View source for Gwichʼin language

{{short description|Athabaskan language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Gwichʼin
| nativename       = {{lang|gwi|Dinjii Zhuʼ Ginjik}}
| states           = [[Canada]], [[United States]]
| region           = [[Canada]] ([[Northwest Territories]], [[Yukon]]), [[United States]] ([[Alaska]])
| ethnicity        = 3,000 [[Gwichʼin people]] (2007)
| speakers         = c. 560
| date             = 2007–2016
| ref              = e21
| familycolor      = Dené-Yeniseian
| fam2             = [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]]
| fam3             = [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]]
| fam4             = [[Northern Athabaskan languages|Northern Athabaskan]]
| iso2             = gwi
| iso3             = gwi
| glotto           = gwic1235
| glottorefname    = Gwich'in
| dia1             = Western
| dia2             = Eastern
| script           = Latin (Northern Athabaskan alphabet)
| nation           = Canada (Northwest Territories)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_Map.pdf|title=Official Languages of the Northwest Territories|accessdate=Jun 14, 2021|archive-date=March 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114247/http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_Map.pdf|url-status=usurped |website=Office of the Northwest Territories Official Languages Commissioner}}</ref><br>United States (Alaska)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official|title=Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official|work=npr|accessdate=Jun 14, 2021|first=Bill|last=Chappell|department=The Two-Way}}</ref>
| notice           = IPA
| map              = Lang Status 40-SE.svg
| mapcaption       = {{center|Gwichʼin is classified as Severely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|people=[[Gwichʼin|Dinjii Zhuu Gwichʼin]]|language='''Dinju Zhuh Kʼyuu'''|country=Gwichʼin Nành,<br />[[Denendeh|Denendeh<br />ᑌᓀᐣᑌᐧ]]}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Allan speaking Gwich'in.webm|thumb|Allan Hayton reciting the story {{lang|gwi|"Tǫǫ Oozhrii Zhìt Tsyaa Tsal Dhidii"}} (Boy in the Moon) in Gwichʼin]]
[[File:Teetl'it Zheh - Fort McPherson Gwich'in - Sign in Mike Zubko International Airport - Inuvik - Northwest Territories - Canada.jpg|thumb|A sign in the [[Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories|Fort McPherson]] identifies the city by its original Gwichʼin name, {{lang|gwi|Teetł'it Zheh}}.]] 
'''Gwichʼin''' ({{lang|gwi|Dinju Zhuh Kʼyuu}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gwi|title=Gwichʼin|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en}}</ref> is an [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan language]] spoken by the [[Gwichʼin]] First Nation (in Canada) and [[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]] People (in the United States). It is also known in older or dialect-specific publications as '''Kutchin''', '''Takudh''', '''Tukudh''', or '''Loucheux'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McDonald |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert McDonald (missionary) |title=A Grammar of the Tukudh Language |date=1972 |orig-date=1911 |publisher=Department of Education, Government of the Northwest Territories |location=Yellowknife, NT |url=https://gwichin.ca/sites/default/files/gnwt_mcdonald_1972_a_grammar_0f_the_tukudh_language_1911.pdf |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> Gwichʼin is spoken primarily in the towns of [[Inuvik]], [[Aklavik]], [[Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories|Fort McPherson]] (aka ''Teetłʼit Zheh)'', and [[Tsiigehtchic]] (formerly Arctic Red River), all in the [[Northwest Territories]] and [[Old Crow, Yukon|Old Crow]] in [[Yukon]] of Canada.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Firth |first1=William G. |title=Teetłʼit Gwìchʼin Kʼyùu Gwiʼdìnehtłʼèe Nagwant Trʼagwàłtsàii |date=2010 |orig-date=1991 |publisher=Department of Culture and Communications, Government of the Northwest Territories |isbn=978-1-896337-12-8 |edition=2nd |url=https://gwichin.ca/sites/default/files/gsci_firth_2010_junior_teetlit_gwichin_dictionary_1991.pdf |trans-title=A Junior Dictionary of the Teetl'it Gwich'in Language}}</ref> In [[Alaska]] of the United States, Gwichʼin is spoken in [[Fort Yukon, Alaska|Fort Yukon]], [[Chalkyitsik, Alaska|Chalkyitsik]], [[Birch Creek, Alaska|Birch Creek]], [[Venetie, Alaska|Venetie]] and [[Arctic Village, Alaska|Arctic Village]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://ynlc.ca/gwichin.shtml|title=Yukon Native Language Centre|website=Yukon Native Language Centre|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315200124/http://ynlc.ca/gwichin.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[ejective consonant|ejective]] [[affricate consonant|affricate]] in the name ''Gwichʼin'' is usually written with the symbol {{unichar|2019|RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}}, though the correct character for this use (with expected glyph '''and''' typographic properties) is {{unichar|02BC|MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE}}.

