View source for 2019 in science

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{{Year topic navigation|2019|science}}
{{Science year nav|2019}}
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A number of significant scientific events occurred in '''2019'''.

== Events ==

=== January ===
[[File:UltimaThule-NewHorizons-20190222.png|thumb|right|200px|1 January: The ''[[New Horizons]]'' [[space probe]] flies by [[486958 Arrokoth]], a remote [[Kuiper belt]] object ([[:File:NASA-UltimaThule-3D-NewHorizons-20190307.png|3D version]]).<ref name="NYT-20190210" /><ref name="NYT-20181231-kc" /><ref name="NYT-20181231" /><ref name="NYT-20190318kc" />]]
* 1 January{{Snd}} The ''[[New Horizons]]'' [[space probe]] flies by [[Kuiper belt]] object [[486958 Arrokoth]] (nicknamed ''Ultima Thule''), the outermost close encounter of any [[Solar System]] object.<ref name="NYT-20181231-kc">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=New Horizons Spacecraft Completes Flyby of Ultima Thule, the Most Distant Object Ever Visited |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/31/science/new-horizons-ultima-thule.html |date=31 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=1 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181231">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA's New Horizons Will Visit Ultima Thule on New Year's Day |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/31/science/ultima-thule-pictures-new-horizons.html |date=31 December 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=31 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190318kc">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=How Ultima Thule Is Like a Sticky, Pull-Apart Pastry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/science/ultima-thule-new-horizons.html |date=18 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=19 March 2019 }}</ref>
* 2 January{{Snd}} A study finds that tons of [[methane]], a [[greenhouse gas]], are released into the atmosphere by melting ice sheets in [[Greenland]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Melting ice sheets release tons of methane into the atmosphere, study finds |url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2019/january/greenland-subglacial-methane-.html |date=2 January 2019 |work=[[University of Bristol]] |access-date=5 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 3 January
** China's National Space Administration ([[CNSA]]) achieves the first soft landing on the [[far side of the Moon]] with its [[Chang'e 4]] mission.<ref>{{cite news |title=China Moon mission lands Chang'e-4 spacecraft on far side |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46724727 |date=3 January 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=3 January 2019 }}</ref>
** Scientists report the engineering of crops with a photorespiratory "shortcut" to boost plant growth by 40% in real-world agronomic conditions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists engineer shortcut for photosynthetic glitch, boost crop growth 40% |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190103142306.htm |date=3 January 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=3 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Genetically modified 'shortcut' boosts plant growth by 40% |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46750092 |date=3 January 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=3 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 4 January
** Researchers at Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) report a way to control properties of [[excitons]] and change the polarisation of light they generate, which could lead to [[transistors]] that undergo less energy loss and heat dissipation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Excitons pave the way to more efficient electronics |url=https://actu.epfl.ch/news/excitons-pave-the-way-to-more-efficient-electronic/ |date=4 January 2019 |work=EPFL |access-date=6 January 2019 }}</ref>
** Researchers design an inhalable form of [[messenger RNA]] [[aerosol]] that could be administered directly to the lungs to help treat diseases such as [[cystic fibrosis]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Engineers create an inhalable form of messenger RNA|url=https://news.mit.edu/2019/inhalable-messenger-rna-lung-disease-0104 |date=4 January 2019 |work=MIT News |access-date=9 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 6 January
** A [[Solar eclipse of January 6, 2019|partial solar eclipse]] occurred.
* 8 January
** Researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy's [[Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory]] (PPPL) report a new way to stabilise the "tearing modes" in fusion reactors, using radio waves to create small changes in the temperature of the plasma, allowing it to be controlled more easily.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists inch closer to fusion energy with discovery of a process that stabilizes plasmas |url=https://www.pppl.gov/news/2019/01/scientists-inch-closer-fusion-energy-discovery-process-stabilizes-plasmas |date=8 January 2019 |work=Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111055034/https://www.pppl.gov/news/2019/01/scientists-inch-closer-fusion-energy-discovery-process-stabilizes-plasmas |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**IBM unveils [[IBM Q System One]], its first integrated [[quantum computing]] system for commercial use.<ref>{{cite news |title=IBM Unveils World's First Integrated Quantum Computing System for Commercial Use |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2019-01-08-IBM-Unveils-Worlds-First-Integrated-Quantum-Computing-System-for-Commercial-Use |date=8 January 2019 |work=IBM |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502070740/https://newsroom.ibm.com/2019-01-08-IBM-Unveils-Worlds-First-Integrated-Quantum-Computing-System-for-Commercial-Use |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IBM unveils its first commercial quantum computer |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/08/ibm-unveils-its-first-commercial-quantum-computer/ |date=8 January 2019 |work=Tech Crunch |access-date=14 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 9 January
** Astronomers announce the discovery of a second repeating [[fast radio burst]] (FRB) source, named [[Fast radio burst#FRB 180814|FRB 180814]].<ref name="NAT-20190109">{{cite journal |author=The CHIME/FRB Collaboration |title=A second source of repeating fast radio bursts |date=9 January 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=566 |issue=7743 |pages=235–238 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0864-x |pmid=30653190 |arxiv=1901.04525 |author-link=Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment |bibcode=2019Natur.566..235C |s2cid=186244363 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190110">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Broadcasting from Deep Space, a Mysterious Series of Radio Signals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/science/radio-bursts-universe-astronomy.html |date=10 January 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 January 2019 }}</ref>
** The first [[SD card]] with a storage capacity of 1 [[terabyte]] (TB) is announced by [[Lexar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lexar Announces 1TB 633x SDXC UHS-I card, the behemoth of storage capacity. |url=http://www.lexar.com/lexar-announces-1tb-633x-sdxc-uhs-i-card-the-behemoth-of-storage-capacity/ |date=9 January 2019 |work=Lexar |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030323/https://www.lexar.com/lexar-announces-1tb-633x-sdxc-uhs-i-card-the-behemoth-of-storage-capacity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Astronomers at the University of Warwick present the first direct evidence of [[white dwarf stars]] solidifying into [[crystals]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of stars turning into crystals|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190109142631.htm |date=9 January 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=14 January 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:Australopithecus sediba.JPG|thumb|right|200px|17 January: ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'' found to be distinct from, but similar to, both the older ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'' and the younger ''[[Homo habilis]]''.<ref name="EA-20190117" />]]
* 10 January{{Snd}} Astronomers propose that [[AT2018cow]], a [[Superluminous supernova|very powerful astronomical explosion]], 10–100 times brighter than a normal [[supernova]], may have been a [[white dwarf]] being pulled apart by a [[black hole]]; or, a supernova leaving behind a black hole or a [[neutron star]], the creation of a compact body being observed for the first time.