View source for Draft:Integrate-Transfer-Launch Complex

{{Infobox launch pad|name=Integrate-Transfer-Launch Complex|location=[[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]]|short=ITL|utc_offset=−05:00|utc_offset_DST=−04:00|time_zone=[[Eastern Standard Time|EST]]|time_zone_DST=[[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]|established={{start date and age|1961}}|operator=[[United States Space Force]] (owner)<br/>'''SLC-40:'''<br/>[[SpaceX]] (tenant)<br/>'''SLC-41:'''<br/>[[United Launch Alliance]] (tenant)|pads=2|tlaunches='''432''' (36 Titan IIIC, 7 Titan IIIE, 8 Titan 34D, 4 Commercial Titan III, 27 Titan IV, 85 Atlas V, 262 Falcon 9, 2 Vulcan Centaur)|inclination=28°–62°|coordinates={{coord|28|32|54.7|N|80|35|24|W|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline,title}}|paddetails={{Infobox launch pad/pad
  | designation  = [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|Pad 40]]
  | status       = Active
  | launches     = '''317''' (26 Titan IIIC, 8 Titan 34D, 4 Commercial Titan III, 17 Titan IV, 262 Falcon 9)
  | unknown      = 
 |first = 18 June 1965
 |first_details = [[Titan IIIC]]
 |last = 28 June 2025
 |last_details = [[Falcon 9 Block 5]] ([[Starlink]] G10-34)
  | rockets      = 
'''Current:''' [[Falcon 9]]<br/>'''Retired:''' [[Titan IIIC]], [[Titan 34D]], [[Commercial Titan III]], [[Titan IV]]<br/>'''Plans cancelled:''' [[Titan IIIM]]
}} 
{{Infobox launch pad/pad
  | designation  = [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41|Pad 41]]
  | status       = Active
  | launches     = '''115''' (10 Titan IIIC, 7 Titan IIIE, 10 Titan IV, 85 Atlas V, 2 Vulcan)
  | first     = 21 December 1965
  | first_details = [[Titan IIIC]] ([[Lincoln Experimental Satellite|LES-3 and 4]])
  | last      = 23 June 2025 
  |last_details = [[Atlas V]] ([[Kuiper Systems|KuiperSat]] KA-02)
  | rockets      = '''Current:''' [[Atlas V]], [[Vulcan Centaur|Vulcan]]<br/> '''Retired:''' [[Titan IIIC]], [[Titan IIIE]], [[Titan IV]]
}}
{{Infobox launch pad/pad
  | designation = Pad 42
  | status      = Never built
  | launches = 0
  | rockets = '''Plans cancelled:''' [[Titan IIIC]]
 }}|image=Launch of Gemini B aboard a Titan IIIC rocket (66C-76586).jpg|caption=The ITL in 1966, showing the launch of [[OPS 0855]] from [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|LC-40]].}}{{Short description|Historic military launch site at Cape Canaveral}}
The '''Integrate-Transfer-Launch Complex''' ('''ITL''') is a [[List of rocket launch sites|rocket launch site]] located at [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]] in [[Florida]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cape Canaveral Space Force Museum |url=https://ccspacemuseum.org/facilities/integrate-transfer-launch-itl-complex/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=ccspacemuseum.org}}</ref> Situated on the northern end of the [[Banana River]], the complex and its various components were originally constructed by the [[United States Air Force]] for the [[Titan (rocket family)|Titan III]] program, and was later modified for use by the [[Titan IV]]. The ITL's design is similar to that of [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39]] at the neighboring [[Kennedy Space Center]], where it consists of two launch pads at [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|Space Launch Complex 40]] (SLC-40) and [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41|Space Launch Complex 41]] (SLC-41) as well as a [[Vertical Integration Building]] (VIB), a Solid Motor Assembly Building (SMAB), and a Solid Motor Assembly Readiness Facility (SMARF), all connected by rail.

