View source for Convoy QP 11

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Convoy QP 11
| image= HMS Edinburgh stern torpedo damage 1941 IWM MH 23866.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
|caption= HMS ''Edinburgh'' showing the damage to its stern after the attack by {{GS|U-456||2}}
|partof=the Arctic convoys of the [[Second World War]]
|date= 28 April – 7 May 1942
|place=[[Arctic Ocean]]
|result=Indecisive
|combatant1={{flagicon|Nazi Germany|naval}} [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
|combatant2={{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} [[United Kingdom]] <br />{{flagicon|Soviet Union|naval-1935}} [[Soviet Union]]<br />{{flag|United States|1912}}
|commander1=[[Alfred Schulze-Hinrichs]]
|commander2=
|strength1=3 destroyers<br />2 U-boats
|strength2=1 cruiser<br />6 destroyers<br />4 minesweeper<br />1 guard-ship
|casualties1=1 destroyer sunk
|casualties2=1 cruiser sunk <br /> 3 destroyers damaged <br />1 Soviet freighter sunk
|campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Arctic Naval Operations of WWII}}
}}
'''Convoy QP 11''' was an [[Arctic Convoy]] of the [[Second World War]], made up of merchant ships returning from the [[Soviet Union]] to [[Great Britain|Britain]] after delivering their cargo. The convoy consisted of 13 merchant ships, escorted by 18 warships. The convoy was attacked by German [[destroyers]] and [[submarines]], suffering the loss of one merchant ship as well as the [[light cruiser]] {{HMS|Edinburgh|16|6}}. The Germans lost the destroyer {{ship|German destroyer|Z7 Hermann Schoemann||2}}.

== Ships ==
QP 11 consisted of 13 merchant ships, mostly British or American, including five ships that had been a part of [[Convoy PQ 13]]. The convoy sailed from the Soviet port of [[Murmansk]] on 28 April 1942. The convoy was escorted by the light cruiser HMS ''Edinburgh'', the [[destroyers]] {{HMS|Amazon|D39|6}}, {{HMS|Beagle|H30|2}}, [[HMS Beverley|''Beverley'']], {{HMS|Bulldog|H91|2}}, {{HMS|Foresight|H68|2}} and {{HMS|Forester|H74|6}}, the {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}}s {{HMS|Campanula|K18|6}}, {{HMS|Oxlip|K123|2}}, {{HMS|Saxifrage|K04|2}} and {{HMS|Snowflake|K211|2}}, with the armed [[Trawler (naval)|trawler]] {{HMS|Lord Middleton|FY219|6}}. ''Edinburgh'' was an escort and carried $20 million in gold, a payment from the Soviet Union to the United States.{{sfn|Edwards|2002|pp=95–98}}

==Voyage==
On 29 April, the convoy was spotted by a German [[Junkers Ju 88]] reconnaissance aircraft and [[U-boat]]s.{{sfn|Jessop|Hanson|2002|pp=258–266}} On 30 April, two days out from Murmansk, {{GS|U-88|1941|2}} and {{GS|U-436||2}} made attacks on the convoy to no effect.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=162}} Later that day, {{GS|U-456||2}} hit ''Edinburgh'' twice. One torpedo hit the cruiser's forward boiler room while the other hit the cruiser's stern, destroying its rudder and two of its four propellers.{{sfn|Edwards|2002|pp=95–98}} ''Edinburgh'' was badly damaged but remained afloat; it left the convoy and turned towards Murmansk, escorted by ''Foresight ''and ''Forester''. Several ships were sent from Murmansk to assist ''Edinburgh'', among them the British {{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}}s {{HMS|Gossamer|J63|6}}, {{HMS|Harrier|J71|2}}, {{HMS|Hussar|J82|2}} and {{HMS|Niger|J73|2}}, the Soviet destroyers {{ship|Soviet destroyer|Gremyashchy|1937|2}} and {{ship|Soviet destroyer|Sokrushitelny|1937|2}}, the Soviet [[guard ship]] ''Rubin'' and a [[Tugboat|tug]].{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=162}}