<ref name="EA-20190110">{{cite news |author=[[Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy]] (AURA) |title=Unusual supernova opens a rare window on the collapse of a star |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/aouf-uso010719.php |date=10 January 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=14 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="DT-20190113">{{cite web |last=Torbet |first=Georgina |title=Scientists debate mysterious flash of light in space, known as 'The Cow'  |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/what-caused-the-cow/ |date=13 January 2019 |work=[[Digital Trends]] |access-date=14 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ATL-20190113">{{cite web |last=Koren |first=Marina |title=Astronomers Glimpse a Luminous Object Born From a Star's Death called Unthinkable-s3b|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/01/supernova-black-hole-neutron-star/580075/ |date=13 January 2019 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=14 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 11 January{{Snd}} Researchers at the University of Michigan demonstrate a new approach to [[3D printing]], based on the lifting of shapes from a vat of liquid, which is up to 100 times faster than conventional processes.<ref>{{cite news |title=3D printing 100 times faster with light|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190111143736.htm |date=11 January 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=21 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 14 January{{Snd}} A study in the journal ''[[PNAS]]'' finds that [[Antarctica]] experienced a sixfold increase in yearly ice mass loss between 1979 and 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Antarctica losing six times more ice mass annually now than 40 years ago|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190114161150.htm |date=14 January 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=18 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 16 January{{Snd}} A study in [https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecm.1339 Ecological Monographs] suggests there may be sustained foraging specialization, fasting and omnivory in the [[whale shark]] (''Rhincodon typus''), the world's largest fish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/uot-ogg010919.php|title=Ocean giant gets a health check: Combination blood, tissue test reveals whale shark diets|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
* 17 January 
** Scientists report that ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'' is distinct from, but shares anatomical similarities to, both the older ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'', and the younger ''[[Homo habilis]]''.<ref name="EA-20190117">{{cite news |author=Dartmouth College |title=Understanding our early human ancestors: Australopithecus sediba |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/dc-uoe011719.php |date=17 January 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=19 January 2019 |author-link=Dartmouth College |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603104536/https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/dc-uoe011719.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Astronomers report that a [[Daytime (astronomy)|day]] on the planet [[Saturn]] has been determined to be <span class="nowrap">{{RA|10|33|38}} {{+-|{{RA||1|52}}|{{RA||1|19}}}} </span><!---<span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup>33<sup>m</sup>38<sup>s</sup><span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+1<sup>m</sup>52<sup>s</sup><br />-1<sup>m</sup>19<sup>s</sup></span></span></span>---><!---10 hours, 33 minutes, 38 seconds (+1m52s;-1m19s)--->, based on studies of the planet's [[Rings of Saturn#C Ring|C Ring]].<ref name="NASA-20190118">{{cite news |last1=McCartney |first1=Gretchen |last2=Wendel |first2=JoAnna |title=Scientists Finally Know What Time It Is on Saturn |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=731 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829054935/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=731 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2019 |date=17 January 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=18 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="APJ-20190117">{{cite journal |author=Mankovich, Christopher |display-authors=et al |title=Cassini Ring Seismology as a Probe of Saturn's Interior. I. Rigid Rotation |date=17 January 2019 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=871 |pages=1 |number=1 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf798 |bibcode=2019ApJ...871....1M |arxiv=1805.10286 |s2cid=67840660 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 21 January
** Scientists report that the [[Greenland ice sheet]] is melting four times faster than in 2003, with its largest sustained ice loss coming from the southwest region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greenland ice melting four times faster than in 2003|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190121153636.htm |date=21 January 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=22 January 2019 }}</ref>
** [[January 2019 lunar eclipse|Lunar eclipse]]
* 22 January{{Snd}} [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]]'s [[Waymo]] subsidiary announces that it will later in 2019 begin construction in the US State of Michigan on the World's first factory for mass-producing autonomous vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Growing our team and business in Michigan |url=https://medium.com/waymo/growing-our-team-and-business-in-michigan-932f75addb45 |website=Medium{{Snd}} Waymo blog |access-date=17 February 2019|date=2019-01-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Waymo plans to open the world's first self-driving-car factory this year |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/612819/waymo-plans-to-open-the-worlds-first-self-driving-car-factory-this-year/ |website=MIT Technology Review |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Waymo Adding A Michigan Factory And 'Hundreds' Of Jobs To Build Self-Driving Vehicles |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2019/01/22/waymo-adding-a-michigan-factory-and--hundreds-of-jobs-to-build-self-driving-vehicles/#68f8669a4e63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122194142/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2019/01/22/waymo-adding-a-michigan-factory-and--hundreds-of-jobs-to-build-self-driving-vehicles/#68f8669a4e63 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2019 |website=Forbes |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google self-driving spinoff Waymo to put factory in Michigan |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/google-self-driving-spinoff-factory-michigan-1.4989204 |website=CBC |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref> 
* 23 January
** Scientists in China report the creation of five identical [[Clone (cell biology)|cloned]] [[Genome editing|gene-edited]] [[Crab-eating macaque|monkeys]], using the same cloning technique that was used with [[Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua]]{{Snd}} the first ever cloned monkeys{{Snd}} and [[Dolly (clone)|Dolly the sheep]], and the same gene-editing [[CRISPR]]-[[Cas9]] technique allegedly used by [[He Jiankui]] in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies [[Lulu and Nana]]. The genetically modified monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.<ref name="EA-20190123a">{{cite news |author=Science China Press |title=Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php |date=23 January 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124030455/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="GZM-20190123">{{cite news |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess |url=https://gizmodo.com/chinas-latest-cloned-monkey-experiment-is-an-ethical-me-1831987348 |date=23 January 2019 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=24 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20190124">{{cite news |last=McRae |first=Mike |title=Chinese Scientists Have Cloned a Genetically Altered Primate For The First Time |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/chinese-scientists-have-cloned-a-genetically-altered-primate-for-the-first-time |date=24 January 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=24 January 2019 }}</ref>
** Astronomers report the first-ever detection of [[glycolonitrile]], another possible [[Abiogenesis|building block of life]] among [[List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules|other such molecules]], in [[outer space]].<ref name="EA-20190123b">{{cite news |author=Queen Mary University of London |title=Astronomers find star material could be building block of life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/qmuo-afs012319.php |date=23 January 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=24 January 2019 |author-link=Queen Mary University of London }}</ref>
[[File:Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) juvenile.jpg|thumb|right|200px|23 January: Five identical [[Clone (cell biology)|cloned]] [[Genome editing|gene-edited]] [[Crab-eating macaque|monkeys]] (similar to the one pictured above) created, in order to study several medical diseases.<ref name="EA-20190123a" /><ref name="GZM-20190123" /><ref name="SA-20190124" />]]
