View source for 3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement

{{Short description|1970 Lusaka summit conference}}
{{Infobox summit meeting
| name         = Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement
| other_titles = 
| logo         = 3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement Logo.jpg
| logo_alt     = 
| image        = {{Photomontage|position=center
|photo1a =
|photo2a =3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement Participants.png
|size = 270
|spacing = 1
|color = #FFFFFF
|border = 1
}}
| alt          = 
| caption      = {{color box|006D6F}}: Member states<br>
{{color box|98FB98}}: Observers<br>
{{color box|FF9966}}: Liberation movements & rival delegations <small>([[Cambodia]])</small><br>
{{color box|Red}}: Rejected participation
| country      = {{flag|Zambia|1964}}
| date         = 8–10 September 1970
| motto        = 
| venues       = 
| cities       = [[Lusaka]]
| participants = 
{{flag|Afghanistan|1930}}<br>
{{flag|Algeria}}<br>
{{flag|Botswana}}<br>
{{flag|Burundi}}<br>
{{flag|Cameroon|1961}}<br>
{{flag|Central African Republic}}<br>
{{flag|Ceylon}}<br>
{{flag|Chad}}<br>
{{flag|PR Congo}}<br>
{{flag|DR Congo|1966}}<br>
{{flag|Cuba}}<br>
{{flag|Cyprus}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Equatorial Guinea (without coat of arms).svg}} [[Equatorial Guinea]]<br> 
{{flag|Ethiopia|1897}}<br>
{{flag|Gabon}}<br>
{{flag|Gambia}}<br>
{{flag|Ghana}}<br>
{{flag|Guinea}}<br>
{{flag|Guyana}}<br>
{{flag|India}}<br>
{{flag|Indonesia}}<br>
{{flag|Iraq|1963}}<br>
{{flag|Jamaica}}<br>
{{flag|Jordan}}<br>
{{flag|Kenya}}<br>
{{flag|Kuwait}}<br>
{{flag|Laos|1952}}<br>
{{flag|Lebanon}}<br>
{{flag|Lesotho|1966}}<br>
{{flag|Liberia}}<br>
{{flag|Libya|1969}}<br>
{{flag|Malaysia}}<br>
{{flag|Mali}}<br>
{{flag|Mauritania|1959}}<br>
{{flag|Morocco}}<br>
{{flag|Nepal}}<br>
{{flag|Nigeria}}<br>
{{flag|Rwanda|1962}}<br>
{{flag|Senegal}}<br>
{{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br>
{{flag|Singapore}}<br>
{{flag|Somalia}}<br>
{{flag|Sudan}}<br>
{{flag|Swaziland}}<br>
{{flag|Syria|1963}}<br>
{{flag|Tanzania}}<br>
{{flag|Togo}}<br>
{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br>
{{flag|Tunisia|1959}}<br>
{{flag|Uganda}}<br>
{{flag|Egypt|1958}}<br>
{{flag|North Yemen}}<br>
{{flag|South Yemen}}<br>
{{flag|Yugoslavia}}<br>
{{flag|Zambia|1964}}
| chairperson  = [[Kenneth Kaunda]]<br>
([[President of Zambia]])
| president    =
| follows      = [[2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|2nd Summit]] ([[Cairo]], {{flag|Egypt|1958}})
| precedes     = [[4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|4th Summit]] ([[Algiers]], {{flag|Algeria}})
| website      = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| keypoints    =
| compactnav   =
}}