===1 May===
The German command sent the three destroyers of {{lang|de|Zerstörergruppe Arktis}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z7 Hermann Schoemann||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z24||2}} and {{ship|German destroyer|Z25||2}} ({{lang|de|[[Kapitän zur See]]}} [[Alfred Schulze-Hinrichs]]), to attack Convoy QP 11 and then sink HMS ''Edinburgh''. The German ships reached the convoy in the afternoon on 1 May. The weather was cold; intermittent snow and rain limited visibility. ''Hermann Schoemann'' opened fire at 14:05. The four British destroyers formed up between the German destroyers and the convoy and engaged them at a range of about {{cvt|10000|yd}}. ''Amazon'' was hit twice and severely damaged. At 14:30 a German torpedo salvo hit and sank the Soviet freighter ''Tsiolkovski''. At 17:50 the German destroyers turned to pursue ''Edinburgh''.{{sfn|O'Hara|2011|pp=188–190}}

===2 May===
The flotilla found ''Edinburgh'' {{cvt|250|nmi}} east of the convoy at 06:17 on 2 May, moving at {{cvt|2|kn}}.{{sfn|Jessop|Hanson|2002|pp=258–266}} ''Edinburgh'' was escorted by ''Foresight'', ''Forester'', the four British minesweepers and ''Rubin'', ''Gremyaschi'' and ''Sokrushitelny'' had returned to Murmansk due to a lack of fuel.{{sfn|Edwards|2002|pp=95–98}} The three German destroyers engaged the British ships. Due to the damage caused by ''U-456'', ''Edinburgh'' was unable to manoeuvre and could only steam in circles. A snow shower separated ''Herman Schoemann'' from the other German destroyers and it attacked the British ships alone.{{sfn|O'Hara|2011|pp=188–190}} ''Edinburgh''{{'}}s targeting systems had been destroyed by the torpedo explosions but its gunners managed to hit and cripple ''Hermann Schoemann''.{{sfn|Jessop|Hanson|2002|pp=258–266}} At 18:45, ''Z24 ''and ''Z25'' arrived. ''Z25'' hit and disabled ''Forester'' and then badly damaged ''Foresight''.{{sfn|O'Hara|2011|pp=188–190}} At 18:52 a salvo of torpedoes from one of the German destroyers missed ''Foresight'' and ''Forester'' but one torpedo kept going and struck ''Edinburgh'' in the middle of its left side, opposite the hole made by ''U-456''{{'}}s torpedo.{{sfn|Jessop|Hanson|2002|pp=258–266}} The German ships soon withdrew, possibly because they overestimated the strength of the British minesweepers. At 08:15, ''Z24'' rescued most of the crew of ''Hermann Schoemann'' who were still on the deck and then scuttled it.{{sfn|O'Hara|2011|pp=188–190}} More survivors from ''Hermann Schoemann'' who were in life rafts were later rescued by ''U-88''. ''Harrier'' and ''Gossamer'' took survivors off ''Edinburgh'', which was then scuttled by a torpedo from ''Foresight''.{{sfn|Edwards|2002|pp=95–98}}

==Aftermath==
The rest of the voyage of Convoy QP 11 saw unsuccessful attacks on the convoy by the submarines {{GS|U-589||2}} and {{GS|U-251||2}}. The twelve remaining merchant ships of the convoy arrived in Iceland on 7 May.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=162}}