* 24 January 
** [[NASA]] announces that the ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'' rover has been on the planet [[Mars]] for 15 years.<ref name="NASA-20190124a">{{cite news |last=Agle |first=DC |title=NASA's Opportunity Rover Logs 15 Years on Mars |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7317 |date=24 January 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=24 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190125">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title='This Could Be the End' for NASA's Mars Opportunity Rover |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/science/mars-opportunity-rover.html |date=25 January 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 January 2019 }}</ref>
** NASA scientists report the discovery of the [[Oldest dated rocks|oldest known Earth rock]]{{Snd}} on the [[Moon]]. [[Apollo 14]] astronauts returned several rocks from the Moon and later, scientists determined that a fragment from one of the rocks contained "a bit of Earth from about 4 billion years ago." The rock fragment contained [[quartz]], [[feldspar]], and [[zircon]], all common on the Earth, but highly uncommon on the Moon.<ref name="NASA-20190124b">{{cite news |author=[[Universities Space Research Association]] (USRA) |title=Earth's Oldest Rock Found on the Moon |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/820/earths-oldest-rock-found-on-the-moon/ |date=24 January 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=25 January 2019 }}</ref>
** The complete [[axolotl]] genome is reported to have been sequenced by the University of Kentucky.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sci-fi to reality: Superpowered salamander may hold the key to human regeneration |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/uok-str011819.php |date=24 January 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125105836/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/uok-str011819.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Complete Axolotl Genome Could Pave the Way Toward Human Tissue Regeneration |url=https://gizmodo.com/complete-axolotl-genome-may-be-a-huge-step-toward-human-1832015926 |date=24 January 2019 |work=Gizmodo |access-date=25 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 25 January{{Snd}} AlphaStar, a new artificial intelligence algorithm by [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]]'s [[DeepMind]] subsidiary, defeats professional players of the real-time strategy game [[StarCraft II]] in ten rounds out of eleven.<ref>{{cite news|title=AlphaStar: Mastering the Real-Time Strategy Game StarCraft II|url=https://deepmind.com/blog/alphastar-mastering-real-time-strategy-game-starcraft-ii/|date=25 January 2019|work=Alphabet DeepMind|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124204600/https://deepmind.com/blog/alphastar-mastering-real-time-strategy-game-starcraft-ii/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DeepMind's new AI just beat top human pro-gamers at Starcraft II for the first time|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/612832/deepminds-new-ai-just-beat-top-human-pro-gamers-at-starcraft-ii-for-the-first/|date=25 January 2019 |work=MIT Technology Review|access-date=28 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=DEEPMIND BEATS PROS AT STARCRAFT IN ANOTHER TRIUMPH FOR BOTS|url=https://www.wired.com/story/deepmind-beats-pros-starcraft-another-triumph-bots/|date=25 January 2019 |magazine=Wired|access-date=28 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 29 January{{Snd}} Researchers at [[Purdue University]]'s [[Purdue University College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] release a paper in the journal ''[[American Chemical Society|ACS]] Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering'' detailing a new process to turn [[plastic waste]] in hydrocarbon fuels.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chemical Engineering research to turn plastic waste into clean fuels |url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/Engr/AboutUs/News/Spotlights/2019/chemical-engineering-research-to-turn-plastic-waste-into-clean-fuels |website=Purdue University |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wan-Ting Chen |author2=Kai Jin |author3=Nien-Hwa Linda Wang |title=Use of Supercritical Water for the Liquefaction of Polypropylene into Oil |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=3749–3758 |date=10 January 2019 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03841 |s2cid=104315099 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Groundbreaking new technique can turn plastic waste into energy-dense fuel |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/purdue-university-platic-into-fuel/ |website=Digital Trends |access-date=17 February 2019|date=2019-02-13 }}</ref>
* 30 January{{Snd}} Scientists report that several types of humans, including [[Denisovan]]s, [[Neanderthal]]s and [[Denny (hybrid hominin)|related hybrids]], may have habitated the [[Denisova Cave]] in [[Siberia]] over thousands of years, but it is unclear whether they ever shared the cave.<ref name="NYT-20190130">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=High Ceilings and a Lovely View: Denisova Cave Was Home to a Lost Branch of Humanity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/30/science/neanderthals-denisovans-humans.html |date=30 January 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=31 January 2019 }}</ref>
* 31 January
** Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, demonstrate a new form of [[3D printer]], which uses light exposure to transform a viscous liquid into complex solid objects.<ref>{{cite news |title=New 3D printer shapes objects with rays of light |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/uoc--n3p012919.php |date=31 January 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=1 February 2019 }}</ref>
**A new AI developed by RMIT University in Melbourne and trained to play the 1980s video game ''[[Montezuma's Revenge (video game)|Montezuma's Revenge]]'' is reported to be 10 times faster than [[Google DeepMind]] and able to finish the game.<ref>{{cite news |title=Atari master: New AI smashes Google DeepMind in video game challenge |url=https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2019/jan/atari-master |date=31 January 2019 |work=RMIT University |access-date=1 February 2019 }}</ref>

=== February ===
[[File:Iridium-2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|3 February: Medical scientists announce that [[iridium]] (image above) attached to [[albumin]] produces a [[Photosensitizer|photosensitized molecule]] able to penetrate and, via [[photodynamic therapy]], destroy [[cancer cell]]s.<ref name="EA-20190203" /><ref name="ANG-20181215" />]]
* 1 February{{Snd}} NASA scientists [[Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory#2019 events|report]] that the [[Curiosity (rover)|Mars ''Curiosity'' rover]] determined, for the first time, the [[density]] of [[Mount Sharp]] in [[Gale (crater)|Gale crater]], thereby establishing a clearer understanding of how the mountain was formed.<ref name="NYT-20100131">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=How NASA's Curiosity Rover Weighed a Mountain on Mars |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/science/mars-curiosity-rover-mount-sharp.html |date=31 January 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=1 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20190201">{{cite journal |author=Lewis, Kevin W. |title=A surface gravity traverse on Mars indicates low bedrock density at Gale crater |date=1 February 2019 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=363 |issue=6426 |pages=535–537 |doi=10.1126/science.aat0738 |pmid=30705193 |bibcode=2019Sci...363..535L |s2cid=59567599 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 3 February{{Snd}} Medical scientists announce that [[iridium]] attached to [[albumin]], creating a [[Photosensitizer|photosensitized molecule]], can penetrate [[cancer cells]] and, after being irradiated with light (a process called [[photodynamic therapy]]), destroy the cancer cells.<ref name="EA-20190203">{{cite news |author=University of Warwick |title=Simply shining light on dinosaur metal compound kills cancer cells |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-02/uow-ssl013119.php |date=3 February 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=3 February 2019 |author-link=University of Warwick |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204044138/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-02/uow-ssl013119.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ANG-20181215">{{cite journal|author=Zhang, Pingyu|display-authors=et al |title=Nucleus-Targeted Organoiridium–Albumin Conjugate for Photodynamic Cancer Therapy |journal=[[Angewandte Chemie]] |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=2350–2354 |doi=10.1002/anie.201813002 |pmid=30552796 |pmc=6468315 |year=2019 }}</ref>