Following the retirement of the Titan family in 2005, the Air Force and the [[United States Space Force]] have divided the ITL between two [[private spaceflight]] companies in the processing and launch of their rockets. [[SpaceX]] currently leases SLC-40 in the integration and launch of their reusable [[Falcon 9]], and additionally uses the SMAB to encapsulate any of their payloads.<ref name="FloridaToday">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=John |date=April 25, 2007 |title=SpaceX cleared for Cape launches |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/floridatoday/blogs/spaceteam/2007/04/spacex-cleared-for-cape-launches.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030616/http://www.floridatoday.com/floridatoday/blogs/spaceteam/2007/04/spacex-cleared-for-cape-launches.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2010 |work=Florida Today}}</ref> Meanwhile, SLC-41 has been used by the [[Boeing]]-[[Lockheed Martin]] joint venture [[United Launch Alliance]] (ULA) to launch the [[Atlas V]] and [[Vulcan Centaur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Canaveral Space Force Museum |url=https://ccspacemuseum.org/facilities/launch-complex-41/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=ccspacemuseum.org}}</ref> For the assembly of these rockets, the Vertical Integration Facility (VIF) was constructed for both vehicles, and the SMARF was renamed to the Vertical Integration Facility-C (VIF-C) for Vulcan.

Early on, a third launch pad was planned to be constructed at the ITL, to be designated '''Launch Complex 42''' ('''LC-42'''). However, the envisioned location west of the facility led to proximity issues with [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|Launch Complex 39A]], which resulted in LC-42 never being built.

== History ==

=== Background and construction (1961–1964) ===
During the late 1950s, the [[United States Air Force]] began to explore replacing their first two [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBMs]], [[General Dynamics]]' [[SM-65 Atlas]] and the [[Glenn L. Martin Company]]'s [[HGM-25A Titan I]]. Although the two have been made serviceable enough to warrant deployment in various bases across the country, they both suffered greatly from using [[RP-1]] and [[liquid oxygen]] as fuel. As the liquid oxygen was a [[Cryogenic fuel|cryogenic propellant]], both the Atlas and Titan were forced to load their fuel immediately between initial activation and launch, massively lengthening readiness times. What resulted was the development of the [[LGM-25C Titan II]] by [[Martin Marietta]], which replaced the RP-1 and LOX with [[Aerozine 50]] and [[dinitrogen tetroxide]], [[hypergolic propellant]] that could be stored for long periods of time and eliminated the need for an ignition fluid.[[File:ITL Complex under construction.jpg|left|thumb|The ITL Complex under construction in 1964.]]The Titan II was designated as the new primary ICBM in the Air Force's arsenal during the 1960s, being deployed into numerous silos across the United States. However, this period did not last; the simultaneously developed [[LGM-30 Minuteman]] quickly won the Air Force and [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy administration]]'s favor in part thanks to its [[solid fuel]] compared to the Titan II's toxic hypergols.<ref>{{cite web |title=LGM-30G Minuteman III Fact Sheet |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104466/lgm-30g-minuteman-iii/}}</ref> Although it was not officially retired due to its large size and throw weight, the Titan II was nonetheless demoted to a secondary role and led to a large scale reduction in deployment.

With the new influx of missiles getting mothballed, the Titan II started seeing a second life as a [[launch vehicle]]. Although there were previous proposals for such use in the past, the missile began to have concrete plans for space launch getting made, primarily with [[Project Gemini]] for [[NASA]] (as the [[Titan II GLV]]) and the Air Force's [[Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar|X-20 Dyna Soar]]. Additionally, representatives from both NASA and the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] formed the Large Launch Vehicle Planning Group (LLVPG), which aimed to use the LGM-25C as the base architecture for a [[medium-lift launch vehicle]] designed for putting objects with a mass greater than 10,000 kg into [[low Earth orbit]]. The plan called for the Titan II to have the [[Transtage]] third stage added on top for the boosting of payloads into [[geostationary transfer orbit]], as well as two large segmented [[Solid rocket booster|solid rocket boosters]] (SRBs) attached to the missile's sides. Additionally, as existing Titan II launch sites at Cape Canaveral (such as [[Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 19|Launch Complex 19]]) could not support these modifications, the LLVPG instead proposed to construct an entirely new site where these rockets would get assembled and launched, similar to the planned [[Saturn V]] at the nearby [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39]] of the [[Kennedy Space Center|Launch Operations Center]].

In 1961, The LLVPG's medium-lift Titan plan was accepted for use by the Air Force, and development of the Integrate-Transfer-Launch Complex commenced on November 24, 1962.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Complex 40 / LC-40 -- Cape Canaveral Air Station |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/facility/ccas-itl.htm |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> As part of the construction process, a total of 4.97 million cubic meters (6.5 million cubic yards) were dredged in order to create [[Artificial island|artificial islands]] in the [[Banana River]] that could support the complex's integration facilities.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, the Titan IIIC Railroad was laid to assist in the transportation of the solid rocket segments and other vehicle parts to the assembly buildings, connecting to the [[Florida East Coast Railway]] via the [[NASA Railroad]] to the north.

