

==== Elsewhere in the world ====
In 2016, Hyperloop One published the world's first detailed [[business case]] for a {{convert|500|km|mi||order=flip|abbr=out|adj=mid|-2}} route between [[Helsinki]] and [[Stockholm]], which would tunnel under the [[Baltic Sea]] to connect the two capitals in under 30 minutes.<ref name=hOnePressRelease20160705>{{cite news|title=Hyperloop One, FS Links And KPMG Publish World's First Study Of Full Scale Hyperloop System|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hyperloop-one-fs-links-and-kpmg-publish-worlds-first-study-of-full-scale-hyperloop-system-300294040.html|publisher=PR Newswire|date=5 July 2016|access-date=25 November 2016|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709094138/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hyperloop-one-fs-links-and-kpmg-publish-worlds-first-study-of-full-scale-hyperloop-system-300294040.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hyperloop One undertook yet another feasibility study in 2016, this time with [[DP World]] to move containers from its [[Port of Jebel Ali]] in [[Dubai]].<ref name="lat20161012">{{cite news|title=Hyperloop One gets $50 million in funding led by Dubai's DP World Group, one of the world's largest ports operators|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-hyperloop-one-dubai-20161013-snap-story.html|access-date=26 November 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=12 October 2016|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509103643/https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-hyperloop-one-dubai-20161013-snap-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In late 2016, Hyperloop One announced a feasibility study with Dubai's Roads and Transport Authority for passenger and freight routes connecting Dubai with the greater [[United Arab Emirates]]. Hyperloop One was also considering passenger routes in [[Moscow]] during 2016,<ref name="dwn20160602">{{cite news |url=http://deutsche-wirtschafts-nachrichten.de/2016/06/02/russland-plant-hyperloop-strecke-zwischen-moskau-und-sankt-petersburg |title=Russland plant Hyperloop-Strecke zwischen Moskau und Sankt Petersburg |work=Deutsche Wirtschafts Nachrichten |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517160735/https://deutsche-wirtschafts-nachrichten.de/2016/06/02/russland-plant-hyperloop-strecke-zwischen-moskau-und-sankt-petersburg |url-status=live}}</ref> and a cargo hyperloop to connect [[Hunchun]] in north-eastern China to the [[Port of Zarubino]], near [[Vladivostok]] and the [[North Korea]]n border on Russia's Far East.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyperloop One Can Open Up Russia's Far East to China Trade &#124; Hyperloop One|url=https://hyperloop-one.com/blog/hyperloop-one-can-open-russias-far-east-china-trade|website=Hyperloop One|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714164556/https://hyperloop-one.com/blog/hyperloop-one-can-open-russias-far-east-china-trade|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2016, Hyperloop One kicked off their Global Challenge with a call for comprehensive proposals of hyperloop networks around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyperloop One Global Challenge|url=https://hyperloop-one.com/global-challenge|website=Hyperloop One|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921171915/https://hyperloop-one.com/global-challenge|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2017, Hyperloop One selected 10 routes from 35 of the strongest proposals: [[Toronto]]–[[Montreal]], [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]]–[[Denver]]–[[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]], [[Miami]]–[[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Dallas]]–[[Laredo, Texas|Laredo]]–[[Houston]], [[Chicago]]–[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]–[[Pittsburgh]], [[Mexico City]]–[[Guadalajara]], [[Edinburgh]]–[[London]], [[Glasgow]]–[[Liverpool]], [[Bengaluru]]–[[Chennai]], and [[Mumbai]]–[[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Todd |first1=Jeff |title=Hyperloop Becomes Closer To Reality In Colorado |url=http://denver.cbslocal.com/2017/09/14/hyperloop-travel-cdot/ |access-date=15 September 2017 |publisher=CBS4 |date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316215949/https://denver.cbslocal.com/2017/09/14/hyperloop-travel-cdot/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyperloop One Global Challenge Winners|url=https://hyperloop-one.com/global-challenge-winners/|website=Hyperloop One|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521113302/https://hyperloop-one.com/global-challenge-winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{update after|2018}}<!-- and then what?  what happened after the several feasibility studies in 2016 and company-run competition in 2017??? -->

Others put forward European routes, including in 2019 a conceptual route beginning at [[Amsterdam]] or [[Schiphol]] airport to [[Frankfurt]].<ref name="telegraafNL20190417">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/lifestyle/3456147/hyperloop-krijgt-vleugels-schiphol-frankfurt-in-halfuur |title=Hyperloop krijgt vleugels: Schiphol - Frankfurt in halfuur |trans-title=Hyperloop develops wings: Schiphol - Frankfurt in half an hour |first=Paul |last=Eldering |work=De Telegraaf |location=The Netherlands |language=nl |date=17 April 2019 |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509103644/https://www.telegraaf.nl/lifestyle/3456147/hyperloop-krijgt-vleugels-schiphol-frankfurt-in-halfuur |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tdn20160123">{{cite news |url=http://tweakers.net/reviews/4327/3/tu-delft-onthult-hyperloop-ontwerp-het-ontwerp-van-de-tu-delft.html |title=TU Delft onthult Hyperloop-ontwerp - Vervoermiddel van de toekomst |trans-title=TU Delft unveils Hyperloop design - Means of transport of the future |work=Tweakers.net |language=nl |first=Olaf |last=van Miltenburg |date=23 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203214003/http://tweakers.net/reviews/4327/3/tu-delft-onthult-hyperloop-ontwerp-het-ontwerp-van-de-tu-delft.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP8Bz_XCIrk |title=Delft Hyperloop - Revealing the Future of Transportation |website=YouTube |date=22 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202025527/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP8Bz_XCIrk |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, a [[Warsaw University of Technology]] team began evaluating potential routes from [[Kraków]] to [[Gdańsk]] across Poland proposed by Hyper Poland.<ref name="itkey20160217">{{cite news |last=Wedziuk |first=Emilia |url=https://itkey.media/hyperloop-made-in-poland-gets-more-and-more-realistic |title=Hyperloop made in Poland gets more and more realistic |language=pl |work=ITkey Media |date=17 February 2016 |access-date=24 February 2016 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411012019/https://itkey.media/hyperloop-made-in-poland-gets-more-and-more-realistic/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Hyperloop Transportation Technologies]] (HTT) signed an agreement with the government of Slovakia in March 2016 to perform impact studies, with potential links between [[Bratislava]], [[Vienna]], and [[Budapest]], but there have been no further developments.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2016/03/10/hyperloops-first-european-route-to-be-built-on-the-bratislava-budapest-route |title=Crowdsourced Hyperloop Venture Inks A Deal With... Bratislava? |first=Federico |last=Guerrini |work=Forbes |date=10 March 2016 |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509103644/https://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2016/03/10/hyperloops-first-european-route-to-be-built-on-the-bratislava-budapest-route/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2017, HTT signed an agreement to explore the route [[Bratislava]]—[[Brno]]—[[Prague]] in [[Central Europe]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/18/hyperloop-transportation-technologies-plans-to-connect-all-of-europe-starting-with-the-czech-republic/ |title=Hyperloop Transportation Technologies plans to connect all of Europe, starting with the Czech Republic |first=Sarah |last=Buhr |work=TechCrunch |location=US |date=18 January 2017 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509103643/https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/18/hyperloop-transportation-technologies-plans-to-connect-all-of-europe-starting-with-the-czech-republic/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2018}}

In 2017, [[SINTEF]], the largest independent research organization in Scandinavia, indicated they were considering building a test lab for hyperloop in Norway.<ref name=dnno20171218>{{cite news |url=https://www.dn.no/nyheter/2017/12/18/0648/Havbruk/sintef-vil-teste-hyperloop-for-laks |title=Sintef vil teste hyperloop for laks |trans-title=Sintef will test the hyperloop for salmon |work=Dagens Næringsliv AS |location=Norway |date=18 December 2017 |access-date=23 January 2018 |language=no |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723071504/https://www.dn.no/nyheter/2017/12/18/0648/Havbruk/sintef-vil-teste-hyperloop-for-laks |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2018}}