* 4 February{{Snd}} A study by the [[International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development]] concludes that 36% of glaciers along the [[Hindu Kush]] and [[Himalayas|Himalaya]] range will disappear by 2100, even if carbon emissions are cut rapidly. Without emission reductions, the loss could reach two-thirds.<ref>{{cite web |title=A third of Himalayan ice cap doomed, finds 'shocking' report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/04/a-third-of-himalayan-ice-cap-doomed-finds-shocking-report |date=4 February 2019 |work=The Guardian |access-date=4 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment |date=4 February 2019 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1 |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 |last1=Wester |first1=Philippus |last2=Mishra |first2=Arabinda |last3=Mukherji |first3=Aditi |last4=Shrestha |first4=Arun Bhakta |hdl=10023/17268 |s2cid=199491088 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3237413 }}</ref>
* 5 February{{Snd}} [[NASA]] reports that the two small communication [[Mars Cube One|CubeSats]], that accompanied the [[InSight]] lander to the planet [[Mars]], went silent, and are unlikely to be heard from again.<ref name="NASA-20190205">{{cite web |last1=Good |first1=Andrew |last2=Wendel |first2=JoAnna |title=Beyond Mars, the Mini MarCO Spacecraft Fall Silent |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7327 |date=5 February 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=5 February 2019 }}</ref>
* 6 February
** NASA and NOAA confirm that 2018 was the fourth [[Global temperature record|hottest year]] on record globally, at 0.83 degrees Celsius (1.5 degrees Fahrenheit) above the 1951 to 1980 mean.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 fourth warmest year in continued warming trend, according to NASA, NOAA |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2841/2018-fourth-warmest-year-in-continued-warming-trend-according-to-nasa-noaa/ |date=6 February 2019 |work=NASA |access-date=6 February 2019 }}</ref>
** Scientists from the [[Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias]] publish the first evidence of a collision between [[exoplanets]], which is believed to have occurred in the Kepler-107 system, approximately 1,670 light years from Earth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Massive collision in the planetary system Kepler 107 |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-02/idad-mci020619.php |date=6 February 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=20 February 2019 }}</ref>
* 7 February 
** Medical scientists working with [[Sangamo Therapeutics]], headquartered in [[Richmond, California]], announce the first ever "in body" [[human gene editing therapy]] to permanently alter [[DNA]] in a patient with [[Hunter syndrome]].<ref name="AP-20190207">{{cite news |last=Marchione |first=Marilyn |title=Tests suggest scientists achieved 1st 'in body' gene editing |url=https://www.apnews.com/d728f86d70d94ce68dd4fedffe58d03f |date=7 February 2019 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=7 February 2019 }}</ref> Clinical trials by Sangamo involving gene editing using [[Zinc finger nuclease|Zinc Finger Nuclease]] (ZFN) are ongoing.<ref name="CT-201902">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Ascending Dose Study of Genome Editing by the Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) Therapeutic SB-913 in Subjects With MPS II |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03041324 |date=2 February 2019 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[U.S. National Library of Medicine]] |access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
** The ExoMars rover, scheduled to launch in July 2020 and search for the [[Extraterrestrial life|existence of past life]] on the [[Mars|planet Mars]], has been officially named the [[Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' rover]] after [[History of molecular biology#History of DNA biochemistry|DNA pioneer]] [[Rosalind Franklin]].<ref name="BBC-20190207">{{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |title=Rosalind Franklin: Mars rover named after DNA pioneer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47151778 |date=7 February 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=7 February 2019 }}</ref>
** Scientists announce the discovery of a new type of [[magnet]] that might benefit the performance of [[Data storage|data storage technologies]].<ref name="PHYS-20190207">{{cite news |author=New York University |title=Scientists discover new type of magnet |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-02-scientists-magnet.html |date=7 February 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |author-link=New York University }}</ref>
[[File:NASA-MarsOpportunityRover-LastImage-PanCam-Sol5111-20180610.jpg|thumb|200px|right|13 February: Mars [[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity rover]] mission ends; last image (see above) of 228,771 total over nearly 15 years.<ref name="NASA-20190213" /><ref name="LAIST-20190216" />]]
* 8 February{{Snd}} NASA scientists, studying the latest returned images and data, report that [[486958 Arrokoth]], the remote [[Kuiper Belt Object]] visited by the [[New Horizons]] spacecraft, was determined to be more flattened than thought earlier; and has been described to be more like a large "pancake" (larger lobe) and a "walnut" (smaller lobe), rather than two [[ellipsoid]]s.<ref name="NYT-20190210">{{cite news |last=Corum |first=Jonathan |title=New Horizons Glimpses the Flattened Shape of Ultima Thule |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/12/31/science/new-horizons-ultima-thule-flyby.html |date=10 February 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name="AR-20190208">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |title=New images of the distant Ultima Thule object have surprised scientists{{Snd}} "The new images are creating scientific puzzles." |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/02/it-looks-like-ultima-thule-may-be-more-of-a-pancake-than-snowman/ |date=8 February 2019 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=8 February 2019 }}</ref>
* 11 February{{Snd}} Scientists find evidence, based on [[Genetics|genetics studies]] using [[artificial intelligence]] (AI), that suggest the existence of an unknown human ancestor species, not [[Neanderthal]], [[Denisovan]] or human hybrid (like [[Denny (hybrid hominin)|''Denny'' (hybrid hominin)]]), in the [[genome]] of [[Homo sapiens#Anatomical modernity|modern humans]].<ref name="NC-20190116">{{cite journal|last1=Mondal|first1=Mayukh|last2=Bertranpedt|first2=Jaume|last3=Leo|first3=Oscar|title=Approximate Bayesian computation with deep learning supports a third archaic introgression in Asia and Oceania|date=16 January 2019|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=10|pages=246|number=246|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-08089-7|pmid=30651539|pmc=6335398|bibcode=2019NatCo..10..246M}}</ref><ref name="SA-20190211">{{cite news|last=Dockrill|first=Peter|title=Artificial Intelligence Has Found an Unknown 'Ghost' Ancestor in The Human Genome|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/artificial-intelligence-identifies-unknown-ghost-ancestor-in-the-human-genome|date=11 February 2019|work=ScienceAlert.com|access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref>
* 13 February{{Snd}} NASA officials declare that the Mars rover ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'' has ended its mission, after failing to respond to repeated transmitted wake-up signals. Its last contact was on 10 June 2018 ([[:File:22341 PIA22908-MarsOpportunityRover-LastPanorama-Spring2018-20190312.jpg|Click here for the last panorama image]].)<ref name="NASA-20190213">{{cite news |last1=Agle |first1=DC |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |last3=Wendel |first3=JoAnna |title=NASA's Opportunity Rover Mission on Mars Comes to End |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7334 |date=13 February 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="LAIST-20190216">{{cite news |last=Margolis |first=Jacob |title=How A Tweet About The Mars Rover Dying Blew Up On The Internet And Made People Cry |url=https://laist.com/2019/02/16/jpl_mars_rover_opportunity_battery_is_low_and_its_getting_dark.php |date=16 February 2019 |work=[[Gothamist|LAist]] |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217100636/https://laist.com/2019/02/16/jpl_mars_rover_opportunity_battery_is_low_and_its_getting_dark.php |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 18 February