'''Third Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement''' on 8–10 September 1970 in [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] was the third conference of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="International Legal Materials">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |date=January 1971 |title=Third Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |journal=International Legal Materials |jstor= 20690727|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20690727 }}</ref> A preparatory meeting of Foreign Ministers drafted a number of resolutions which were considered by the Summit Conference.<ref name="The Third Summit Conference of Non-Aligned States">{{cite report |last1= |first1= |date=February 1971 |title=RESOLUTIONS OF THE THIRD CONFERENCE OF NON-ALIGNED STATES |publisher=[[South African Institute of International Affairs]] |journal= |url=https://media.africaportal.org/documents/SAIIA_RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_THIRD_CONFERENCE_OF_NON-ALIGNED_STATES.pdf |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401121552/https://media.africaportal.org/documents/SAIIA_RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_THIRD_CONFERENCE_OF_NON-ALIGNED_STATES.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[President of Zambia]] [[Kenneth Kaunda]] opened the conference by underlining non-alignment as "''the natural choice at the time of increased hostility created by ideological conflicts in the [[Polarity (international relations)|bipolar]] world''"<ref name="HronikaBelgrade">{{cite book |editor= Milutin Tomanović |date=1971 |title=Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1970 |trans-title=The Chronicle of International Events in 1970 |url= |language=sh |pages= 2345–2347 |location=[[Belgrade]] |publisher=[[Institute of International Politics and Economics]] |isbn=}}</ref>

The conference was organized in the context of the development of the policy of ''[[Détente]]'' which in fact led to relaxing tensions between the [[Soviet Union]] and the West, yet this increased cooperation among [[superpowers]] potentially excluded the space for the initiative of [[Third World]] countries.<ref name="Bogetić">{{cite journal |last=Bogetić |first=Dragan |date=2018 |title=Doprinos konferencije u Lusaki 1970. institucionalizaciji saradnje nesvrstanih zemalja i njihovom reaktiviranju u međunarodnim odnosima |trans-title=Contribution of the Conference in Lusaka 1970 to the Institutionalization of Cooperation of Non-Aligned Countries and their Reactivation in International Relations |journal=Istorija 20. Veka |publisher=Institute for Contemporary History, [[Belgrade]] |volume= 36|issue=1 |pages=161–178 |doi=10.29362/IST20VEKA.2018.1.BOG.161-178 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=646334 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It was organized 6 years after the conference in Cairo what was the longest period between the two conferences.<ref name="Bogetić"/> The location for the conference was in part selected in order to support Zambia whose sovereignty and borders were threatened by [[Rhodesia]] and [[Apartheid]] era [[South Africa]].<ref name="Bogetić"/>

The conference adopted, the "''Declaration on Peace, Independence, Development, Cooperation and Democrtization of International Relations''" and  the "''Declaration on Non-Alignment and Economic Development''".<ref name="HronikaBelgrade"/> It also adopted as a number of resolutions on the ''[[UN]] and the Non-Alignment'' (reaffirming the commitment to the world organization), ''[[Seabed]] usage'' (peaceful and scientific usage), ''[[Disarmament]]'' (nuclear dissarmament), ''[[Middle East]] situation'' (call to [[Israel]]i withdrawal from the occupied territories), ''Aggression on [[Lebanon]]'' (condemnation of the Israeli intervention and call for UN action), the ''Arrest of Algerians in Israel'' (call for release from prison), ''Strengthening the Role of the Non-Aligned Movement'' (establishment of the executive mechanism),  ''[[Southeast Asia]] Situation'' (concern over US involvement), ''[[Decolonization]]'' (call on France and Spain to complete the process and call for new measures on Portugal, South Africa and Rhodesia), ''[[Racial discrimination]]'' (South Africa situation), ''Portugal colonies'', on ''Zimbabwe'' and on ''Namibia''.<ref name="HronikaBelgrade"/> Yugoslavia was in part dissatisfied with strong focus of African issues which prevented further discussion on issues in [[Latin America]] and [[Europe]].<ref name="Bogetić"/>

The conference was commended by the [[Premier of the Soviet Union]] [[Alexei Kosygin]], [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]] [[Zhou Enlai]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] [[Willy Brandt]], [[State Council of East Germany|Chairman of the State Council of East Germany]] [[Walter Ulbricht]], [[Pope Paul VI]], [[State Council of Romania|President of the State Council of Romania]] [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] and others.<ref name="HronikaBelgrade"/>