====Mars====
According to Musk, hyperloop would be the optimal [[Mode of transport|means of transportation]] for long-distance travel on Mars, as no tubes would be needed, considering that Mars' atmosphere is about 1% the density of the Earth's at sea level.<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Matt|date=3 July 2017|title=Mars Compared to Earth|url=https://www.universetoday.com/22603/mars-compared-to-earth/|access-date=27 September 2017|website=Universe Today|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104053713/https://www.universetoday.com/22603/mars-compared-to-earth/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="youtube20160131" /><ref name="conversation20150713">{{cite web|last=Vanstone|first=Leon|date=13 July 2015|title=Elon Musk's high-speed Hyperloop train makes more sense for Mars than California|url=https://theconversation.com/elon-musks-high-speed-hyperloop-train-makes-more-sense-for-mars-than-california-43686|access-date=2 February 2016|work=The Conversation|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509103644/https://theconversation.com/elon-musks-high-speed-hyperloop-train-makes-more-sense-for-mars-than-california-43686|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Muoio|first=Danielle|date=6 February 2016|title=Elon Musk talks Hyperloop on Mars|work=Tech Insider|url=http://www.techinsider.io/elon-musk-talks-hyperloop-on-mars-2016-2|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918015803/http://www.techinsider.io/elon-musk-talks-hyperloop-on-mars-2016-2|url-status=live}}</ref> For the hyperloop concept to work on Earth, low-pressure tubes are required to reduce air resistance. However, if they were to be built on Mars, the lower air resistance would allow a hyperloop to be created with no tube, only a track, and so would be just a magnetically levitating train.<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Matt|date=12 February 2016|title=Musk Says Hyperloop Could Work On Mars... Maybe Even Better!|website=Universe Today|url=http://www.universetoday.com/127356/hyperloop-on-mars|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709104632/https://www.universetoday.com/127356/hyperloop-on-mars/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Open-source design evolution===
{{section rewrite|date=January 2024}}{{importance section|date=January 2024}}<!-- section seems to have random mentions of many papers or companies or groups doing just about anything with "hyperloop", and thus comes off like an assemblage of facts rather than encyclopedic prose describing what the section title says.  Would be more appropriate for a [[WP:LIST]] article -->

In September 2013, [[Ansys]] Corporation ran [[computational fluid dynamics]] simulations to model the aerodynamics of the alpha concept capsule and [[shear stress]] forces to which the capsule would be subjected. The simulation showed that the capsule design would need to be significantly reshaped to avoid creating [[supersonic]] airflow, and that the gap between the tube wall and capsule would need to be larger. Ansys employee Sandeep Sovani said the simulation showed that hyperloop has challenges but that he is convinced it is feasible.<ref name="Discovery"/><ref name="CNet"/>

In October 2013, the development team of the [[OpenMDAO]] software framework released an unfinished, conceptual open-source model of parts of the hyperloop's propulsion system. The team asserted that the model demonstrated the concept's feasibility, although the tube would need to be {{convert|4|m|order=flip}} in diameter,<ref name="openmdao"/> significantly larger than originally projected. However, the team's model is not a true working model of the propulsion system, as it did not account for a wide range of technical factors required to physically construct a hyperloop based on Musk's concept, and in particular had no significant estimations of component weight.<ref name="github-mdao"/>{{primary source inline|date=January 2024}}

In November 2013, [[MathWorks]] analyzed the alpha proposal's suggested route and concluded that the route was mainly feasible. The analysis focused on the [[g-force|acceleration]] experienced by passengers and the necessary deviations from public roads in order to keep the accelerations reasonable; it did highlight that maintaining a trajectory along I-580 east of San Francisco at the planned speeds was not possible without significant deviation into heavily populated areas.<ref name="mathworks20131122"/>

In January 2015, a paper based on the NASA OpenMDAO open-source model reiterated the need for a larger diameter tube and a reduced cruise speed closer to Mach 0.85. It recommended removing on-board heat exchangers based on thermal models of the interactions between the compressor cycle, tube, and ambient environment. The compression cycle would only contribute 5% of the heat added to the tube, with 95% of the heat attributed to radiation and convection into the tube. The weight and volume penalty of on-board heat exchangers would not be worth the minor benefit, and regardless the steady-state temperature in the tube would only reach {{convert|30|-|40|F-change|C-change}} above ambient temperature.<ref name="Chin2015"/>

According to Musk, various aspects of the hyperloop have technology applications to other Musk interests, including [[surface transportation on Mars]] and electric jet propulsion.<ref name=fortune20160131>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=David Z. |url=http://fortune.com/2016/01/31/mit-wins-hyperloop-competition-and-elon-musk-drops-in |title=MIT Wins Hyperloop Competition, And Elon Musk Drops In |work=Fortune |date=31 January 2016 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721005418/https://fortune.com/2016/01/31/mit-wins-hyperloop-competition-and-elon-musk-drops-in/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=musk20160130>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab2VVp1GfmA|title=Elon Musk speaks at the Hyperloop Pod Award Ceremony|publisher=YouTube|first=Elon|last=Musk|date=30 January 2016|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026083851/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab2VVp1GfmA|url-status=live}}</ref>

Researchers associated with MIT's department of Aeronautics and Astronautics published research in June 2017 that verified the challenge of [[aerodynamic]] design near the [[Kantrowitz limit]] that had been theorized in the original SpaceX Alpha-design concept released in 2013.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://hyperloop.mit.edu/uploads/7/6/1/8/76180385/opgenoordcaplan_2017_aerodynamics_hyperloop_online.pdf |title=On the Aerodynamic Design of the Hyperloop Concept |first1=Max M. J. |last1=Opgenoord |first2=Philip C. |last2=Caplan |conference=35th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference |publisher=[[AIAA]] |location=US |doi=10.2514/6.2017-3740 |date=5 June 2017 |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310043223/http://hyperloop.mit.edu/uploads/7/6/1/8/76180385/opgenoordcaplan_2017_aerodynamics_hyperloop_online.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Richard Geddes (academic)|Dr. Richard Geddes]] and others formed the Hyperloop Advanced Research Partnership to act as a clearinghouse of Hyperloop public domain reports and data.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Egli|first1=Dane|title=Hyperloop will improve transportation and national security|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/oped/bs-ed-0801-hyperloop-elon-musk-20170728-story.html|access-date=26 August 2017|publisher=Baltimore Sun|date=31 July 2017|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417101610/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/oped/bs-ed-0801-hyperloop-elon-musk-20170728-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In February 2020, Hardt Hyperloop, Nevomo (formerly Hyper Poland), TransPod and Zeleros formed a consortium to drive standardization efforts, as part of a joint technical committee (JTC20) set up by European standards bodies [[European Committee for Standardization|CEN]] and [[European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization|CENELEC]] to develop common standards aimed at ensuring the safety and interoperability of infrastructure, rolling stock, signaling and other systems.<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Silva |first1=Krishtina |title=European countries to set up JTC20 to regulate hyperloop travel systems |url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/european-countries-set-committee-jtc20-to-regulate-hyperloop-travel-systems/ |work=Urban Transport News |date=13 February 2020 |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801230005/https://www.urbantransportnews.com/european-countries-set-committee-jtc20-to-regulate-hyperloop-travel-systems/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Hyperloop Association===
In December 2022, Hyperloop companies Hardt, Hyperloop One, Hyperloop Transport Technologies, Nevomo, Swisspod Technologies, TransPod, and Zeleros formed the Hyperloop Association. The Association's stated aims are to stimulate the development and growth of this emerging new transport market, participate and support institutes in collaborating with government and regulatory agencies on transportation policymaking. The Hyperloop Association is represented by Ben Paczek, CEO and co-founder of Nevomo.<ref>{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Hyperloop Companies Join Forces to Launch the First International Hyperloop Association|url=https://www.innoenergy.com/news-events/hyperloop-companies-join-forces-to-launch-the-first-international-hyperloop-association/|access-date=25 August 2023|publisher=EIT InnoEnergy|date=9 February 2023}}</ref>