== Current status ==
According to the [[UNESCO]] ''Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger,'' Gwichʼin is at present severely endangered. There are about 260 Gwichʼin speakers in Canada out of a total Gwichʼin population of 1,900. About 300 out of a total Alaska Gwichʼin population of 1,100 speak the language.<ref name=":0" /> Gwichʼin speakers have been shifting from their [[heritage language]] to English as the [[National language|majority language]] of both the US and Canada.

===Dialects===
There are two main varieties of Gwichʼin, Eastern and Western, which are delineated roughly at the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Did you know Gwich'in is severely endangered? |url=http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2441 |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=Endangered Languages}}</ref> There are several dialects within these subgroupings, including Fort Yukon Gwichʼin, Arctic Village Gwichʼin, Western Canada Gwichʼin (Takudh, Tukudh, Loucheux), and Arctic Red River. Each village has unique pronunciation features, vocabulary, and expressions. 

Inhabitants of [[Old Crow, Yukon|Old Crow]] in the northern Yukon speak a similar dialect to those bands living in [[Venetie, Alaska|Venetie]] and [[Arctic Village, Alaska]]. Kâachik and Tâachik dialects are spoken in Johnson Creek village.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Loovers |first=Jan Peter Laurens |date=2011-03-09 |title=People of the Lakes: Stories of Our Van Tat Gwich'in Elders/Googwandak Nakhwach'ànjòo Van Tat Gwich'in, by Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation and Shirleen Smith |url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/67134 |department=Reviews |journal=Arctic |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=118 |doi=10.14430/arctic4086 |issn=1923-1245 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Language preservation and documentation ===
In 1988, the [[Official Languages Act (Northwest Territories)|NWT Official Languages Act]] named Gwichʼin an official language of the Northwest Territories, and the Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended declared Gwichʼin a recognized language in 2014.<ref name=":0" />

The Gwichʼin language is taught regularly at the Chief Zzeh Gittlit School in Old Crow, Yukon.<ref name=":2" />

Projects are underway to further [[Language documentation|document the language]] from a [[Linguistics|linguistic]] standpoint, and foster the writing and translation skills of younger Gwichʼin speakers. In one project, lead research associate and fluent speaker Gwichʼin elder Kenneth Frank works with linguists and young Gwichʼin speakers affiliated with the [[Alaska Native Language Center]] at the [[University of Alaska system|University of Alaska]] in [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] to document traditional knowledge of caribou anatomy (Mishler and Frank 2020).<ref name="Linguistics_2014">{{cite magazine |last1=Mishler |first1=Craig |date=Fall 2014 |editor1-last=Turner-Bogren |editor1-first=Betsy |editor2-last=Fahnestock |editor2-first=Judy |editor3-last=Wiggins |editor3-first=Helen |title=Linguistic Team Studies Caribou Anatomy |url=https://www.arcus.org/witness-the-arctic/2014/3/article/22797 |access-date=12 July 2022 |department=Arctic Social Sciences Program |magazine=Witness the Arctic |publisher=Arctic Research Consortium of the United States |location=Fairbanks, AK |pages=12–16 |volume=18 |issue=3}}</ref>

=== Residential schools and language decline ===
Assimilation efforts through [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential schools]] played a factor in creating a cultural disruption and a language shift. One of the goals of residential schools was to [[cultural genocide|wipe out indigenous culture]] and [[cultural assimilation|replace it with the European culture]], seen as more conducive to “civilized” society. In the process, indigenous children were [[child displacement|taken away from their families]] and placed in a dedicated school (“[[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|Indian Schools”]] in the US). 