==Allied order of battle==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Merchant ships{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|pp=35–36}}
|-
!Ship
!Year
!Flag
![[Gross register ton|GRT]]
!Notes
|-
|{{SS|Atheltemplar}}||align="center"|1930||{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}||align="right"|8,992||
|-
|{{SS|Ballot}}||align="center"|1922||{{flag|Panama}}||align="right"|6,131||
|-
|{{SS|Briarwood}}||align="center"|1930||{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}||align="right"|4,019||[[Convoy Commodore]]
|-
|{{SS|Dan-Y-Bryn}}||align="center"|1940||{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}||align="right"|5,117||Vice-Convoy Commodore
|-
|{{SS|Dunboyne}}||align="center"|1919||{{flag|United States|1912}}||align="right"|3,515||
|-
|{{SS|El Estero}}||align="center"|1920||{{flag|Panama}}||align="right"|4,219||
|-
|{{SS|Eldena}}||align="center"|1919||{{flag|United States|1912}}||align="right"|6,900||
|-
|{{SS|Gallant Fox}}||align="center"|1918||{{flag|Panama}}||align="right"|5,473||
|-
|{{SS|Mormacmar}}||align="center"|1920||{{flag|United States|1912}}||align="right"|5,453||
|-
|{{SS|Stone Street}}||align="center"|1922||{{flag|Panama}}||align="right"|6,131||
|-
|{{SS|Trehata}}||align="center"|1928||{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}||align="right"|4,817||Damaged by ice
|-
|{{SS|Tsiolkovsky}}||align="center"|1935||{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}||align="right"|2,847||Sunk 1 May by ''Z24'', ''Z25''
|-
|{{SS|West Cheswald}}||align="center"|1919||{{flag|United States|1912}}||align="right"|5,711||
|-
|}

===Local escort===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Local escort{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=35}}
!Ship!!Flag!!Class!!Dates!!Notes
|-
| {{ship|Soviet destroyer|Sokrushitelny|1937|2}} || {{naval|Soviet Union}} || {{sclass|Gnevny|destroyer}} || 28–29 April ||
|-
| {{ship|Soviet destroyer|Valerian Kyubishev||2}} || {{naval|Soviet Union}} || {{sclass|Novik|destroyer}} || 28–29 April ||
|-
| {{HMS|Gossamer|J63|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}} || 28–29 April ||
|-
| {{HMS|Hussar|J82|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}} || 28–29 April ||
|-
| {{HMS|Niger|J73|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}} || 28–29 April ||
|-
| {{HMS|Skipjack|J38|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}} || 28–29 April ||
|-
|}

===Ocean escort===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ocean escort{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=35}}
!Ship!!Flag!!Class!!Dates!!Notes
|-
| {{HMS|Edinburgh|16|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|Town|cruiser|||1936}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Amazon|D39|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[Thornycroft type destroyer leader|Thornycroft type destroyer]] ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Beagle|H30|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[A- and B-class destroyer|B-class destroyer]] ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Bulldog|H91|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[A- and B-class destroyer|B-class destroyer]] ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Beverley||6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass|Clemson|destroyer}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Foresight|H68|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[E and F-class destroyer|F-class destroyer]] ||28 April – 30 April ||
|-
| {{HMS|Forester|H74|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[E and F-class destroyer|F-class destroyer]] ||28 April – 30 April ||
|-
| {{HMS|Campanula|K18|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Oxlip|K123|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Saxifrage|K04|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Snowflake|K211|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMT|Lord Middleton|FY219|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[Trawlers of the Royal Navy|Admiralty trawler]] ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
|}

===Distant cover===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Home Fleet{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=35}}
!Ship!!Flag!!Class!!Dates!!Notes
|-
| {{HMS|Victorious|R38|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass|Illustrious|aircraft carrier}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|King George V|41|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass|King George V|battleship|||1939|2}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Duke of York|17|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass|King George V|battleship|||1939|2}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Kenya|14|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass|Fiji|cruiser}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Escapade|H17|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[E and F-class destroyer|E-class destroyer]] ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Faulknor|H62|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[E and F-class destroyer|F-class destroyer]] ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Inglefield|D02|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|I|destroyer}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Marne|G35|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[L and M-class destroyer|M-class destroyer]] ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Martin|G44|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[L and M-class destroyer|M-class destroyer]] ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Oribi|G66|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || [[O and P-class destroyer|O-class destroyer]] ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Belvoir|L32|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Hursley|L84|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Lamerton|L88|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
| {{HMS|Middleton|L74|6}} || {{naval|UKGBNI}} || {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}} ||28 April – 7 May ||
|-
|}