==Hyperloop research programs==

===Eurotube===
EuroTube is a non-profit research organization for the development of vacuum transport technology.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stadler|first=Helmut|date=13 December 2018|title=Hyperloop kommt ins Unterwallis|work=Neue Zuercher Zeitung|url=https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/hyperloop-kommt-ins-unterwallis-ld.1444571|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103101645/https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/hyperloop-kommt-ins-unterwallis-ld.1444571|url-status=live}}</ref> EuroTube is currently developing a {{Convert|3.1|km|abbr=on}} test tube in [[Collombey-Muraz]], [[Switzerland]]. The organization was founded in 2017 at [[ETH Zurich]] as a [[Swiss association]] and became a Swiss foundation in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AG|first=DV Bern|title=EuroTube Foundation|url=https://vb.chregister.ch/cr-portal/auszug/auszug.xhtml?uid=CHE-328.265.647|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Commercial register of Bas-Valais|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520154744/https://vb.chregister.ch/cr-portal/auszug/auszug.xhtml?uid=CHE-328.265.647|url-status=live}}</ref> The test tube is planned on a 2:1 scale with a diameter of 2.2 m and designed for {{cvt|900|km/h|mph|round=10}}

===Hyperloop Development Program (HDP)===
The Hyperloop Development Program is a public-private partnership of public sector partners, industry parties, and research institutions dedicated to prove the feasibility of hyperloop, test and demonstrate in the European Hyperloop Center Groningen, and identify the future prospects and opportunities for industry and stakeholders. The European Hyperloop Center is under constructions and will have a 420-meter test facility including a lane switch and is planned to commence testing in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=The European Hyperloop Center, to be built in Veendam, the Netherlands, aims to become 'the cornerstone in hyperloop innovation' |url=https://innovationorigins.com/en/the-european-hyperloop-center-to-be-built-in-veendam-the-netherlands-aims-to-become-the-cornerstone-in-hyperloop-innovation/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=innovationorigins.com|date=8 July 2023}}</ref> The total program size is €30 million and it is co-funded with €4.5 million by the Dutch [[Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management]] and [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Besluit subsidie voor Stichting Hyperloop Development Program |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/besluiten/2020/12/18/besluit-subsidie-voor-stichting-hyperloop-development-program |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=rijksoverheid.nl|date=18 December 2020}}</ref> and €3 million by the Dutch Province of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Groningen krijgt een hyperloop-testbaan |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2361641-groningen-krijgt-een-hyperloop-testbaan |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=nos.nl|date=22 December 2020}}</ref> Partners in the program include AndAnotherday, ADSE, [[Royal BAM Group]], Berenschot, Busch, Delft Hyperloop, Denys, Dutch Boosting Group, EuroTube, Hardt Hyperloop, the Institute of Hyperloop Technology, [[Royal IHC]], INTIS, Mercon, Nevomo, [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen]], [[POSCO International]], [[Schiphol Group]], Schweizer Design Consulting, [[Tata Steel]], [[TÜV Rheinland]], [[UNStudio]], [[Vattenfall]].

===TUM Hyperloop (previously WARR Hyperloop)===
[[File:TUM Hyperloop IAA 2023 1X7A0574.jpg|thumb|TUM Hyperloop]]
TUM Hyperloop is a research program that emerged in 2019 from the team of [[hyperloop pod competition]] from the [[Technical University of Munich]]. The TUM Hyperloop team had won the latest three competitions in a row, achieving the world record of {{cvt|463|km/h|mph|0}}, which is still valid today.<ref name=brde20210521>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-22|title=TU München heimst vierten Hyperloop-Sieg in Folge ein|url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/wissen/tu-muenchen-heimst-vierten-hyperloop-sieg-in-folge-ein,RWx9y5w|access-date=2021-05-21|website=BR24|language=de|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202070818/https://www.br.de/nachrichten/wissen/tu-muenchen-heimst-vierten-hyperloop-sieg-in-folge-ein,RWx9y5w|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=verge20190722>{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2019-07-22|title=Elon Musk promises new Hyperloop tunnel after speed record broken|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/22/20703423/tum-hyperloop-record-463-kmph-spacex-elon-musk-competition|access-date=2021-05-21|website=The Verge|language=en|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521121017/https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/22/20703423/tum-hyperloop-record-463-kmph-spacex-elon-musk-competition|url-status=live}}</ref> The research program has the goals to investigate the technical feasibility by means of a demonstrator, as well as by simulating the economic and technical feasibility of the hyperloop system. The planned 24 meter demonstrator will consist of a tube and the full-size pod.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TUM launches hyperloop research program|url=https://www.tum.de/nc/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/details/36146-1/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.tum.de|language=en|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520224611/https://www.tum.de/nc/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/details/36146-1/|url-status=live}}</ref> The next steps after completion of the first project phase are the extension to 400 meters to investigate higher speeds. This is planned in the Munich area, in [[Taufkirchen (bei München)|Taufkirchen]], [[Ottobrunn]] or at the [[Oberpfaffenhofen|Oberpfaffenhofen airfield]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bavaria boosts the Hyperloop vision|url=https://www.tum.de/nc/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/details/35687/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.tum.de|language=en|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520222725/https://www.tum.de/nc/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/details/35687/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, certification for operation began in Ottobrunn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://railway-news.com/tuv-sud-certifies-tum-hyperloop-demonstrator/ |title=TÜV SÜD Certifies TUM Hyperloop Demonstrator |work=Railway News |location=UK |date=2023-07-31 |access-date=2023-10-31}}</ref>

==Hyperloop pod competition==
{{Main|Hyperloop pod competition}}
[[File:Hyperloop pod competition tube.jpg|thumb|Hyperloop pod competition]]

Several student and non-student teams were participating in a [[hyperloop pod competition]] in 2015–16, and at least 22 of them built hardware to compete on a sponsored hyperloop test track in mid-2016.<ref name=verge20160130>{{cite news |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/30/10877442/elon-musk-spacex-hyperloop-competition-awards |title=MIT wins SpaceX's Hyperloop competition, and Elon Musk made a cameo |work=The Verge |date=30 January 2016 |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131040626/http://www.theverge.com/2016/1/30/10877442/elon-musk-spacex-hyperloop-competition-awards |url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a hyperloop pod design competition and would build a {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} subscale test track near SpaceX's headquarters in [[Hawthorne, California]], for the competitive event in 2016.<ref name="NBChyperloop" /><ref name="hyper-pod-competition" /> SpaceX stated in their announcement, "Neither SpaceX nor Elon Musk is affiliated with any Hyperloop companies. While we are not developing a commercial Hyperloop ourselves, we are interested in helping to accelerate development of a functional Hyperloop prototype."<ref name="spacexhyperloop" />

More than 700 teams had submitted preliminary applications by July.<ref name="binsider20150623"/><ref name="rules_v20" /> A preliminary design briefing was held in November 2015, where more than 120 student engineering teams were selected to submit ''Final Design Packages'' due by 13 January 2016.<ref name=gw20151215>{{cite news |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2015/124-teams-sign-up-for-spacex-founder-elon-musks-hyperloop-pod-race |title=More than 120 teams picked for SpaceX founder Elon Musk's Hyperloop contest |work=Geekwire.com |first=Alan |last=Boyle |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143529/http://www.geekwire.com/2015/124-teams-sign-up-for-spacex-founder-elon-musks-hyperloop-pod-race/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