==Preparation for the Conference==
15 Non-Aligned countries met in Belgrade in March 1965 to coordinate their response to the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Bogetić"/> At the time, developing countries were divided between the supporters of what was known as the ''regionalist concept'' ([[Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation]] supported at the time by [[China]]) and universalist concept (Non-Aligned Movement).<ref name="Bogetić"/> The Non-Aligned concept in the end was more successful in part due to coincidence that the 1965 Afro-Asian conference in [[Algeria]] was canceled due to [[1965 Algerian coup d'état]].<ref name="Bogetić"/> In 1966 [[President of Yugoslavia]] [[Josip Broz Tito]], [[President of Egypt]] [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] and [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]] met in [[New Delhi]] where they called for more Non-Aligned solidarity.<ref name="Bogetić"/> The initiative to organize the third NAM conference to follow the 1964 conference in Cairo was formed by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Yugoslavia)|Federal Secretariat of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia]] on 9 May 1968 when the institution published the "''Draft Thesis for the Platform of the Conference of Non-Aligned and Peaceful Countries''".<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana">{{cite book |author= Tvrtko Jakovina |author-link= Tvrtko Jakovina |date=2011|title=Treća strana Hladnog rata |publisher=Fraktura |isbn=978-953-266-203-0 }}</ref> Zambia was one of the countries which supported the idea to organize the event.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> To promote the idea, President Tito visited 11 countries in early 1968 including prominent Non-Aligned members such as India, Egypt and Ethiopia.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> Request by the [[Francoist Spain]] to the Yugoslav representation in [[Paris]] to get involved in the movement was perceived as unexpected, but was nevertheless shared with Ethiopia and India (both of which were initially considered for hosting the event) and was ultimately rejected as inappropriate due to Spanish support to Portuguese colonialism.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> Ethiopia and Yugoslavia were strongly motivated to initiate the event to voice concerns of small states after the August 1968 [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]], therefore Yugoslav Delegation to the [[United Nations]] hosted the NAM foreign ministers (59 out of 74 invited attended) at the margins of the [[Twenty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly]].<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> At the meeting in [[Dar es Salaam]] countries formally interested in hosting the event were Ethiopia, India, Morocco and Algeria.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> Arab countries pressured Ethiopia to drop its application, after which [[Addis Ababa]] strongly advocated for Zambia which received 29, while Algeria received 23 votes.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/>

The meeting in Dar es Salaam was followed by the Preparatory Meeting for the Third Conference by the NAM Permanent Committee was held in [[New Delhi]], [[India]] between 7 and 9 June 1970.<ref name="HronikaBelgrade"/> Delegates of 16 member states of the NAM Permanent Committee at the time were [[Algeria]], [[Burundi]], [[Ceylon]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Guyana]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iraq]], [[Yugoslavia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Morocco]], [[Senegal]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[United Arab Republic]] and [[Zambia]].<ref name="HronikaBelgrade"/> The Committee confirmed Zambia as the host the conference and invited member states with delegations in Lusaka to provide help needed in the preparation of the event.<ref name="HronikaBelgrade"/>

[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (host of the first conference) provided significant support to Zambia in organization of the conference. Only four months before the event President of Zambia (reluctant to invite companies from [[Western Bloc]]) invited [[Belgrade]] based construction company [[Energoprojekt holding]] asking them to build 4,000-seat convention hall as fast as possible.<ref name="NYT-Energoprojekt">{{cite news |last=Tagliabue |first=John |date=28 March 1983 |title=How a Yugoslav Company Built an International Market |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/28/business/how-a-yugoslav-company-built-an-international-market.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 May 2021 }}</ref> The project was designed and built simultaneously and 115 days after the works started and two weeks ahead of the deadline, the new convention hall was ready for the event.<ref name="NYT-Energoprojekt"/>

==Participants==
The following states participated at the Conference in Lusaka;<ref name="International Legal Materials"/>