** A British woman becomes the first person in the world to have gene therapy for [[age-related macular degeneration]] (AMD).<ref>{{cite news |title=Gene therapy first to 'halt' most common cause of blindness |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-47226987 |date=18 February 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=18 February 2019 }}</ref>
** Scientists use gene therapy to restore hearing in an adult mouse model of DFNB9 deafness.<ref>{{cite news |title=GENE THERAPY DURABLY REVERSES CONGENITAL DEAFNESS IN MICE |url=https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area/press-documents/gene-therapy-durably-reverses-congenital-deafness-mice |date=18 February 2019 |work=Pasteur Institute |access-date=26 February 2019 }}</ref>
* 19 February 
** Researchers at [[Oxford Martin School]] publish evidence that, in the longer term, some forms of [[cultured meat]] could be worse for the environment than traditional farmed meat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cultured lab meat may make climate change worse |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47283162 |date=19 February 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Climate-friendly labriculture depends on an energy revolution |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190219080740.htm |date=19 February 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=19 February 2019 }}</ref>
** Scientists report evidence, based on [[isotope]] studies, that at least some [[Neanderthal]]s may have eaten [[meat]].<ref name="PNAS-20190210">{{cite journal |last=Jaouen |first=Klervia |display-authors=etal |title=Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores |date=19 February 2019 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=4928–4933 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1814087116 |pmid=30782806 |pmc=6421459 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.4928J |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="PHY-20190219">{{cite news |last=Yika |first=Bob |title=Isotopes found in bones suggest Neanderthals were fresh meat eaters |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-02-isotopes-bones-neanderthals-fresh-meat.html |date=19 February 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=19 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name="SD-20190219">{{cite news |author=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |title=Neanderthals' main food source was definitely meat |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190219111704.htm |date=19 February 2019 |work=[[Science Daily]] |access-date=21 February 2019 |author-link=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology }}</ref>
[[File:DNA animation.gif|thumb|right|200px|21 February: Report of [[Hachimoji DNA]], an 8-[[Nucleobase|base]] DNA, that has a similar structure (above) as the 4-base [[DNA|natural DNA]].<ref name="SCI-20190222" /><ref name="NYT-20190221" />]]
* 21 February 
** Scientists announce a new form of [[DNA]], named [[Hachimoji DNA]], composed of four natural, and four unnatural [[nucleobase]]s. Benefits of such an eight-base DNA system may include an enhanced ability to [[Data storage|store digital data]], as well as insights into what may be possible in the search for [[extraterrestrial life]].<ref name="SCI-20190222">{{cite journal |last=Hoshika |first=Shuichi |display-authors=etal |title=Hachimoji DNA and RNA: A genetic system with eight building blocks (paywall) |date=22 February 2019 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=363 |issue=6429 |pages=884–887 |doi=10.1126/science.aat0971 |pmid=30792304 |pmc=6413494 |bibcode=2019Sci...363..884H }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190221">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=DNA Gets a New{{Snd}} and Bigger{{Snd}} Genetic Alphabet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/science/dna-hachimoji-genetic-alphabet.html |date=21 February 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 February 2019 }}</ref> 
** Scientists report that the purportedly first-ever [[germline]] [[Genome editing|genetically edited]] humans, the twin babies [[Lulu and Nana controversy|Lulu and Nana]], by Chinese researcher [[He Jiankui]], may have inadvertently (or perhaps, intentionally<ref name="VOX-20190304">{{cite news |last=Belluz |first=Julia |title=CRISPR babies: the Chinese government may have known more than it let on |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/3/4/18245864/chinese-scientist-crispr |date=4 March 2019 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=6 March 2019 }}</ref>) had their [[brain]]s enhanced.<ref name="MIT-20190221">{{cite news |last=Regalado |first=Antonio |title=China's CRISPR twins might have had their brains inadvertently enhanced |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612997/the-crispr-twins-had-their-brains-altered/ |date=21 February 2019 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |access-date=21 February 2019 }}</ref>
** [[SpaceX]] launches [[SpaceIL]]'s ''Beresheet'' probe, the world's first privately financed mission to the [[Moon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's Beresheet Moon mission gets under way
 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47313486 |date=22 February 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli company sends world's first privately funded mission to moon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/22/israel-first-lunar-lander-blasts-into-space-florida-spacex-beresheet |date=22 February 2019 |work=The Guardian |access-date=22 February 2019 }}</ref>
** Astronomers led by [[Scott S. Sheppard]] announce the discovery of [[2018 AG37|FarFarOut]], the most distant object yet found in the Solar System, at an estimated distance of 140 AU (21 billion km) from the Sun.<ref>{{cite news |title=Newfound 'FarFarOut' Is Most Distant Solar System Body Ever Seen|url=https://www.space.com/farfarout-most-distant-solar-system-body.html|date=27 February 2019 |work=Space.com |access-date=1 March 2019 }}</ref>
* 25 February
** Scientists report evidence that [[Neanderthal]]s walked upright much like modern humans.<ref name="PNAS-20190225">{{cite journal |author=Haeusler, Martin |display-authors=et al |title=Morphology, pathology, and the vertebral posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal |date=25 February 2019 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=4923–4927 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1820745116 |pmid=30804177 |pmc=6421410 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.4923H |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SA-20190301">{{cite news |last=Cassella |first=Carly |title=We Have Been Wrong About a Key Feature of Neanderthals' Appearance |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/a-major-difference-between-neanderthals-and-humans-has-been-quashed |date=1 March 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=1 March 2019 }}</ref>
** The first [[microSD card]] with a storage capacity of 1 [[terabyte]] (TB) is announced by [[Micron Technology|Micron]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Micron Unveils World's First 1TB microSD Card to Meet Consumer Demand for Mobile Storage|url=https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/02/25/1741261/0/en/Micron-Unveils-World-s-First-1TB-microSD-Card-to-Meet-Consumer-Demand-for-Mobile-Storage.html |date=25 February 2019 |work=GlobalNewswire |access-date=25 February 2019 }}</ref>
* 26 February{{Snd}} Researchers at [[RMIT University]] demonstrate a method of using a liquid metal catalyst to turn [[carbon dioxide]] gas back into [[coal]], potentially offering a new way to store carbon in solid form.<ref>{{cite news |title=Climate rewind: Scientists turn carbon dioxide back into coal|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190226112429.htm|date=26 February 2019 |work=[[Science Daily]] |access-date=28 February 2019 }}</ref>
* 28 February
** Scientists report the first ever evidence of a former [[Groundwater on Mars|planet-wide groundwater system]] on the planet [[Mars]].<ref name="ESA-20190228">{{cite news |author=ESA Staff |title=First Evidence of "Planet-Wide Groundwater System" on Mars Found |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/First_evidence_of_planet-wide_groundwater_system_on_Mars |date=28 February 2019 |work=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=28 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name="FTR-20190228">{{cite news |last=Houser |first=Kristin |title=First Evidence of "Planet-Wide Groundwater System" on Mars Found |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/mars-groundwater-system-planet-wide |date=28 February 2019 |work=Futurism.com |access-date=28 February 2019 }}</ref>
** Scientists report the creation of mice with [[infrared]] vision, using nanoparticles injected into their eyes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nanotechnology makes it possible for mice to see in infrared |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190228141412.htm |date=28 February 2019 |work=[[Science Daily]] |access-date=3 March 2019 }}</ref>

=== March ===