A ''Design Weekend'' was held at [[Texas A&M University]] 29–30 January 2016, for all invited entrants.<ref name="tamu201510"/> Engineers from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] were named the winners of the competition. While the [[University of Washington]] team won the Safety Subsystem Award, [[Delft University]] won the Pod Innovation Award<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.technobuffalo.com/2016/02/01/hyperloop-competition-winners-announced-see-the-top-design |title=Hyperloop competition winners announced, see the top design |work=TechnoBuffalo |first=Jacob |last=Kleinman |date=1 February 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211051912/http://www.technobuffalo.com/2016/02/01/hyperloop-competition-winners-announced-see-the-top-design/ |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the second place, followed by the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], [[Virginia Tech]], and the [[University of California, Irvine]].<ref name="verge20160130"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/31/mit-students-win-competition-to-design-elon-musks-hyperloop-travel-system |title=Hyperloop: MIT students win contest to design Elon Musk's 700mph travel pods |work=[[The Guardian]] |agency=Associated Press |date=30 January 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217231614/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/31/mit-students-win-competition-to-design-elon-musks-hyperloop-travel-system |url-status=live}}</ref> In the Design Category, the winning team was [[Hyperloop UPV]] from Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hyperloop.tamu.edu/awards/|title=Awards|publisher=Texas A & M University College of Engineering|year=2017|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518152232/https://hyperloop.tamu.edu/awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 January 2017, Delft Hyperloop (Delft University of Technology) won the prize for the "best overall design" at the final stage of the SpaceX hyperloop competition,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tudelft.nl/en/2017/tu-delft/tu-delft-students-win-hyperloop-pod-competition/ |title=TU Delft students win Hyperloop Pod Competition |publisher=Delft University of Technology |location=The Netherlands |date=30 January 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730065421/https://www.tudelft.nl/en/2017/tu-delft/tu-delft-students-win-hyperloop-pod-competition/ |url-status=live}}</ref> while WARR Hyperloop of the [[Technical University of Munich]] won the prize for "fastest pod."<ref name=sxhyper20150608>{{cite web |date=8 June 2015 |title=Hyperloop |url=https://www.spacex.com/hyperloop |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831100933/https://www.spacex.com/hyperloop |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=SpaceX |language=en}}</ref> The Massachusetts Institute of Technology placed third.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.mit.edu/2017/safe-at-any-speed-mit-hyperloop-0214 |title=Safe at any speed |first=Meg |last=Murphy |work=MIT News |location=Cambridge, MA, USA |date=14 February 2017 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519010724/http://news.mit.edu/2017/safe-at-any-speed-mit-hyperloop-0214 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The second hyperloop pod competition took place from 25 to 27 August 2017. The only judging criteria being top speed provided it is followed by successful deceleration. WARR Hyperloop from the Technical University of Munich won the competition by reaching a top speed of {{cvt|324|km/h|mph|0}}.<ref name=tumhyper20170828>{{cite press release |url=https://tumhyperloop.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/20170828_Hyperloop_Pod_Competition_II_english.pdf |title=Student group from Technical University of Munich sets new Hyperloop speed record and wins second SpaceX Pod Competition |date=28 August 2017 |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116085956/https://tumhyperloop.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/20170828_Hyperloop_Pod_Competition_II_english.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hyone201708>{{cite web |title=Hyperloop One Goes Farther and Faster Achieving Historic Speeds |url=https://hyperloop-one.com/hyperloop-one-goes-farther-and-faster-achieving-historic-speeds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803180155/https://hyperloop-one.com/hyperloop-one-goes-farther-and-faster-achieving-historic-speeds |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2017 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=Hyperloop One |language=en}}</ref><ref name=bi20180417>{{cite news |title=Here are the big winners from Elon Musk's Hyperloop competition |work=Business Insider |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/hyperloop-competition-spacex-elon-musk-warr-winners-2017-8?IR=T |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105555/http://www.businessinsider.com/hyperloop-competition-spacex-elon-musk-warr-winners-2017-8?IR=T |url-status=live}}</ref>

A third hyperloop pod competition took place in July 2018. The defending champions, the WARR Hyperloop team from the Technical University of Munich, beat their own record with a top speed of {{cvt|457|km/h|mph|0}} during their run.<ref name=verge20180722>{{Cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |date=22 July 2018 |title=WARR Hyperloop pod hits 284 mph to win SpaceX competition |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/22/17601280/warr-hyperloop-pod-competition-spacex-elon-musk |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729171135/https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/22/17601280/warr-hyperloop-pod-competition-spacex-elon-musk |url-status=live}}</ref> The Delft Hyperloop team representing [[Delft University of Technology]] landed in second place, while the EPFLoop team from [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)]] earned the third-place finish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SRF-RTS/ln |title=Swiss team comes third in Hyperloop competition |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/space-age-technology_swiss-team-comes-third-in-hyperloop-competition/44273992 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |date=23 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kite-Powell |first=Jennifer |title=This Student Team Created A Hyperloop Pod That Topped 280 Mph |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2018/07/23/this-student-team-created-a-hyperloop-pod-that-topped-280-mph/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |date=2018-07-28 |title=SpaceX's hyperloop race was all about 'maximum speed' (and celebrating Elon Musk) |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/28/17622770/spacex-hyperloop-pod-race-2018-elon-musk |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

The fourth competition in August 2019 saw the team from the Technical University of Munich, now known as TUM Hyperloop (by NEXT Prototypes e.V.),<ref name=tumhyper20191204>{{cite web |title=TUM Hyperloop by NEXT Prototypes e.V. |url=https://tumhyperloop.de/ |access-date=4 December 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723110222/https://tumhyperloop.de/ |url-status=live}}</ref> again winning the competition and beating their own record with a top speed of {{cvt|463|km/h|mph|0}}.<ref name=sxhyper20150608/>

==Criticism==

=== Rider experience ===
Some critics of Hyperloop focus on the experience—possibly unpleasant and frightening—of riding in a narrow, sealed, windowless capsule inside a sealed steel tunnel, that is subjected to significant [[G-force|acceleration forces]]; high noise levels due to air being compressed and ducted around the capsule at near-sonic speeds; and the vibration and jostling.<ref name="insider20130820" /> Even if the tube is initially smooth, ground may shift with seismic activity. At high speeds, even minor deviations from a straight path may add considerable [[buffeting]].<ref name="verge20130816" /> This is in addition to practical and logistical questions regarding how to best deal with safety issues such as equipment malfunction, accidents, and emergency evacuations.

=== Design and safety ===
YouTube creator Adam Kovacs has described Hyperloop as a kind of [[gadgetbahn]] because it would be an expensive, unproven system that is no better than existing technologies such as traditional high-speed rail.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kovacs |first1=Adam |last2=Westbrook |first2=Adam |date=13 October 2022 |title=Opinion {{!}} Elon Musk Has Some Bad Ideas for Mass Transit. We Have Solutions. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/13/opinion/elon-musk-boring-loop.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206171856/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/13/opinion/elon-musk-boring-loop.html |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> John Hansman, professor of aeronautics and astronautics at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], has pointed out potential design problems, such as how a slight misalignment in the tube would be compensated for, and the potential interplay between the air cushion and the low-pressure air. He has also questioned what would happen if the power were to go out when the pod was miles away from a city. [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] physics professor Richard Muller has also expressed concern regarding "[the Hyperloop's] novelty and the vulnerability of its tubes, [which] would be a tempting target for terrorists", and that the system could be disrupted by everyday dirt and grime.<ref name="Mercury-2016-09-16">{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2013/08/13/wolverton-elon-musks-hyperloop-hype-ignores-practical-problems/ |title=Wolverton: Elon Musk's Hyperloop hype ignores practical problems |last=Wolverton |first=Troy |date=16 September 2016 |orig-date=first published 13 August 2013 |work=The Mercury News |access-date=26 May 2025 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921080913/http://www.mercurynews.com/2013/08/13/wolverton-elon-musks-hyperloop-hype-ignores-practical-problems/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The feasibility of Musk's plans to power the hyperloop system with solar panels installed along its length has been questioned by maglev train expert and engineering professor Roger Goodall of [[Loughborough University]]. Goodall said that the air pumps and propulsion would probably need much more power than the solar panels could generate.<ref name="Mercury-2016-09-16" />