The Air Force also had the ITL designed to allow for the rapid assembly and launching of Titan rockets, aiming for it to be able to handle as many as fifty flights per year.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1607778643949883392 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=The US Air Force Titan III I-T-L (Integrate - Transfer - Launch) complex. Completed in 1965, the ITL was a rail-mobile-based site that was originally designed to handle as many as 50 launches per year at SLC-40 and SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral. #TitanTuesday |last=NASASpaceflight |author-link=NASASpaceflight |date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> As part of this endeavor, early plans for the complex included the construction of a third pad to the west of LC-40 and 41, aptly named Launch Complex 42. However, concerns arose regarding LC-42's placement potentially conflicting with [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|Launch Complex 39C]] (now LC-39A) at the newly-renamed Kennedy Space Center, ultimately leading to its cancellation in favor of increased use from LC-40 and 41. The emphasis on cadence was especially made prominent following the 1963 establishment of the [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] (MOL) program, which replaced Dyna Soar with a [[Project Gemini|Gemini]]-based vehicle architecture. During this change, the X-20 Titan pad of Launch Complex 33 was cancelled (cemented by [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 37|LC-37]] being built in place), with any MOL flights being performed at the ITL and [[Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6|Space Launch Complex 6]] at [[Vandenberg Space Force Base|Vandenberg Air Force Base]].

By April 1965, construction of the ITL Complex was officially completed and made ready to support the Titan III program and the [[Titan IIIC]]. In total, approximately [[United States dollar|US$]]48.8 million ($512.4 million in 2025) were used in the issuing of building contracts.<ref name=":1" />

=== Titan III (1965–1989) ===
[[File:Titan IIIC-11 launch.jpg|thumb|A [[Titan IIIC]] carrying several [[Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program|IDCSP]] satellites launches from [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41|LC-41]] in June 1966.]]
At the time of its activation in 1965, the ITL Complex became the first piece of launch architecture to use a rolling-to-pad approach, later seen at sites such as LC-39 at KSC, [[ELA-3]] at the [[Guiana Space Centre]], and the [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]] OLPs at [[SpaceX Starbase|Starbase]]. The assembly process started at the [[Vertical Integration Building]] (VIB), where the Titan's first stage, second stage, and Transtage were raised and stacked on a [[Mobile launcher platform|mobile launch platform]], inside one of the VIB's four high bays.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1yp6h9JghA |title=Biography of a Titan - AI upscale, USAF, Titan IIIC Development, Satellite Launch, 1970, Documentary |date=2023-04-20 |last=Retro Space HD |access-date=2025-05-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The core stack, similar in structure to the [[Titan IIIA]], would then get moved to the Solid Motor Assembly Building (SMAB) by a double-tracked railway system specifically designed for the MLP. Once inside the SMAB, the various solid rocket segments would get fueled, stacked into two completed SRBs, and attached to the side of the core segment. Upon completion, the Titan IIIC would exit the SMAB and get transported to either [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|Launch Complex 40]] (LC-40) or [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41|Launch Complex 41]] (LC-41), both identical in their layout and function.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGoQEW2Rhwg |title=Titan III Research And Development (1967) |date=2011-11-28 |last=AIRBOYD |access-date=2025-05-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> After arriving at one of the two pads, the launch vehicle would get enveloped in a movable [[service structure]], where the payload and any potential [[Apogee kick motor|kickstage]] would get attached to the rocket and encapsulated in a [[Payload fairing|fairing]]. Once done, the service structure moves back, the Titan core stages get fueled, and the launch countdown begins.

On June 18, 1965, the ITL Complex witnessed its inaugural launch with the maiden flight of the Titan IIIC, launching out of LC-40 and carrying a [[Boilerplate (spaceflight)|boilerplate]] payload as part of a demonstration mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Canaveral LC40 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/c/capecanaverallc40.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> The first flight from LC-41 came six months later on December 21, flying with two [[Lincoln Experimental Satellite|Lincoln Experimental Satellites]] bound for [[geostationary orbit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Canaveral LC41 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/c/capecanaverallc41.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> Throughout the complex's years with the Titan III, the vast majority of payloads launched were military satellites such as [[Vela (satellite)|Vela]], the [[Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program]] (IDCSP), and the [[Defense Support Program]] (DSP), often flown in [[Secondary payload|rideshares]] or outside of [[low Earth orbit]]. In addition, most civilian Titan flights from the ITL were boosted into [[heliocentric orbit]], often to other planets as part of various NASA exploration programs. 