* 3 March{{Snd}} An uncrewed demonstration flight of the new crew capable version of the [[SpaceX]] [[SpaceX Dragon|Dragon]] spacecraft, intended to carry American astronauts into space, achieves successful autonomous docking with the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SpaceX Dragon capsule docks with space station |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47430432 |date=3 March 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=3 March 2019 }}</ref> It returned to Earth a few days later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/science/spacex-dragon-splashdown.html|title=SpaceX's Crew Dragon Capsule Splashes Down After Return Trip to Earth|date=8 March 2019|work=New York Times|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Woolly mammoth.jpg|thumb|right|200px|11 March: Scientists report that cell nuclei from [[woolly mammoth]] remains showed biological activity when transplanted into mouse cells.<ref name="NAR-20190311" />]]
* 4 March{{Snd}} Scientists report that [[asteroid]]s may be [[Asteroid impact prediction|much more difficult to destroy]] than thought earlier.<ref name="PHYS-20190304">{{cite news |author=Johns Hopkins University |title=Asteroids are stronger, harder to destroy than previously thought |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-03-asteroids-stronger-harder-previously-thought.html |date=4 March 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=4 March 2019 |author-link=Johns Hopkins University }}</ref><ref name="ICRS-20190315">{{cite journal |last1=El Mir |first1=Charles |last2=Ramesh |first2=KT |last3=Richardson |first3=Derek C. |title=A new hybrid framework for simulating hypervelocity asteroid impacts and gravitational reaccumulation |date=15 March 2019 |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=321 |pages=1013–1025 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.032 |bibcode=2019Icar..321.1013E |s2cid=127119234 }}</ref> In addition, an asteroid may reassemble itself due to gravity after being disrupted.<ref name="NYT-20190308">{{cite news |last=Andrews |first=Robin George |title=If We Blow Up an Asteroid, It Might Put Itself Back Together |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/science/asteroids-nuclear-weapons.html |date=8 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=9 March 2019 }}</ref>
* 5 March
** A second case of sustained remission from [[HIV-1]] is reported, ten years after the '[[Berlin Patient]].'<ref>{{cite web|title=HIV remission achieved in second patient|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190305153644.htm |date=5 March 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=6 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UK patient 'free' of HIV after stem cell treatment|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-47421855 |date=5 March 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=6 March 2019 }}</ref>
** Astronomers report the discovery of unusual dimming in [[EPIC 204376071]], a star that has been observed to dim in brightness by up to 80%, much more deeply than the 22% dimming of [[Tabby's star]].<ref name="RAS-20190222">{{cite journal |author=Rappaport, S. |display-authors=etal |title=Deep Long Asymmetric Occultation in EPIC 204376071 |date=22 February 2019 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=485 |issue=2 |pages=2681–2693 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stz537 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019MNRAS.485.2681R |arxiv=1902.08152 |s2cid=119470865 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20190306">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=Astronomers Have Discovered Another Mysterious Dimming Star, And It's Even More Epic |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/tabby-s-star-has-a-friend-there-s-another-weird-mystery-star-in-town |date=6 March 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=6 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="PHYS-20190305">{{cite news |last=Nowakowski |first=Tomasz |title=Astronomers detect deep, long asymmetric occultation in a newly found low-mass star |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-03-astronomers-deep-asymmetric-occultation-newly.html |date=5 March 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] 
|access-date=6 March 2019 }}</ref>
* 7 March{{Snd}} Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) demonstrate a new optical imaging system that could enable the discovery of tiny tumours, as small as 200 cells, deep within the body.<ref>{{cite web|title=New optical imaging system could be deployed to find tiny tumors|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190307073500.htm |date=7 March 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=7 March 2019 }}</ref>
* 8 March{{Snd}} Astronomers report that the [[mass]] of the [[Milky Way]] [[galaxy]] is 1.5 trillion [[solar mass]]es within a [[radius]] of about 129,000 [[light-year]]s, over twice as much as was determined in earlier studies, and suggesting that about 90% of the mass of the galaxy is [[dark matter]].<ref name="SA-20190308">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=The Latest Calculation of Milky Way's Mass Just Changed What We Know About Our Galaxy |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/the-most-accurate-measurement-yet-of-the-milky-way-s-mass-puts-us-ahead-of-andromeda |date=8 March 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=8 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20190208">{{cite journal |arxiv=1804.11348  |author=Watkins, Laura L. |display-authors=et al. |title=Evidence for an Intermediate-Mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=873 |issue=2 |pages=118 |date=2 February 2019  |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f |bibcode=2019ApJ...873..118W |s2cid=85463973 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 11 March{{Snd}} A team of Japanese and Russian scientists report that cell nuclei from [[woolly mammoth]] remains showed biological activity when transplanted into mouse cells.<ref name="NAR-20190311">{{cite web|title=Japan team edges closer to bringing mammoths back to life|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Science/Japan-team-edges-closer-to-bringing-mammoths-back-to-life |date=12 March 2019 |work=Nikkei Asian Review |access-date=13 March 2019 }}</ref>
* 13 March{{Snd}} The laser of ELI-NP in [[Măgurele]], part of the [[Extreme Light Infrastructure|European ELI Project]], becomes the most powerful laser system ever made, reaching a peak power of 10 [[Petawatt]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/tech/magurele-laser-part-of-eli-project-reached-maximum-power-of-10-petawats-197989|title=Magurele Laser officially becomes the most powerful laser in the world|date=2019-03-13|website=Business Review|language=ro|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref>
* 15 March{{Snd}} NASA reports that latent [[virus]]es in humans may be activated during [[Human spaceflight|space missions]], adding possibly more risk to astronauts in future deep-space missions.<ref name="EA-20190315">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Dormant viruses activate during spaceflight{{Snd}} NASA investigates |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/f-dva031519.php |date=15 March 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318230153/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/f-dva031519.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Fossil-AvimaiaSchweitzeraeWithUnlaidEgg.jpg|thumb|right|200px|20 March: First [[List of fossil bird genera|fossil bird]], named ''[[Avimaia schweitzerae]]'', found with an [[Egg#Bird eggs|unlaid egg]],<ref name="NC-20190320" /><ref name="NG-20190320" />]]
* 16 March{{Snd}} NASA announces that a 173-[[TNT equivalent|kiloton]] fireball (the [[Kamchatka meteor]]) fell over the [[Bering Sea]] near the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] on 18 December 2018, the second largest asteroid to hit Earth in 30 years, after the [[Chelyabinsk meteor]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grossman |first1=David |title=A Meteor Hit Earth With the Force of a Nuclear Bomb and We Hardly Even Noticed |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a26855956/kamchatka-meteor-impact-december-2018/ |access-date=18 March 2019 |agency=Popular mechanics}}</ref> (see [[:File:PIA22825-FireballOverBeringSeaFromSpace-TerraSatellite-20181218.gif|image]])
* 18 March 