=== Costs ===
The alpha proposal projected that cost savings compared with conventional rail would come from a combination of several factors. The small profile and elevated nature of the alpha route would enable Hyperloop to be constructed primarily in the median of [[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]]. However, whether this would be truly feasible is a matter of debate. The low profile would reduce tunnel boring requirements and the light weight of the capsules is projected to reduce construction costs over conventional passenger rail. It was asserted that there would be less [[Right-of-way (property access)|right-of-way]] opposition and environmental impact as well due to its small, sealed, elevated profile versus that of a rail easement;<ref name="Alpha SpaceX" /> however, other commentators contend that a smaller footprint does not guarantee less opposition.<ref name="GGW20130814" /> In criticizing this assumption, [[mass transportation]] writer Alon Levy said, "In reality, an all-elevated system (which is what Musk proposes with the Hyperloop) is a bug rather than a feature. Central Valley land is cheap; pylons are expensive, as can be readily seen by the costs of elevated highways and trains all over the world."<ref name="NationalReview" /><ref name="WaPoWonkBlog" /> Michael Anderson, a professor of agricultural and resource economics at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], predicted that costs would amount to around {{US$|100 billion}}.<ref name="AJE" />

Projected low ticket prices by Hyperloop developers have been questioned by Dan Sperling, director of the [[Institute of Transportation Studies]] at [[UC Davis|University of California Davis]], who stated that "there's no way the economics on that would ever work out."<ref name="AJE"/> Some critics have argued that, since Hyperloop is designed to carry fewer passengers than typical public train systems, it could make it difficult to price tickets to cover the costs of construction and running.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Matt McFarland|title=Hyperloop wants to change the world. Not everyone's convinced|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/20/tech/hyperloop-pneumatic-tube/index.html|access-date=2020-11-22|website=CNN|date=20 November 2020|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122084119/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/20/tech/hyperloop-pneumatic-tube/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In a study done by the [[Delft University of Technology|TU Delft]] researchers claim that the fares would have to be higher than €0.30 per passenger kilometer, compared to €0.174/p-km for high speed rail and €0.183/p-km for air travel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Goeverden |first1=Kees |last2=Milakis |first2=Dimitris |last3=Janic |first3=Milan |last4=Konings |first4=Rob |date=2018-09-03 |title=Analysis and modelling of performances of the HL (Hyperloop) transport system |journal=European Transport Research Review |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=41 |doi=10.1186/s12544-018-0312-x |issn=1866-8887 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ETRR...10...41V }}</ref>

The early cost estimates of the hyperloop are a subject of debate. A number of economists and transportation experts have expressed the belief that the {{US$|6 billion}} price tag dramatically understates the cost of designing, developing, constructing, and testing an all-new form of transportation.<ref name="NYT-Bilton"/><ref name="AJE"/><ref name="GGW20130814"/><ref name="WaPoWonkBlog"/> ''[[The Economist]]'' magazine said that the estimates are unlikely to "be immune to the [[cost overrun|hypertrophication of cost]] that every other grand infrastructure project seems doomed to suffer."<ref name="economist20130817"/> Hyperloop One estimated that for a loop around the Bay Area the costs were in a range on $9 billion to $13 billion in total, or from $84 million to $121 million per mile. For another project in the United Arab Emirates the company estimated $52 million per mile and for a Stockholm-Helsinki route the company reported a cost of $64 million per mile.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Konrad |first=Alex |title=Leaked Hyperloop One Docs Reveal The Startup Thirsty For Cash As Costs Will Stretch Into Billions |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2016/10/25/hyperloop-one-seeks-new-cash-amid-high-costs/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, the International Maglev Board surveyed transportation experts worldwide who indicated the hyperloop underestimates operational and safety complexity, along with costs for both infrastructure and operation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reader |first1=The MIT Press |title=The Hyperloop: A 200-Year History of Hype and Failure |journal=The MIT Press Reader |date=21 January 2025 |url=https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-hyperloop-a-200-year-history-of-hype-and-failure/ |language=en}}</ref>

== Political considerations ==
Political impediments to the construction of such a project in California may be large due to the "political and [[reputation capital]]" invested in the existing mega-project of [[California High-Speed Rail]].<ref name="economist20130817"/> Because replacing that with a different design would not be straightforward given California's political economy, Texas has been suggested as an alternate for its more amenable political and economic environment.<ref name="economist20130817"/>

Building a successful hyperloop sub-scale demonstration project could reduce the political impediments and improve cost estimates. In 2013, Musk suggested that he might become personally involved in building a demonstration prototype of the hyperloop concept, including funding the development effort.<ref name="economist20130817"/><ref name="gm20130813"/>

According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', "The central impediment" to the Hyperloop is that it "would require creating an entire infrastructure. That means constructing miles-long systems of tubes and stations, acquiring rights of way, adhering to government regulations and standards, and avoiding changes to the ecology along its routes."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taub |first=Eric A. |date=2022-09-22 |title=Is the Hyperloop Doomed? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/22/business/hyperloop-transit-virgin.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923053924/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/22/business/hyperloop-transit-virgin.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Hyperloop companies==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Company name
!Country
!Est.
!Status
!Notes
|-style="background-color:#CCC; 
|[[Arrivo]]
|U.S.
|2016
|Defunct (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Kane|first=Sean|date=December 14, 2018|title=Hyperloop startup Arrivo is shutting down as workers are laid off|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/14/18128848/hyperloop-arrivo-furloughs-layoffs-money-trouble|url-status=live|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325075632/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/14/18128848/hyperloop-arrivo-furloughs-layoffs-money-trouble}}</ref> 
|Ended hyperloop development in November 2017 in favor of [[maglev]] transportation. Shut down in 2018.
|-
|DGWHyperloop
|India
|2015
|Active
|<ref>{{cite web |title=DGWHyperloop - India's Own Hyperloop |url=https://www.dgwhyperloop.in/ |website=www.dgwhyperloop.in |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>{{primary inline|date=August 2025}}
|-
|Hardt Hyperloop
|Netherlands
|2016
|Active
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hardt Hyperloop |url=https://www.hardt.global/ |website=Hardt Hyperloop |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>{{primary inline|date=August 2025}}
|-
|Hyperloop Italia
|Italy
|2020
|Active
||Subsidiary of [[Hyperloop Transportation Technologies]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyperloop Italia - Una nuova frontiera per la mobilità |url=https://hyperloopitalia.com/ |website=Hyperloop Italia |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>{{primary inline|date=August 2025}}
|-style="background-color:#CCC; 
|[[Hyperloop One]]
|U.S.
|2014
|Shut down (2023)
|Ended development of passenger travel in February 2022 to focus on freight.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-hyperloop-layoffs-passenger-travel-cargo-transport-2022-2 |title=Virgin Hyperloop lays off half of its employees as it pivots away from passenger travel |first=Yoonji |last=Han |work=Business Insider |location=US |date=22 February 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520091152/https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-hyperloop-layoffs-passenger-travel-cargo-transport-2022-2 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shut down in December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Kane |first=Sean |date=21 December 2023 |title=Hyperloop One is reportedly shutting down |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/12/21/hyperloop-one-shutting-down/ |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hyperloop Transportation Technologies]]
|U.S.
|2013
|Active
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyperloop Transportation Technologies |url=https://www.hyperlooptt.com/ |website=HyperloopTT |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>{{primary inline|date=August 2025}}
|-style="background-color:#CCC; 
|[[Nevomo]]
|Poland
|2017
|Ended Hyperloop focus
|In 2019 refocused on [[Maglev|MagRail]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-27|title=Hyper Poland Reveals Its MagRail Transport Technology|url=https://ecotechdaily.net/hyper-poland-reveals-their-magrail-transport-technology/|access-date=2023-06-03|website=Eco Tech Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> but continues to be active in Hyperloop ecosystem, such as in the [[#Hyperloop Association|Hyperloop Association]]. Named ''Hyper Poland'' until November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wedziuk|first=Emilia|date=2016-02-17|title=Hyperloop made in Poland gets more and more realistic|url=https://itkey.media/hyperloop-made-in-poland-gets-more-and-more-realistic/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=ITKeyMedia|language=en-US|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023074652/https://itkey.media/hyperloop-made-in-poland-gets-more-and-more-realistic/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Swisspod Technologies
|Switzerland
|2019
|Active
||<ref>{{cite web |title=Swisspod Our Story |url=https://www.swisspod.com/our-journey |website=www.swisspod.com |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>{{primary inline|date=August 2025}}
|-
|[[TransPod]]
|Canada, France
|2015
|Active
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://www.transpod.com/ |website=TransPod |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>{{primary inline|date=August 2025}}
|-
|Zeleros
|Spain
|2016
|Active
||<ref>{{cite web |title=Zeleros Hyperloop - Welcome to the future of transportation |url=https://zeleros.com/ |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>{{primary inline|date=August 2025}}
|-
|TuTr Hyperloop
|India
|2022
|Active
||<ref>{{cite web |title=TuTr Hyperloop - Welcome to the TuTr Hyperloop |url=https://tutr.tech/ |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>{{primary inline|date=August 2025}}
|}