The first notable flight to come out of the complex was on November 3, 1966, with the launch of [[OPS 0855]] from LC-40. A launch conducted as part of the MOL program, a boilerplate payload—comprising the reused [[Gemini SC-2]] capsule (previously flown on [[Gemini 2]]) and a repurposed Titan I oxidizer tank—was launched into orbit. The flight served as a demonstration for a future operational mission that would have used the upgraded [[Titan IIIM]], which aimed to use a stretched core stage (later seeing use with some [[Titan IIIB]] variations) and to replace the IIIC's five-segment [[UA120]] boosters with seven-segment UA1207s. OPS 0855 would later turn out to be the only launch of the MOL program, as various delays and cost increases associated with the [[Vietnam War]] ultimately led to its cancellation by the [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon administration]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite book |last=Berger |first=Carl |url=https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/history/csnr/programs/docs/MOL_Compendium_August_2015.pdf |title=The Dorian Files Revealed: The Secret Manned Orbiting Laboratory Documents Compendium |publisher=Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-937219-18-5 |editor-last=Outzen |editor-first=James D. |location=Chantilly, Virginia |contribution=A History of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory Program Office |oclc=966293037 |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>

In accordance with the troubles that plagued and killed off the MOL, the need for the ITL Complex to support such a high cadence quickly faded away, with the Air Force instead aiming for a much lower flight rate of five launches per year. As such, the need to use both pads 40 and 41 was similarly discarded, with all remaining Titan IIIC flights in the 1960s solely launching from LC-41. In 1970, these launches were relocated to LC-40, with the final Titan IIIC flight from 41 occurring on May 23, 1969, carrying two Vela satellites into [[medium Earth orbit]]. One of these satellites, OPS-6911, later became known for detecting a [[double flash]] in the southwest [[Indian Ocean]] in 1979, sparking the [[Vela incident]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vela 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (advanced Vela) |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/vela_adv.htm |website=space.skyrocket.de}}</ref>
[[File:Titan IIIE Centaur No. 3 return to VIB for storage after tests on LC 41.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Titan IIIE]] to be used for ''[[Viking 2]]'' in February 1975, rolling from [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41|LC-41]] to the [[Vertical Integration Building|VIB]] for storage.]]
During the early 1970s, the Air Force and NASA partnered in modifying the ITL in order to support a civilian-oriented Titan rocket, the [[Titan IIIE]].<ref name="Hydrogen">{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=Virginia |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4230.pdf |title=Taming Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket 1958-2002 |last2=Bowles |first2=Mark |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |year=2004}}</ref> This launch vehicle was born in need of a rocket more powerful than [[Atlas-Centaur]] to launch interplanetary spacecraft, which was made much more necessary following the expected retirement of the [[Saturn (rocket family)|Saturn family]] with the conclusion of the [[Apollo program|Apollo Program]] and [[Apollo Applications Program]]. Using a [[Cryogenic fuel|cryogenic]] [[Centaur (rocket stage)|Centaur]] upper stage in place of the Transtage, the Titan IIIE complemented the IIIC’s operations at the complex by utilizing one of the VIB’s high bays for core assembly and launching from LC-41.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |author-link=NASA |date=September 1973 |title=Titan IIIE/Centaur D-IT Systems Summary |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19750004937/downloads/19750004937.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2025 |website=nasa.gov}}</ref> The maiden flight of the rocket (and first civilian launch from the ITL Complex in general) occurred on February 11, 1974, carrying the [[Sphinx (satellite)|Sphinx]] test satellite for NASA into space before a [[turbopump]] malfunction on the Centaur engaged [[range safety]] protocols.