Indigenous children were often punished for speaking First-Nation languages, leading children to abandon their heritage languages. Residential schools caused major cultural disruption also among the Gwich’in.<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich'in) |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gwichin |access-date=12 July 2022 |last=McFadyen Clark |first=Annette |date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

The consonants of Gwichʼin are shown in [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart|IPA]] notation below, with [[Orthography|orthographic symbols]] in brackets:<ref name=":2" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Interdental consonant|Inter-<br>dental]]
! colspan="3" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! {{small|plain}} || {{small|[[sibilant]]}} || {{small|lateral}}
! {{small|plain}} || {{small|[[Labialized velar consonant|labialized]]}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! {{small|plain}}
| ({{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|b}})
| {{IPA link|tθ}} {{angbr|ddh}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|d}}
| {{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|dz}}
| {{IPA link|tɬ}} {{angbr|dl}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʂ}} {{angbr|dr}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{angbr|j}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|g}}
| {{IPA link|kʷ}} {{angbr|gw}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ʼ}}
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
|
| {{IPA link|tθʰ}} {{angbr|tth}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|t}}
| {{IPA link|tsʰ}} {{angbr|ts}}
| {{IPA link|tɬʰ}} {{angbr|tl}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʂʰ}} {{angbr|tr}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}} {{angbr|ch}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|k}}
| {{IPA link|kʷʰ}} {{angbr|kw}}
|
|-
! {{small|ejective}}
|
| {{IPA link|tθʼ}} {{angbr|tthʼ}}
| {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{angbr|tʼ}}
| {{IPA link|tsʼ}} {{angbr|tsʼ}}
| {{IPA link|tɬʼ}} {{angbr|tlʼ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʂʼ}} {{angbr|trʼ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʼ}} {{angbr|chʼ}}
| {{IPA link|kʼ}} {{angbr|kʼ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|prenasalized}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} {{angbr|nd}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ⁿdʒ}} {{angbr|nj}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|v}} {{angbr|v}}
| {{IPA link|ð}} {{angbr|dh}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|z}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʐ}} {{angbr|zhr}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{angbr|zh}}
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|gh}}
| {{IPA link|ɣʷ}} {{angbr|ghw}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiceless}}
| ({{IPA link|f}} {{angbr|f}})
| {{IPA link|θ}} {{angbr|th}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}}
| {{IPA link|ɬ}} {{angbr|ł}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}} {{angbr|shr}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|sh}}
| {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|kh}}
| {{IPA link|xʷ}} {{angbr|khw}}
| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Sonorant]]
! {{small|voiced}}
| ({{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}})
|
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}}
| {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}}
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
|
| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|n̥}} {{angbr|nh}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɻ̥}} {{angbr|rh}}
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels===
Gwich’in has five phonemic [[Vowel|vowel qualities]] {{IPA|/i e a o u/}} which contrast in [[Vowel length|duration]], [[Nasal vowel|nasality]], and tones.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! {{small|short}} || {{small|long}}
!{{small|short}}
!{{small|long}}
! {{small|short}} || {{small|long}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}}
|{{IPA link|iː}} {{angbr|ii}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}}
|{{IPA link|uː}} {{angbr|uu}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}} {{angbr|e}}
|{{IPA link|eː}} {{angbr|ee}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|o}} {{angbr|o}}
|{{IPA link|oː}} {{angbr|oo}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}
|{{IPA link|aː}} {{angbr|aa}}
|
|
|}

==== Allophonic variation ====
Short vowels show different vowel qualities from their long counterparts:

* {{IPA|/i/}} occurs as {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
* {{IPA|/e/}} occurs as {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
* {{IPA|/a/}} occurs as {{IPA|[ə]}}
* {{IPA|/o/}} occurs as {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
* {{IPA|/u/}} occurs as {{IPA|[ʊ]}}

==== Tone and nasality ====
* Nasal vowels are marked with an [[ogonek]], e.g. {{angbr|ą  į ǫǫ}} for {{IPA|/ə̃́ ɪ̃́ ṍː/}}, respectively.
* [[Tone (linguistics)|Low tone]] is marked with a grave accent, e.g. {{angbr|'''à'''}}, whereas high tones are never marked.