== Related concepts ==

===Historical related concepts===

* The [[pneumatic tube]], using high pressures behind a capsule to move it forward, was suggested in 1799 by the British mechanical engineer and inventor [[George Medhurst]]. In 1812, Medhurst wrote a book detailing his idea of transporting passengers and goods through airtight tubes using air propulsion.<ref name="business20130715"/>
* [[Beach Pneumatic Transit]] was operated from 1870 to 1873 as a one-block-long prototype of an underground tube transport public transit system in New York City, following a concept by [[Alfred Ely Beach]]. The system worked at near-atmospheric pressure, with the passenger car moved by means of higher pressure air applied to the back of the car while comparatively lower pressure air was maintained in front of the car.<ref name="sa18700305"/>
* Vactrains were explored in the 1910s, as described by American rocket pioneer [[Robert Goddard]] and others.<ref name=economist20130817/> Unlike pneumatic tubes, these do not use pressure for propulsion, but instead utilize a hard vacuum to eliminate drag ahead of the vehicle. The vehicle is both suspended and propelled by magnetic levitation.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* [[Swissmetro]] was a proposal to run a maglev train in a low-pressure environment. Concessions were granted to Swissmetro in the early 2000s to connect the Swiss cities of St. Gallen, Zurich, Basel, and Geneva. Studies of commercial feasibility reached differing conclusions and the vactrain was never built.<ref name="swissmetro"/>
* [[ET3 Global Alliance]] (ET3) was founded by Daryl Oster in 1997 with the goal of establishing a global transportation system using passenger capsules in frictionless [[magnetic levitation|maglev]] full-vacuum tubes. Oster received interest from Elon Musk potentially investing in a {{convert|3|mi|km|0|adj=on}} prototype of ET3's proposed design.<ref name="denver20130809"/><ref name="futurist20131030"/>{{update after|2015|6|17}}
* In 2003, [[Franco Cotana]] led the development of Pipenet, with a {{convert|100|m|yd|abbr=on|adj=mid|-long}} {{convert|1.25|m|yd|abbr=on|adj=mid|-diameter}} prototype system constructed in Italy in 2005, with a vision to use an evacuated tube for moving freight at up to {{convert|2000|kph|mph|abbr=on}} using linear synchronous motors and magnetic levitation. However development stopped after funding ceased.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hyperloop that never was |date=5 May 2021 |url=https://sifted.eu/articles/italy-deeptech-pipenet/ |publisher=Sifted |access-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505172003/https://sifted.eu/articles/italy-deeptech-pipenet/ |archive-date=2021-05-05}}</ref>
* In August 2010, a vacuum-based maglev train able to move at {{convert|1000|km/h|mph|abbr=on|order=flip|round=50}} was proposed for China, projected to cost {{CNY|10–20 million|link=yes}} ({{US$|2.95 million}} at the August 2010 exchange rate) more per kilometer than regular high-speed rail.<ref name="engadgetsumohurd20100804"/> In 2018, a short {{convert|45|m|yd|abbr=on}} loop test track was completed to test some parts of the technology.<ref>{{cite news |title=China testing super-maglev train that runs at 1,000 km/h |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/0311/c90000-9435653.html |access-date=2021-08-26 |publisher=People's Daily Online |date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024003226/http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/0311/c90000-9435653.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Vactrains using the moniker 'Hyperloop' ===

* In 2018, a concept for creating and using intermodal Hyperloop capsules was presented in an academic journal. After detaching the drive elements, capsules could potentially be used in a way similar to traditional containers for fast transport of goods or individuals. It was further proposed that specialized airplanes, dedicated high-speed trains, road tractors or watercraft could perform "last mile" transport for solving the problem of fast transportation to centers where hyperloop terminals are locally unavailable or infeasible to be constructed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rudowski |first1=Michał |title=Intermodalny transport kapsuł Hyperloop – koncepcja, wymagania, korzyści |journal=Railway Reports |date=March 2018 |issue=178 |url=https://problemykolejnictwa.pl/images/PDF/178_5.pdf |access-date=4 October 2021 |trans-title=Intermodal transport of Hyperloop capsules – concept, requirements, benefits |language=pl |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003151401/https://problemykolejnictwa.pl/images/PDF/178_5.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2019}}
* In May 2021, it was reported that a low-vacuum sealed tube test system capable of reaching speeds around {{convert|1000|kph|mph|abbr=on}} had begun construction in [[Datong]], [[Shanxi Province]]. An initial {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} section was completed in 2022 and the full {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} test line is planned to be completed within two years. The line is being constructed by the [[North University of China]] and the Third Research Institute of [[China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3207355/chinas-hyperloop-completes-first-test-runs-pushing-ahead-race-ultra-fast-land-transport |title=China's hyperloop completes first test runs, pushing ahead in race for ultra-fast land transport |first=Stephen |last=Chen |newspaper=South China Morning Post |location=Hong Kong |date=2023-01-19 |access-date=2023-01-21 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120185107/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3207355/chinas-hyperloop-completes-first-test-runs-pushing-ahead-race-ultra-fast-land-transport |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2024}}<!-- unclear in the prose that any of this Datong project is using "hyperloop" in its name -->
* In July 2021, an experimental European operational Hyperloop testing facility concept was begun.<ref name="startupticker.ch">{{Cite web |title=Europe's First Hyperloop Testing Track ready for Swisspod |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/europe-s-first-hyperloop-testing-facility-for-swisspod |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref> The test tube was made of an aluminum alloy, with a loop diameter of {{cvt|40|m|ft}} and {{cvt|120|m|ft}} long, built by the Swiss-American startup Swisspod Technologies and the Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory (DESL) of [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]].<ref name="epfl.ch">{{Cite web |last=Brouet |first=Anne-Muriel |date=2021-07-23 |title=EPFL now has its own Hyperloop test track |url=https://actu.epfl.ch/news/epfl-now-has-its-own-hyperloop-test-track/ |language=en}}</ref>
* In September 2021, Swisspod Technologies and [[MxV Rail]] (formerly TTCI), a subsidiary of the [[Association of American Railroads]] (AAR), began collaboration to potentially build a full-scale testing facility for Hyperloop technology on the Pueblo Plex campus in [[Pueblo, Colorado]], US. The primary purpose of this facility would be to conduct research and development activities on Swisspod's proprietary Hyperloop propulsion system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyperloop Prototype To Be Built, Tested In Colorado |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/hyperloop-prototype-built-tested-colorado-183147075.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Yahoo Finance |date=7 September 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Swisspod starts soil testing at PuebloPlex |url=https://www.koaa.com/news/covering-colorado/swisspod-starts-soil-testing-at-puebloplex |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=KOAA News 5 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Elon Musk series}}
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description as per [[WP:SEEALSO]]. -->
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Gravity train]]
* [[Gravity-vacuum transit]]
* [[Ground-effect train]]
* [[High-speed rail]]
* [[Kantrowitz limit]]
* [[Maglev]]
* [[Pneumatic tube]]
* [[Swissmetro]]
* [[Transatlantic tunnel]]
* [[Vactrain]]
* [[European Hyperloop Week]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="Alpha SpaceX">{{cite web |url=http://www.teslamotors.com/sites/default/files/blog_images/hyperloop-alpha.pdf |title=Hyperloop Alpha |first=Elon |last=Musk |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=13 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813074616/http://www.teslamotors.com/sites/default/files/blog_images/hyperloop-alpha.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Alpha Tesla">{{cite web |url=http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/hyperloop |title=Hyperloop |first=Elon |last=Musk |work=Tesla |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124231627/https://www.teslamotors.com/blog/hyperloop |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="gm20130822">{{cite web |url=http://www.gizmag.com/hyperloop-musk-analysis/28672/ |title=Beyond the hype of Hyperloop: An analysis of Elon Musk's proposed transit system |work=Gizmag.com |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203174819/http://www.gizmag.com/hyperloop-musk-analysis/28672/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!--
<ref name="susbrand20150824">{{cite news |url=http://www.sustainablebrands.com/news_and_views/startups/mike_hower/musk%E2%80%99s_hyperloop%E2%80%99_start_construction_2016 |title=Musk's 'Hyperloop' on Track to Start Construction in 2016 |work=Sustainable Brands |first=Mike |last=Hower |date=24 August 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
-->