===Member states===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Afghanistan|1930}}
* {{flag|Algeria}}
* {{flag|Botswana}}
* {{flag|Burundi}}
* {{flag|Cameroon|1961}}
* {{flag|Central African Republic}}
* {{flag|Ceylon}}
* {{flag|Chad}}
* {{flag|PR Congo}}
* {{flag|DR Congo|1966}}
* {{flag|Cuba}}
* {{flag|Cyprus}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Equatorial Guinea (without coat of arms).svg}} [[Equatorial Guinea]]
* {{flag|Ethiopia|1897}}
* {{flag|Gabon}}
* {{flag|Gambia}}
* {{flag|Ghana}}
* {{flag|Guinea}}
* {{flag|Guyana}}
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|Indonesia}}
* {{flag|Iraq|1963}}
* {{flag|Jamaica}}
* {{flag|Jordan}}
* {{flag|Kenya}}
* {{flag|Kuwait}}
* {{flag|Laos|1952}}
* {{flag|Lebanon}}
* {{flag|Lesotho|1966}}
* {{flag|Liberia}}
* {{flag|Libya|1969}}
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
* {{flag|Mali}}
* {{flag|Mauritania|1959}}
* {{flag|Morocco}}
* {{flag|Nepal}}
* {{flag|Nigeria}}
* {{flag|Rwanda|1962}}
* {{flag|Senegal}}
* {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
* {{flag|Singapore}}
* {{flag|Somalia}}
* {{flag|Sudan}}
* {{flag|Swaziland}}
* {{flag|Syria|1963}}
* {{flag|Tanzania}}
* {{flag|Togo}}
* {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
* {{flag|Tunisia|1959}}
* {{flag|Uganda}}
* {{flag|Egypt|1958}}
* {{flag|North Yemen}}
* {{flag|South Yemen}}
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}
* {{flag|Zambia|1964}}
{{div col end}}

===Observers===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Austria}}
* {{flag|Barbados}}
* {{flag|Bolivia|state}}
* {{flag|Brazil|1968}}
* {{flag|Chile}}
* {{flag|Finland|state}}
* {{flag|Peru|state}}
* {{flag|Uruguay}}
* {{flag|Venezuela|1954}}
* [[Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation]]
* [[Organisation of African Unity]]
* [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam]]
{{div col end}}

===Guests===
* [[People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola]]
* [[South West Africa People’s Organisation]]
* [[Zimbabwe African National Union]]
* [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]]
* [[Mozambique Liberation Front]]
* [[African National Congress of South Africa]]
* [[National Movement for the Liberation of the Comoros Islands]]
* [[Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis]]
* [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]]
* There were 2  rival [[Cambodia]]n delegations, one representing the Government of General [[Lon Nol]], and the other representing the deposed Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]].<ref name="The Third Summit Conference of Non-Aligned States"/>

==Heritage==
===3rd Conference Monument in Lusaka===
{{Infobox monument
| name          = Third Conference Monument in Lusaka
| native_name   = 
| image         = Non-Aligned Movement Third Conference Monument in Lusaka.jpg
| image_size    = 
| caption       = 
| location      = [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]]
| mapframe      = 
| designer      = 
| type          = 
| material      = 
| length        = 
| width         = 
| height        = 
| weight        = 
| visitors_num  = 
| visitors_year = 
| begin         = 
| complete      = 
| dedicated     = 3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement
| open          = 1970
| restore       = 
| dismantled    = 
| dedicated_to  = 
| map_name      = 
| map_text      = 
| map_width     = 
| map_relief    = 
| coordinates   = 
| website       = 
| extra_label   = 
| extra         = 
}}

The commemorative monument to the 3rd Summit in Lusaka was erected along the Independence Avenue in Lusaka, where it has remained ever since its construction.<ref name="Nesvrstani.rs">{{cite news |author=n.a. |date=n.d. |title=Spomenik Trećoj konferenciji Pokreta nesvrstanih u Lusaki |url=https://www.nesvrstani.rs/lusaka.html |work=Nesvrstani.rs, [[Museum of African Art, Belgrade]] |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> Drawing inspiration from a temporary installation that was built at Topčider Star in [[Senjak]], [[Belgrade]] during the [[1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] in 1961, this monument embodied the spirit of Non-Aligned cooperation and diplomacy.<ref name="Nesvrstani.rs"/>

==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of Zambia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Non-Aligned Movement Summits}}
{{Foreign relations of Zambia}}

[[Category:Non-Aligned Movement Summits|Summit 3rd]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Zambia]]
[[Category:Lusaka]]
[[Category:1970 conferences]]
[[Category:1970 in politics]]
[[Category:1970 in Zambia]]