Over the next three years, the Titan IIIE launched six more times from the ITL Complex, each flight carrying its payloads into heliocentric orbit. The first of these spacecraft was ''[[Helios (spacecraft)|Helios-A]]'' in December 1974, which was a [[heliophysics]]-centered probe that became the first to travel inside [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]'s orbit. It was later complemented with its sister ''[[Helios (spacecraft)|Helios-B]]'' in January 1976, which set a proximity record to the [[Sun]] that stood until the ''[[Parker Solar Probe]]''<nowiki/>'s launch more than 40 years later in 2018. Following this, the [[Viking 1|two]] [[Viking 2|spacecraft]] of the [[Viking program|''Viking'' program]] launched from LC-41 for [[Mars]] in the summer of 1975, during which ''[[Viking 1]]'' became the first spacecraft to successfully operate on the Martian surface.<ref name="NASA-20061218">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=David R. Dr. |date=December 18, 2006 |title=Viking Mission to Mars |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/viking.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206095644/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/viking.html |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2014 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> Lastly, the [[Voyager program|''Voyager'' program]] took off using the final two IIIE flights in 1977, aiming at exploring the four [[outer planets]] using an alignment that occurs once every 175 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Flandro |first=Gary |date=1966 |title=Fast Reconnaissance Missions to the Outer Solar System Using Energy Derived from the Gravitational Field of Jupiter |url=http://www.gravityassist.com/IAF3-2/Ref.%203-143.pdf |journal=Astronautica Acta |volume=12 |pages=329–337}}</ref> ''[[Voyager 2]]'' launched first in August, later becoming the first spacecraft to visit [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]], while ''[[Voyager 1]]'' used the IIIE's last launch in September to become the furthest artificial object from Earth.

1980s roll around, Titan IIIC is replaced by the Titan 34D, which allows for an option between the Transtage, IUS, and TOS

integration for third stage still occurs at VIB

still basically used for military payloads

launches wind down because Space Shuttle can do everything and the kitchen sink

Challenger happens, nevermind

=== Commercial Titan III and Titan IV (1990–2005) ===
Late 80s, Titan manufacturer Martin Marietta collabs with the air force to renovate ITL post-34D

plan has LC-40 used by civvie CT3, LC-41 used for military Titan IV

T4 SRBs are taller than T3, SMARF therefore built for SRB stacking and strapping

SMAB gets retrofitted for CT3

I think both have third stages integrated at pad?

CT3 is expensive and bad, leads to early cancellation because customers like Delta II, Atlas I, and Ariane 4 more (also Soviets fell, now Proton and whatnot are in the mix)

SMAB therefore gets abandoned, and LC-40 gets retrofitted to launch Titan IV

Martin Marietta merges with Lockheed to form Lockmart, continue in operations

mostly military payloads, though Cassini was a thing too

T4 is good, but also really expensive and old

Lockmart also got Atlas after GD imploded, and it's easier and cheaper

leads to them deciding to slowly retire Titan, last LC-41 launch in 1999, last LC-40 launch in 2005

SMARF gets abandoned, rails get torn out, VIB gets demolished

=== Leases to ULA and SpaceX (from 2002) ===
LC-41 gets retired earlier because Lockmart wants to use it for Atlas V, gets renamed to SLC-41 because EELV money yo

Titan infra gets demolished, VIF gets built because VIB and SMARF were still being used (and SMAB still has rockets go through it)

First launch in 2002, with hotbird

Private spaceflight industry almost implodes because dotcom bubble, leads to Lockmart and Boeing (who has delta) forming ULA together

Various launches like New Horizons and X-37B and Mars rovers my oh my

2007, Air Force leases LC-40 to SpaceX for Falcon 9, gets renamed to SLC-40 because EELV money yo

tears down Titan infra, builds HIF at the pad

also converts SMAB into payload processing (when did they do this?)

First Falcon launch in 2010, using F9 1.0

used for COTS with Dragon

renovated in 2013 for F9 1.1, now can support Fairing payloads

gets dedicated for uncrewed F9 launches after SpX got LC-39A's lease in 2014

at SLC-41, Boeing wins CCdev contract for Starliner, which uses Atlas V

therefore, a launch tower gets built

gets used first in 2019, first crew launch is in 2024

AMOS-6 happens, SLC-40 gets put out of commission for a year

SpaceX also builds a launch tower there for Dragon 2

starts becoming big workhorse pad because starlink

Russian annexation of Crimea happens, which puts ULA in hot water because AV uses RD-180

causes Vulcan to get developed to replace A5, D2, and D4

wants to have increased launch cadence, so they rename SMARF to SPOC as a 2nd VIF, builds another ML there, and rebuilds all the rail lines between it and SLC-41