<ref name="NYT-Bilton">{{cite news |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/could-the-hyperloop-really-cost-6-billion-critics-say-no/ |title=Could the Hyperloop Really Cost $6 Billion? Critics Say No |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Nick |last=Bilton |date=15 August 2013 |access-date=18 August 2013 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204075232/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/could-the-hyperloop-really-cost-6-billion-critics-say-no/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE">{{cite news |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/8/14/economists-don-tbelievethehyperloop.html |title=Economists don't believe the Hyperloop |work=[[Al Jazeera America]] |first=Joseph |last=Brownstein |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819164738/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/8/14/economists-don-tbelievethehyperloop.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="HuffPoAstronomical">{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/13/hyperloop-experts_n_3749756.html |title=Hyperloop Would Have 'Astronomical' Pricing, Unrealistic Construction Costs, Experts Say |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |first=Eleazar David |last=Melendez |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163428/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/13/hyperloop-experts_n_3749756.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GGW20130814">{{cite news |url=http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/19848/musks-hyperloop-math-doesnt-add-up/ |title=Musk's Hyperloop math doesn't add up |work=Greater Greater Washington |first=Matt |last=Johnson |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092131/http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/19848/musks-hyperloop-math-doesnt-add-up/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="pando_video">{{cite AV media |url=http://pandodaily.com/2012/07/12/pandomonthly-presents-a-fireside-chat-with-elon-musk/ |title=PandoMonthly Presents: A Fireside Chat with Elon Musk |work=[[PandoDaily]]/YouTube.com |first1=Nathan |last1=Pensky |first2=Sarah |last2=Lacy |first3=Elon |last3=Musk |time=43:13 |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=13 September 2012 |archive-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119024918/http://pandodaily.com/2012/07/12/pandomonthly-presents-a-fireside-chat-with-elon-musk/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="atd20130530">{{cite news |url=http://allthingsd.com/20130530/tesla-ceo-and-spacex-founder-elon-musk-the-full-d11-interview-video/ |title=Tesla CEO and SpaceX Founder Elon Musk: The Full D11 Interview (Video) |work=[[All Things Digital]] |first=Liz |last=Gannes |date=30 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-date=31 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531101708/http://allthingsd.com/20130530/tesla-ceo-and-spacex-founder-elon-musk-the-full-d11-interview-video/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="gm20130813">{{cite news |url=http://www.gizmag.com/musk-developing-hyperloop-demonstrator/28684/ |title=Musk announces plans to build Hyperloop demonstrator |work=Gizmag.com |date=13 August 2013 |access-date=14 August 2013 |archive-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712155605/http://www.gizmag.com/musk-developing-hyperloop-demonstrator/28684/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="globemail20130812">{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/tech-news/elon-musk-to-reveal-mysterious-hyperloop-high-speed-travel-designs-monday/article13708549/?service=print |title=Elon Musk to reveal mysterious 'Hyperloop' high-speed travel designs Monday |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |first=Martha |last=Mendoza |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813082735/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/tech-news/elon-musk-to-reveal-mysterious-hyperloop-high-speed-travel-designs-monday/article13708549/?service=print |archive-date=13 August 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=CNNmoney-15-6-15>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/15/technology/hyperloop-competition/ |title=SpaceX to hold Hyperloop competition |work=CNN Money |publisher=CNN |first=Jackie |last=Wattles |date=15 June 2015 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021094638/https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/15/technology/hyperloop-competition/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=SFchronicle-6-15-15>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Build-your-own-hyperloop-SpaceX-announces-pod-6328283.php |title=Build your own hyperloop! SpaceX announces pod competition |first=David R. |last=Baker |date=15 June 2015 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231012937/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Build-your-own-hyperloop-SpaceX-announces-pod-6328283.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!--<ref name="voa 201508">{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hyperloop-rapid-transit-system-construction-start-2016/2907214.html |title=Hyperloop Rapid Transit System Construction to Start in 2016 |publisher=Voice of America |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |author=Maia Pujara}}</ref>-->

<!--<ref name="gizmag 201502">{{cite news |url=http://www.gizmag.com/agreement-reached-to-build-first-passenger-hyperloop/36285 |title=California is getting a Hyperloop, but not where you think |work=Gizmag |first=Eric |last=Mack |date=26 February 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref>-->

<ref name="nova20130813">{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/hyperloop-and-high-speed-trains/ |title=Promise and Perils of Hyperloop and Other High-Speed Trains |series=[[Nova (American TV series)|Nova Next]] |work=PBS.org |first=Tim |last=De Chant |date=13 August 2013 |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132501/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/tech/hyperloop-and-high-speed-trains/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!--<ref name="BizWeek">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-08-12/revealed-elon-musk-explains-the-hyperloop |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813011222/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-08-12/revealed-elon-musk-explains-the-hyperloop |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2013 |title=Revealed: Elon Musk Explains the Hyperloop, the Solar-Powered High-Speed Future of Inter-City Transportation |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |date=13 August 2013 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=13 August 2013}}</ref>-->

<ref name="Discovery">{{cite news |url=http://news.discovery.com/tech/gear-and-gadgets/hyperloop-simulation-shows-it-could-work-130920.htm |title=Hyperloop Simulation Shows It Could Work |work=Discovery News |first=Alyssa |last=Danigelis |date=20 September 2013 |access-date=21 September 2013 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206082433/http://news.discovery.com/tech/gear-and-gadgets/hyperloop-simulation-shows-it-could-work-130920.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="CNet">{{cite news |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57602897-76/simulation-verdict-elon-musks-hyperloop-needs-tweaking |title=Simulation verdict: Elon Musk's Hyperloop needs tweaking |first=Nick |last=Statt |work=CNET News |date=19 September 2013 |access-date=21 September 2013 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214075931/http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57602897-76/simulation-verdict-elon-musks-hyperloop-needs-tweaking/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="openmdao">{{cite web |url=http://openmdao.org/hyperloop-in-openmdao |title=Hyperloop in OpenMDAO |publisher=OpenMDAO |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017024939/https://openmdao.org/hyperloop-in-openmdao/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="github-mdao">{{cite web |url=https://openmdao-plugins.github.io/Hyperloop/future.html |title=Future Modeling Road Map |publisher=OpenMDAO |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016154732/https://openmdao-plugins.github.io/Hyperloop/future.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="mathworks20131122">{{cite web |title=Hyperloop: Not So Fast |url=http://blogs.mathworks.com/seth/2013/11/22/hyperloop-not-so-fast/ |publisher=MathWorks |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=5 December 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412070458/http://blogs.mathworks.com/seth/2013/11/22/hyperloop-not-so-fast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Chin2015">{{cite conference |title=Open-Source Conceptual Sizing Models for the Hyperloop Passenger Pod |conference=56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. 5–9 January 2015. Kissimmee, Florida. |first1=Jeffrey C. |last1=Chin |first2=Justin S. |last2=Gray |first3=Scott M. |last3=Jones |first4=Jeffrey J. |last4=Berton |date=January 2015 |doi=10.2514/6.2015-1587 |url=https://mdao.grc.nasa.gov/publications/AIAA-2015-1587.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152427/https://mdao.grc.nasa.gov/publications/AIAA-2015-1587.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-02|hdl=2060/20150000699 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