=== Syllable structure ===
Gwichʼin has moderate complexity of [[Syllable|syllable structure]], in which the maximal syllable shape is CCVC. However, no consonant clusters occur within a syllable besides /Cj/ onsets, as in {{IPA|/ɬjə̃́h/}} {{lang|gwi|łyąh}} “hook”, or -{{IPA|/tʰjɛ̀ʔ/}} -{{lang|gwi|tyèʼ}} “father” (i.e. {{IPA|/ʃɪ́tʰjɛ̀ʔ/}} {{lang|gwi|shityèʼ}} “my father”). Word-medially, two-consonant sequences may occur. All consonants may occur syllable-initially (i.e. in onset position), but syllable-finally, no ejective, retroflex, [[affricate]], interdental or labialized consonants occur. In coda-position, fricatives are also restricted to the glottal, lateral, and non-sibilant consonants. 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Coda consonants in Gwichʼin syllables<ref name=":4" />
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Coda
! colspan="2" |Example
! rowspan="2" |English
|-
! {{small|IPA}}|| {{small|Orthography}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Stop
|oral
| -k
|{{lang|gwi|tɬə́'''k'''}}
|{{lang|gwi|dlak}}
|“squirrel”
|-
|glottal
| -ʔ
|{{lang|gwi|tsʰɛ́'''ʔ'''}}
|{{lang|gwi|tse’}}
|“beaver”
|-
| rowspan="3" |Fricative
|glottal
| -h
|{{lang|gwi|ʒɛ́'''h'''}}
|{{lang|gwi|zheh}}
|“house”
|-
|lateral
| -ɬ
|{{lang|gwi|tʃə́'''ɬ'''}}
|{{lang|gwi|jał}}
|“fish hook”
|-
|non-sibilant
| -ð
|{{lang|gwi|tə́ʒə́'''ð'''}}
|{{lang|gwi|dazhadh}}
|“fury”
|-
| rowspan="3" |Sonorant
|nasal
| -n
|{{lang|gwi|ʈʂɪ́'''n'''}}
|{{lang|gwi|drin}}
|“day”
|-
|lateral
| -l
|{{lang|gwi|ə́htʰə̀'''l'''}}
|{{lang|gwi|ahtàl}}
|“grouse”
|-
|rhotic
| -ɻ̥
|{{lang|gwi|tʰéːʒɪ́'''ɻ̥'''}}
|{{lang|gwi|teezhirh}}
|“steam”
|}

== Written Gwichʼin ==
The missionary [[Robert McDonald (missionary)|Robert McDonald]] first started working on the written representation of Van Tat and Dagoo dialects Gwichʼin. He also produced a [[Bible]] and a [[hymnal|hymn book]] which was written in Gwichʼin in 1898. McDonald used English orthography as his model when representing Gwichʼin. This was unusual for missionaries at the time: other missionaries were translating the Bible from French into languages such as [[Slavey language|northern Slavey]].<ref name=":3" /> After 1960, Wycliffe Bible translator Richard Mueller introduced a new modified spelling system. The purpose of his writing system was to better distinguish the sounds of the Gwichʼin language. Later on, Mueller's writing system was officially adopted by the [[Yukon|Yukon Territory]]. The new writing system helped expand the uses of the Gwichʼin language since speakers previously found the system for writing Gwichʼin less user friendly.<ref name="auto" />

== Grammar ==
Gwichʼin is a highly [[Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic]], head-marking language with extensive exclusive prefixal inflection. Word order is relatively flexible but generally follows a [[SOV word order|SOV]] (Subject-Object-Verb) [[Word order|pattern]]. The language exhibits [[evidentiality]] and verbal inflection that conveys aspectual distinctions rather than tense. Gwichʼin uses postpositions rather than prepositions. Like other Athabaskan languages, Gwichʼin has classifier prefixes in verbs that indicate transitivity and valency changes. 

===Verb configuration===
A verb in Gwichʼin contains a great number of smaller meaningful units or [[Morpheme|morphemes]] (e.g. in English ''un-spok-en'') that combine to give the verb its intended meaning. A verb is composed of the [[Affix|stem]] preceded by a varying number of [[Prefix|prefixes]], which in Gwichʼin contain information about tense, aspect, and the number of people involved in the action.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2003 |title=Gwichʼin Language  Dictionary |url=https://www.gwichin.ca/sites/default/files/gsci_gsci_glc_2003_gwichin_language_dictionary_4th.pdf |publisher=Gwichʼin La11fJuage Centre |edition=Fourth}}
</ref>  

{{interlinear|nintɬʼeltshùh|ni-ntɬʼe-l-tshùh|2S-object-1S-give|I gave it to you
| number = (1)
}}

Unlike English verbs, which come with comparatively very little [[Morphological derivation|derivation]] and inflection (i.e. number of affixes), a Gwichʼin verb is so rich in affixes that a single inflected and conjugated verb can correspond to whole sentences in English, as in (1).