===Submarine patrols===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+Flank patrols{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=162}}
! scope="col" width="90px"  |Name
! scope="col" width="160px"  |Flag
! scope="col" width="140px"   |Type
! |Notes
|-
|align="left"|[[ORP Jastrząb|ORP ''Jastrząb'']]
|align="left"|{{navy|Poland}}
|align="left"|[[United States S-class submarine|S-class submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French submarine|Minerve|1934|2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|Free France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Minerve|submarine}}
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Unison|P43|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[British U-class submarine|U-class submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{HNoMS|Uredd|P-41|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|Norway}}
|align="left"|[[British U class submarine|U-class submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|D-3||2}}
|align="left"|{{naval|USSR}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Dekabrist|submarine}}
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|K-2||2}}
|align="left"|{{naval|USSR}}
|align="left"|{{sclass2|Soviet K|submarine}}
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|K-22|1938|2}}
|align="left"|{{naval|USSR}}
|align="left"|{{sclass2|Soviet K|submarine}}
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|K-23||2}}
|align="left"|{{naval|USSR}}
|align="left"|{{sclass2|Soviet K|submarine}}
|align="left"|
|-
|}

==German order of battle==
===U-boats===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ U-boats{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=162}}
|-
! scope="col" width="40px"  |Boat
! scope="col" width="120px"  |Name
! scope="col" width="100px"  |Flag
! scope="col" width="120px"  |Type
! Notes
|-
|align="left"|{{GS|U-88|1941|2}}
|align="left"|[[Heino Bohmann]]
|align="left"|{{naval|Nazi Germany}}
|align="left"|[[Type VIIC|Type VIIC submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{GS|U-251||2}}
|align="left"|[[Heinrich Timm]]
|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}
|align="left"|[[Type VIIC|Type VIIC submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{GS|U-405||2}}
|align="left"|[[Rolf-Heinrich Hopman]]
|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}
|align="left"|[[Type VIIC|Type VIIC submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{GS|U-436||2}}
|align="left"|[[Günther Seibicke]]
|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}
|align="left"|[[Type VIIC|Type VIIC submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{GS|U-456||2}}
|align="left"|[[Max-Martin Teichert]]
|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}
|align="left"|[[Type VIIC|Type VIIC submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{GS|U-589||2}}
|align="left"|[[Hans-Joachim Horrer]]
|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}
|align="left"|[[Type VIIC|Type VIIC submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|{{GS|U-703||2}}
|align="left"|[[Heinz Bielfeld]]
|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}
|align="left"|[[Type VIIC|Type VIIC submarine]]
|align="left"|
|-
|}

===Ships===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+German destroyers{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=162}}
!Ship!!Flag!!Class!!Notes
|-
| {{ship|German destroyer|Z7 Hermann Schoemann||2}} || {{naval|Nazi Germany}} || {{sclass2|Type 1934A|destroyer}}  ||1 May severely damaged by {{HMS|Edinburgh|16|6}}, scuttled 
|-
| {{ship|German destroyer|Z24||2}} || {{naval|Nazi Germany}} ||{{sclass2|Type 1936A|destroyer}} || 
|-
| {{ship|German destroyer|Z25||2}} || {{naval|Nazi Germany}} ||{{sclass2|Type 1936A|destroyer}} ||
|-
|}