<!--
<ref name=wired20141218>{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/12/jumpstartfund-hyperloop-elon-musk/ |title=These Dreamers Are Actually Making Progress Building Elon's Hyperloop |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |last=Davies |first=Alex |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>
-->

<!--
<ref name="fortune20150520"/>
-->

<!--
<ref name="dezeen20151022">{{cite news |url=http://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/22/hyperloop-elon-musk-high-speed-transport-network-california-usa/ |title=Hyperloop's test track will be 'closest thing to teletransportation' |work=de Zeen |first=Jessica |last=Mairs |date=22 October 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
-->

<!--
<ref name="Forbes 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceupbin/2015/02/11/hyperloop-is-real-meet-the-startups-selling-supersonic-travel/ |title=Hyperloop Is Real: Meet The Startups Selling Supersonic Travel |work=[[Forbes]] |last=Upbin |first=Bruce |date=11 February 2015 |access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref>
-->

<ref name="NBChyperloop">{{cite news |last1=Boyle |first1=Alan |title=Elon Musk's SpaceX Plans Hyperloop Pod Races at California HQ in 2016 |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/elon-musks-spacex-plans-hyperloop-pod-races-california-hq-2016-n375386 |access-date=15 June 2015 |agency=NBC |date=15 June 2015 |archive-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301034956/http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/elon-musks-spacex-plans-hyperloop-pod-races-california-hq-2016-n375386 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="hyper-pod-competition">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/spacex_hyperloop_pod_competition.pdf |title=Spacex Hyperloop Pod Competition |publisher=SpaceX |date=June 2015 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714105843/http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/spacex_hyperloop_pod_competition.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=rules_v20>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/2015_10_20_hyperloop_competition_rules.pdf |title=Hyperloop Competition Rules, v2.0 |publisher=SpaceX |date=20 October 2015 |access-date=1 November 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027190604/http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/2015_10_20_hyperloop_competition_rules.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=tamu201510>{{cite web |title=SpaceX Design Weekend at Texas A&M University |url=http://engineering.tamu.edu/hyperloop |website=Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M |publisher=Texas A&M University |access-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912042548/http://engineering.tamu.edu/hyperloop |archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="spacexhyperloop">{{cite web |title=Hyperloop |url=http://www.spacex.com/hyperloop |website=SpaceX |publisher=Space Exploration Technologies |access-date=15 June 2015 |date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815163936/http://www.spacex.com/hyperloop |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="binsider20150623">{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Cadie |title=More than 700 people have signed up to help Elon Musk build a Hyperloop prototype |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musks-hyperloop-pod-competition-has-more-than-700-applicants-2015-6 |date=23 June 2015 |access-date=28 June 2015 |work=Business Insider |archive-date=25 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625042559/http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musks-hyperloop-pod-competition-has-more-than-700-applicants-2015-6 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="insider20130820">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/hyperloop-barf-ride-2013-8 |title=Transport Blogger Ridicules The Hyperloop – Says It Will Cost A Fortune And Be A Terrifying 'Barf Ride' |work=[[Business Insider]] |first=Henry |last=Blodget |date=20 August 2013 |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213123404/http://www.businessinsider.com/hyperloop-barf-ride-2013-8 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="verge20130816">{{cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/8/16/4626506/speed-bumps-and-vomit-are-the-hyperloops-biggest-challenges |title=Speed bumps and vomit are the Hyperloop's biggest challenges |work=[[The Verge]] |first=Russell |last=Brandom |date=16 August 2013 |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730110907/https://www.theverge.com/2013/8/16/4626506/speed-bumps-and-vomit-are-the-hyperloops-biggest-challenges |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NationalReview">{{cite news |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/agenda/274165/alon-levy-politicals-vs-technicals-reihan-salam |title=Alon Levy on Politicals vs. Technicals |first=Reihan |last=Salam |work=National Review |date=9 August 2011 |access-date=29 September 2013 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223000020/http://www.nationalreview.com/agenda/274165/alon-levy-politicals-vs-technicals-reihan-salam |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="WaPoWonkBlog">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/08/13/there-is-no-redeeming-feature-of-the-hyperloop/ |title=There is no redeeming feature of the Hyperloop |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Brad |last=Plumer |date=13 August 2013 |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112063604/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/08/13/there-is-no-redeeming-feature-of-the-hyperloop/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="economist20130817">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21583588-elon-musk-electric-car-entrepreneur-and-proponent-private-colonies-mars |title=The Future of Transport: No loopy idea |newspaper=The Economist |volume=Print edition |date=17 August 2013 |access-date=16 August 2013 |url-access=limited |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004626/http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21583588-elon-musk-electric-car-entrepreneur-and-proponent-private-colonies-mars |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="business20130715">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musks-hyperloop-science-fiction-2013-7 |title=If Elon Musk's Hyperloop Sounds Like Something Out Of Science Fiction, That's Because It Is |work=[[Business Insider]] |first=Chris C. |last=Anderson |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=14 August 2013 |archive-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809060249/http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musks-hyperloop-science-fiction-2013-7 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="sa18700305">{{cite journal |title=The Pneumatic Tunnel Under Broadway, N.Y. |journal=Scientific American |first=Alfred Ely |last=Beach |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=154–156 |date=5 March 1870 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican03051870-154}}</ref>

<ref name="swissmetro">{{cite web |url=http://www.swissmetro.ch/en/content/history |title=History |work=Swissmetro.ch |access-date=14 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818225210/http://www.swissmetro.ch/en/content/history |archive-date=18 August 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="futurist20131030">{{cite news |url=http://www.futuristspeaker.com/2013/10/competing-for-the-world-largest-infrastructure-project-over-100-million-jobs-at-stake/ |title=Competing for the World's Largest Infrastructure Project: Over 100 Million Jobs at Stake |work=Futurist Speaker |first=Thomas |last=Frey |date=30 October 2013 |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082952/http://www.futuristspeaker.com/2013/10/competing-for-the-world-largest-infrastructure-project-over-100-million-jobs-at-stake/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="denver20130809">{{cite news |url=http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_24036566/longmont-entrepreneur-has-tubal-vision-future-transportation |title=Longmont entrepreneur has tubular vision on future of transportation |work=The Denver Post |first=Aldo |last=Svaldi |date=9 August 2013 |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083212/http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_24036566/longmont-entrepreneur-has-tubal-vision-future-transportation |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="engadgetsumohurd20100804">{{cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/08/04/chinas-maglev-trains-to-hit-1-000kph-in-three-years-doc-brown/ |title=China's maglev trains to hit 1,000km/h in three years |work=Engadget |first=Darren |last=Murph |date=4 August 2010 |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730145244/https://www.engadget.com/2010/08/04/chinas-maglev-trains-to-hit-1-000kph-in-three-years-doc-brown/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Scholia}}
* {{cite web|url=http://newatlas.com/europe-first-hyperloop-test/49862|title=Europe's first Hyperloop test track pops up at TU Delft|website=newatlas.com|date=2 June 2017|access-date=6 June 2017}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_FyOBCVGWE Video of First Successful Test Ride]—''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' via [[YouTube]]
* [https://eurotube.org Eurotube.org]
{{High-speed rail}}
{{Elon Musk}}
{{Emerging technologies|transport=yes}}

[[Category:Hyperloop| ]]