== In popular culture ==
In the [[PBS Kids]] television show [[Molly of Denali|''Molly of Denali'']], the main character Molly comes from a family of Gwichʼin background, and therefore uses words in the Gwichʼin language such as {{lang|gwi|italic=no|'Mahsi' Choo'}} throughout the show.<ref>{{cite web |title=Molly of Denali says 'Mahsi' Choo' |url=https://www.wgbh.org/foundation/molly-of-denali-says-mahsi-choo|first=Daphne|last=Northrop}}</ref> Molly shares her Gwichʼin background with the show's creative producer, Princess Daazhraii Johnson.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Alaska Natives Who Gave 'Molly of Denali' an Authentic Voice |url=https://www.akbizmag.com/industry/media-arts/meet-the-alaska-natives-who-gave-molly-of-denali-an-authentic-voice/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|}}
* Firth, William G., et al. ''Gwìndòo Nànhʼ Kak Geenjit Gwichʼin Ginjik = More Gwichʼin Words About the Land''. Inuvik, N.W.T.: Gwichʼin Renewable Resource Board, 2001.
* Gwichʼin Renewable Resource Board. ''Nànhʼ Kak Geenjit Gwichʼin Ginjik = Gwichʼin Words About the Land''. Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada: Gwichʼin Renewable Resource Board, 1997.
* McDonald. ''A Grammar of the Tukudh Language''. Yellowknife, N.W.T.: Curriculum Division, Dept. of Education, Government of the Northwest Territories, 1972.
*Mishler, Craig, ed. ''Neerihiinjìk: We Traveled From Place to Place: The Gwich’in Stories of Johnny and Sarah Frank''. 2nd ed. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, 2001.
*Mishler, Craig and Kenneth Frank, eds. ''Dinjii Vadzaih Dhidlit: The Man Who Became a Caribou''. 2nd ed. Hanover, N.H.: IPI Press, 2020.
* Montgomery, Jane. ''Gwichʼin Language Lessons Old Crow Dialect''. Whitehorse: Yukon Native Language Centre, 1994.
* Northwest Territories. ''Gwichʼin Legal Terminology''. [Yellowknife, N.W.T.]: Dept. of Justice, Govt. of the Northwest Territories, 1993.
* Norwegian-Sawyer, Terry. ''Gwichʼin Language Lessons Gwichyàh Gwichʼin Dialect (Tsiigèhchik–Arctic Red River)''. Whitehorse: Yukon Native Language Centre, 1994.
* Peter, Katherine, and Mary L. Pope. ''Dinjii Zhuu Gwandak = Gwichʼin Stories''. [Anchorage]: Alaska State-Operated Schools, Bilingual Programs, 1974.
* Peter, Katherine. ''A Book of Gwichʼin Athabaskan Poems''. College, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, Center for Northern Educational Research, University of Alaska, 1974.
* Scollon, Ronald. ''A Sketch of Kutchin Phonology''. University of Hawaii, 1975.
* Yukon Native Language Centre. ''Gwichʼin Listening Exercises Teetlʼit Gwichʼin dialect''. Whitehorse: Yukon Native Language Centre, Yukon College, 2003. {{ISBN|1-55242-167-8|}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|gwi}}
*[http://www.ynlc.ca/languages/gwichin.html Gwich’in] Archived: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190711132100/http://www.ynlc.ca/languages/gwichin.html Yukon Native Language Centre: Gwichʼin]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141225095029/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages/ga/ Alaska Native Language Center: Gwichʼin]
*[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Canada/gwichin_intro.htm Ettunetle Tutthug Enjit Gichinchik]  Portions of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer in Gwichʼin
*[https://www.gwichin.ca/sites/default/files/gsci_gsci_glc_2003_gwichin_language_dictionary_4th.pdf Gwich'in Language Dictionary], 2003, 4th Edition, prepared by the Gwich'in Social & Cultural Institute and the Gwich'in Language Centre, Tsiigehtchic and Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories (Canada); covers two dialects: Teetl'it Gwich'in (Fort McPherson) and Gwichyah Gwich'in (Tsiigehtchic)
*[https://library.alaska.gov/hist/hist_docs/docs/anlm/24000656.pdf Gwich'in Junior Dictionary/Dinjii zhuh ginjik nagwan tr'iłtsąįį], 1979, compiled by Katherine Peter, Alaska Native Language Center

{{Athabaskan languages}}
{{Languages of Alaska}}
{{Languages of Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gwich'in Language}}
[[Category:Gwichʼin]]
[[Category:Northern Athabaskan languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Alaska]]
[[Category:First Nations languages in Canada]]
[[Category:Official languages of Alaska]]