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Bernard |title=The Road to Russia: Arctic Convoys 1942 |year=2002 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-59114-732-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jessop |first1=Keith |last2=Hanson |first2=Neil |title=Goldfinder |year=2002 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |location=Danvers, MA |isbn=0-471-40733-X}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Hara |first=Vincent P. |editor-first=Spencer C. |editor-last=Tucker |title=World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-59884-457-3}}
* {{cite book |first1=Jürgen |last1=Rohwer |first2=Gerhard |last2=Hümmelchen |title=Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |year=2005 |orig-year=1972 |publisher=Chatham |location=London |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=978-1-86176-257-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ruegg |first1=R. |last2=Hague |first2=A. |title=Convoys to Russia: Allied Convoys and Naval Surface Operations in Arctic Waters 1941–1945 |year=1993 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=World Ship Society |location=Kendal |edition=2nd rev. enl. |isbn=0-905617-66-5}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Boog |first1=H. |last2=Rahn |first2=W. |last3=Stumpf |first3=R. |last4=Wegner |first4=B. |translator1-last=Osers |translator1-first=E. |translator2-last=Brownjohn |translator2-first=J. |translator3-last=Crampton |translator3-first=P. |translator4-last=Willmot |translator4-first=L. |series=Germany in the Second World War |title=The Global War: Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943 |year=2001 |volume=VI |publisher=Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History) |location=Potsdam |edition=Eng trans. Oxford University Press, London |isbn=0-19-822888-0}}
<!--** {{harvc |last=Rahn |first=W. |c=Part III. The War at Sea in the Atlantic and in the Arctic Ocean. III. The Conduct of the War in the Atlantic and the Coastal Area (b) The Third Phase, April–December 1941: The Extension of the Areas of Operations |year=2001 |in1=Boog |in2=Rahn |in3=Stumpf |in4=Wegner}}-->
* {{cite book |last=Claasen |first=A. R. A. |title=Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-fated Campaign, 1940–1945 |year=2001 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, KS |isbn=0-7006-1050-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hancock |first1=W. K. |author-link1=Keith Hancock (historian) |last2=Gowing |first2=M. M. |author-link2=Margaret Gowing |editor-last=Hancock |editor-first=W. K. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Civil Series |title=British War Economy |year=1949 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |oclc=630191560}}
* {{cite book |last=Hinsley |first=F. H. |author-link=Harry Hinsley |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations |location=London |publisher=HMSO |year=1994 |orig-year=1993 |edition=2nd rev. abr. |isbn=978-0-11-630961-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Hobbs |first=David |title=The Fleet Air Arm and the War in Europe 1939–1945 |year=2022 |publisher=Seaforth (Pen & Sword) |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-5267-9979-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Kahn |first=D. |author-link=David Kahn (writer) |title=The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing |year=1973 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |edition=10th abr. Signet, Chicago |oclc=78083316 |lccn=63-16109}}
* {{cite book |first=Paul |last=Kemp |title=Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters |year=1993 |publisher=Arms and Armour Press |location=London |isbn=1-85409-130-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/convoydramainarc0000kemp_k9q5 |via=Archive Foundation}}
* {{cite book |title=The Searchers: Radio Intercept in two World Wars |last=Macksey |first=K. |author-link=Kenneth Macksey |year=2004 |orig-year=2003 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |edition=Cassell Military Paperbacks |isbn=978-0-304-36651-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Paterson |first=Lawrence |title=Steel and Ice: The U-boat Battle in the Arctic and Black Sea 1941–45 |location=Stroud |publisher=The History Press |date=2016 |isbn= 978-1-59114-258-4}}
* {{cite book |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive |volume=I |last=Roskill |first=S. W. |author-link=Stephen Roskill |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |year=1957 |orig-year=1954 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=4th impr. |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |oclc=881709135 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227021618/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Woodman |author-link=Richard Woodman |year=2004 |orig-year=1994 |title=Arctic Convoys 1941–1945 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-5752-1}}

==External links==

{{Arctic convoys}}
{{World War II}}
[[Category:Arctic convoys of World War II|QP 11]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|C]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving the Soviet Union]]