** Researchers provide supporting evidence, based on [[Genetic analysis|genetic studies]], that [[Behavioral modernity|modern]] ''[[Homo sapiens#Anatomical modernity|Homo sapiens]]'', arose first in [[South Africa]] more than 300,000 years ago, traveled to [[East Africa]], and from there, about 60,000 years ago, traveled [[Recent African origin of modern humans|out of Africa]] to the rest of the world.<ref name="EA-20190320">{{cite news |author=University of Huddersfield |title=Researchers shed new light on the origins of modern humans |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/uoh-nrs032019.php |date=20 March 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=23 March 2019 |author-link=University of Huddersfield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511141126/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/uoh-nrs032019.php |archive-date=11 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SR-20190318">{{cite journal |author=Rito, Teresa |display-authors=et al. |title=A dispersal of Homo sapiens from southern to eastern Africa immediately preceded the out-of-Africa migration |date=18 March 2019 |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=9 |pages=4728 |number=4728 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-41176-3 |pmid=30894612 |pmc=6426877 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.4728R }}</ref>
** [[Physicist]] [[Adrian Bejan]] presents an explanation of why [[time]] [[Time perception|seems shorter]] as we get older, which can be attributed to "the ever-slowing speed at which images are obtained and processed by the human brain as the body ages."<ref name="AE-20190318">{{cite journal |last=Bejan |first=Adrian |title=Why the Days Seem Shorter as We Get Older |date=18 March 2019 |journal=[[Academia Europaea]] |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=187–194 |doi=10.1017/S1062798718000741 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="EA-20190321">{{cite news |author=Duke University |title=It's spring already? Physics explains why time flies as we age |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/du-isa032019.php |date=21 March 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=21 March 2019 |author-link=Duke University |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321125522/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/du-isa032019.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="QZ-20190108">{{cite news |last=Livni |first=Ephrat |title=Physics explains why time passes faster as you age |url=https://qz.com/1516804/physics-explains-why-time-passes-faster-as-you-age/ |date=21 March 2019 |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=21 March 2019 }}</ref>
* 19 March 
** [[Karen Uhlenbeck]] is reported to be the first woman to receive the prestigious [[Abel Prize|Abel Prize in Mathematics]].<ref name="Abel-2019">{{cite web|url=http://www.abelprize.no/nyheter/vis.html?tid=74161|title=Karen Uhlenbeck first woman to win the Abel Prize|publisher=The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524213151/http://www.abelprize.no/nyheter/vis.html?tid=74161|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190319">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Karen Uhlenbeck Is First Woman to Receive Abel Prize in Mathematics{{Snd}} Dr. Uhlenbeck helped pioneer geometric analysis, developing techniques now commonly used by many mathematicians. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/science/karen-uhlenbeck-abel-prize.html |date=19 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=19 March 2019 }}</ref>
** Astronomers describe scenarios where [[carbon monoxide]] may be a [[biosignature]] for a thriving community of [[extraterrestrial life]] on other worlds.<ref name="EA-20190319">{{cite news |author=University of California at Riverside |title=Carbon monoxide detectors could warn of extraterrestrial life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/uoc--cmd031819.php |date=19 March 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=19 March 2019 |author-link=University of California at Riverside }}</ref>
* 20 March{{Snd}} [[Paleontologists]] report the discovery of ''[[Avimaia schweitzerae]]'', the first [[List of fossil bird genera|fossil bird]] found with an [[Egg#Bird eggs|unlaid egg]], that lived about 115 million years ago in [[Northwest China]].<ref name="NC-20190320">{{cite journal |author=Bailleul, Alida M. |display-authors=et al. |title=An Early Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves) preserving an unlaid egg and probable medullary bone |date=20 March 2019 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=10 |pages=1275 |number=1275 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09259-x |pmid=30894527 |pmc=6426974 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1275B }}</ref><ref name="NG-20190320">{{cite news |last=Greshko |first=Michael |title=In a first, fossil bird found with unlaid egg |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/03/first-fossil-bird-with-unlaid-egg-found-enantiornithine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320220601/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/03/first-fossil-bird-with-unlaid-egg-found-enantiornithine/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2019 |date=20 March 2019 |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=20 March 2019 }}</ref>
* 27 March
** Scientists report that [[Extremophiles|life-forms from Earth]] survived 18 months living in [[outer space]] outside the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), as part of the [[BIOMEX]] studies related to the [[EXPOSE-R2]] mission, suggesting that life could survive, theoretically, on the [[Mars|planet Mars]].<ref name="SA-20190327">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=Strange Earth Organisms Have Somehow Survived Living Outside The ISS |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/a-bunch-of-earth-organisms-were-stuck-outside-the-iss-and-survived |date=27 March 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=27 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="AST-20190211">{{cite journal |author=de Vera, Jean-Pierre |display-authors=et al. |title=Limits of Life and the Habitability of Mars: The ESA Space Experiment BIOMEX on the ISS |date=11 February 2019 |journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |volume=19 |pages=145–157 |number=2 |doi=10.1089/ast.2018.1897 |pmid=30742496 |pmc=6383581 |bibcode=2019AsBio..19..145D }}</ref>
** [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]] astronomers, employing the [[Very Large Telescope#Instruments|GRAVITY instrument]] on their [[Very Large Telescope|Very Large Telescope Interferometer]] (VLTI), announce the first [[Methods of detecting exoplanets|direct detection]] of an [[exoplanet]], [[HR 8799 e]], using [[Interferometry|optical interferometry]].<ref name="EA-20190327">{{cite news |author=European Southern Observatory |title=GRAVITY instrument breaks new ground in exoplanet imaging |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/e-gib032619.php |date=27 March 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=27 March 2019 |author-link=European Southern Observatory |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172532/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/e-gib032619.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Chinese scientists report inserting the human brain-related [[Microcephalin|MCPH1 gene]] into laboratory [[rhesus monkey]]s, resulting in the transgenic monkeys performing better and answering faster on "short-term memory tests involving matching colors and shapes", compared to control non-transgenic monkeys, according to the researchers.<ref name="DSVR-20191229">{{cite news |last=Burrell |first=Teal |title=Scientists Put a Human Intelligence Gene Into a Monkey. Other Scientists are Concerned. |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/scientists-put-a-human-intelligence-gene-into-a-monkey-other-scientists-are |date=29 December 2019 |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |access-date=30 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NSR-20190327">{{cite journal |author=Shi, Lei |display-authors=et al. |title=Transgenic rhesus monkeys carrying the human MCPH1 gene copies show human-like neoteny of brain development |date=27 March 2019 |journal=[[Chinese Academy of Sciences|Chinese National Science Review]] |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=480–493 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwz043 |pmid=34691896 |pmc=8291473 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 28 March
** Researchers report the possibility of [[Life on Mars|ancient life]] on the [[Mars|planet Mars]] based on microscopic studies of the [[Allan Hills 77005]] (ALH-77005) [[Martian meteorite]] found on Earth.