Also done because AV will still be launching, so they can build an AV in the VIF and a Vulcan in SPOC

First Vulcan launch in early 2024

== Launch complexes ==

=== Space Launch Complex 40 ===
{{Main article|Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40}}
[[File:Falcon 9 Starlink 6-39 Launch (8255767).jpg|thumb|SLC-40 in February 2024, launching a Falcon 9 on a [[Starlink]] mission.]]
Originally known as LC-40

Used for launching Titan IIIC, 34D, CT3, and IV

now used by spaceX for Falcon 9

originally identical to SLC-41, had MSS and launch tower

stripped down for falcon 9 originally, also HIF was built

AMOS kefuffle rended it out of action

Launch tower later rebuilt for Dragon 2

=== Space Launch Complex 41 ===
{{Main article|Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41}}
[[File:Vulcan Centaur rollout (Peregrine).jpg|thumb|SLC-41 in January 2024, with a Vulcan Centaur rolling out from the VIF.]]
Originally known as LC-41

located at CCSFS, but as an enclave of KSC

use for launching Titan IIIC, IIIE, and IV

now used by ULA for Atlas V and Vulcan

originally identical to SLC-40, had MSS and launch tower

stripped town for Atlas V originally

launch tower later rebuilt for Starliner

=== Launch Complex 42 ===
Was to be built to the west of SLC-40, in the banana river

would've been used for Titan IIIC

never built due to proximity issues with Apollo stuff at LC-39

== Assembly facilities ==

=== Vertical Integration Building ===
{{Main article|Vertical Integration Building}}
[[File:ITL Area Diagram.jpg|thumb|An area diagram of the ITL during the Titan III era. The VIB is shown in the foreground.]]
Used to stack Titan cores, IE the first stage, second stage, and third stage

built in early 60s

Similar to the VAB

Four high bays/cells on the southern face

can also support payload integration

demolished in 2006 after Titan IV retired

=== Solid Motor Assembly Building ===
[[File:Solid Motor Assembly Building and Starlink 4-10.png|thumb|The SMAB in March 2022. In the background is a [[Falcon 9]] launching a [[Starlink]] batch from [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|SLC-40]].]]
Used to assemble multisegment SRBs and attach them

built in early 60s

one bay for the core and ML to go through

core entered through south, got SRBs attached, rocket left through north

only used for Titan III

Now used by SpaceX for payload processing, aka taking the satellites, getting them ready for launch, and putting them in a fairing

damaged by hurricane matthew in 2016

=== Vertical Integration Facility ===
[[File:Lucy Rollout to the Pad, SLC-41 - DRONE (KSC 20211014 PH MTD01 0018) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The VIF in October 2021, rolling out an [[Atlas V]] 401 carrying ''[[Lucy (spacecraft)|Lucy]]''.]]
used to stack Atlas V and Vulcan

built in late 90s and early 2000s

located near SLC-41

One bay, ML door to the north

Originally for atlas V, modified in 2020s for Vulcan, now can do both

=== Vertical Integration Facility-C ===
[[File:Solid Motor Assembly and Readiness Facility at Cape Canaveral (KSC-2012-4874, cropped).jpg|thumb|The VIF-C in 2012.]]
Originally the SMARF, then the SPOC

like SMAB, also used to assemble multisegment SRBs and attach them

built in late 80s

located near where the paths between 40 and 41 diverge

One bay for the core

only one door though

only used for Titan IV

renamed to SPOC in 2019, was used by ULA to build a second Vulcan ML

being renovated in the 2020s to be additionally used as a second VIF for Vulcan, being renamed to VIF-C

== Launch statistics ==

=== SLC-40 ===
{{Cape Canaveral launch pad map}}{{#section-h:Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|Statistics}}<!--Edit the section "Launch statistics" at [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40]] instead, it will update here-->

=== SLC-41 ===
{{#section-h:Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41|Statistics}}<!--Edit the section "Launch statistics" at [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41]] instead, it will update here-->

== See also ==
{{portal|Rocketry|Spaceflight
}}

* [[List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites]]
* [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|Space Launch Complex 40]]
* [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41|Space Launch Complex 41]]
* [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39]]
** [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|Launch Complex 39A]]
** [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|Launch Complex 39B]]

== References ==
<references responsive="0"></references>
{{Merritt Island}}