<ref name="EA-20190404">{{cite news |author=De Gruyter |title=Life on Mars? |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/dg-lom040419.php |date=4 April 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=4 April 2019|author-link=De Gruyter }}</ref><ref name="DG-20190328">{{cite journal |author=Gyollai, Ildikó |display-authors=et al. |title=Mineralized biosignatures in ALH-77005 Shergottite{{Snd}} Clues to Martian Life? |date=29 March 2019 |journal= Open Astronomy|volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=32–39 |doi=10.1515/astro-2019-0002 |bibcode=2019OAst...28...32G |s2cid=133851951 |doi-access=free |hdl=10831/50855 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
** Scientists report evidence that suggests the [[Mars|planet Mars]], in some near-equatorial regions, currently contains a [[Water on Mars|deep groundwater system]].<ref name="NG-20190328">{{cite journal |last1=Abotalib |first1=Abotalib Z. |last2=Heggy |first2=Essam |title=A deep groundwater origin for recurring slope lineae on Mars |date=28 March 2019 |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=235–241 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0327-5 |pmid=30949231 |pmc=6443380 |bibcode=2019NatGe..12..235A }}</ref><ref name="EA-20190328a">{{cite news |author=University of Southern California |title=New evidence of deep groundwater on Mars |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/uosc-neo032719.php |date=28 March 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=1 April 2019 |author-link=University of Southern California }}</ref>
** A [[Pew Research Center]] study (4464 adults; mid-January 2019) on [[Science|scientific knowledge]] among [[Americans]] finds substantial differences based on [[Formal learning|formal education]] level (higher is better), [[Race (human categorization)|race]] and [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]] (whites higher) and [[gender]] (males higher). No substantial differences were found based on [[Political party|political affiliation]].<ref name="EA-20190328b">{{cite news |author=Pew Research Center |title=What Americans know about science |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/prc-wak032619.php |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=31 March 2019 |author-link=Pew Research Center }}</ref>
* 29 March{{Snd}} Paleontologists describe a site called Tanis, in North Dakota's [[Hell Creek Formation]], containing animal and plant fossils dated to [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|65.76 million years BCE]]. These remains are embedded with tiny rock and glass fragments that fell from the sky in the minutes and hours following the [[Chicxulub crater|Chicxulub impact]]. The deposits also show evidence of having been swamped with water, caused by the subsequent [[megatsunami]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=66-million-year-old deathbed linked to dinosaur-killing meteor |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/uoc--6md032919.php |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |date=29 March 2019 |access-date=1 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota |volume=116 |issue=17 |pages=8190–8199 |journal=PNAS |date=1 April 2019 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.8190D |last1=Depalma |first1=Robert A. |last2=Smit |first2=Jan |last3=Burnham |first3=David A. |last4=Kuiper |first4=Klaudia |last5=Manning |first5=Phillip L. |last6=Oleinik |first6=Anton |last7=Larson |first7=Peter |last8=Maurrasse |first8=Florentin J. |last9=Vellekoop |first9=Johan |last10=Richards |first10=Mark A. |last11=Gurche |first11=Loren |last12=Alvarez |first12=Walter |doi=10.1073/pnas.1817407116 |pmid=30936306 |pmc=6486721 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== April ===
[[File:Black hole - Messier 87 crop max res.jpg|thumb|right|200px|10 April: Astronomers release the first-ever image of a [[black hole]] ([[Messier 87|M87]] [[galaxy]]).<ref name="EA-20190410" /><ref name="NYT-20190410" /><ref name="APJL-20190410" /><ref name="NASA-20190410" />]]
* 1 April
** Scientists report confirming the presence of [[methane]] on the [[planet Mars]], and determining that the source of the methane likely came from an ice sheet about 300 miles east of [[Gale (crater)|Gale Crater]]. The [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] is currently exploring Gale Crater.<ref name="NG-20190401">{{cite journal |author=Giuranna, Marco |display-authors=et al. |title=Independent confirmation of a methane spike on Mars and a source region east of Gale Crater |date=1 April 2019 |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=326–332 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0331-9  |bibcode=2019NatGe..12..326G |s2cid=134110253 }}</ref><ref name="PHY-20190401">{{cite news |last=Galey |first=Patrick |title=Scientists find likely source of methane on Mars |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-04-scientists-source-methane-mars.html |date=1 April 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=1 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190401">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Something on Mars Is Producing Gas Usually Made by Living Things on Earth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/science/mars-methane-gas.html |date=1 April 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=1 April 2019 }}</ref>
** Scientists at [[ETH Zurich]] report the creation of the world's first [[bacterial genome]], named ''[[Caulobacter crescentus|Caulobacter ethensis-2.0]]'', made entirely by a computer, although a related viable form of ''C. ethensis-2.0'' does not yet exist.<ref name="EA-20190401">{{cite news |author=ETH Zurich |title=First bacterial genome created entirely with a computer |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/ez-fbg032819.php |date=1 April 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=2 April 2019 |author-link=ETH Zurich |archive-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008040536/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/ez-fbg032819.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="PNAS20190401">{{cite journal |author=Venetz, Jonathan E. |display-authors=et al. |title=Chemical synthesis rewriting of a bacterial genome to achieve design flexibility and biological functionality |date=1 April 2019 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=116 |issue=16 |pages=8070–8079 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1818259116 |pmid=30936302 |pmc=6475421 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.8070V |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 4 April{{Snd}} [[NASA]] releases animated images of [[solar eclipse]]s by the [[Moons of Mars|two moons of the planet Mars]], [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]] ([[:File:PIA23134-MarsCuriosityRover-DeimosEclipse-20190317.gif|animation1/17 March 2019]]) and [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] ([[:File:PIA23133-MarsCuriosityRover-PhobosEclipse-20190326.gif|animation2/27 March 2019]]), as [[Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory#2019 events|viewed]] by the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] on the [[Mars|planet Mars]] in March 2019.<ref name="NASA-20190404">{{cite news |last1=Good |first1=Andrew |last2=Greiciua |first2=Tony |title=Curiosity Captured Two Solar Eclipses on Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/curiosity-captured-two-solar-eclipses-on-mars |date=4 April 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=5 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="GIZ-20190405">{{cite news |last=Dvorsky |first=George |title=Curiosity Rover Spots a Pair of Solar Eclipses on Mars |url=https://gizmodo.com/curiosity-rover-spots-a-pair-of-solar-eclipses-on-mars-1833834577 |date=5 April 2019 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=5 April 2019 }}</ref>
* 7 April{{Snd}} [[NASA]] reports that a comprehensive study of [[microorganism]]s and [[fungi]] present on the [[International Space Station]] has been conducted. The results can be useful in improving health and safety conditions for [[astronaut]]s.<ref name="EA-20190407">{{cite news |author=BioMed Central |title=NASA researchers catalogue all microbes and fungi on the International Space Station |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/bc-nrc040319.php |date=7 April 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=8 April 2019 |author-link=BioMed Central }}</ref><ref name="MBJ-20190408">{{cite journal |author=Sielaff, Aleksandra Checinska |display-authors=et al. |title=Characterization of the total and viable bacterial and fungal communities associated with the International Space Station surfaces |date=8 April 2019 |journal=Microbiome |volume=7 |issue=50 |pages=50 |doi=10.1186/s40168-019-0666-x |pmid=30955503 |pmc=6452512 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 10 April{{Snd}} Scientists from the [[Event Horizon Telescope]] project announce the first-ever image of a [[black hole]], located 54 million light years away in the centre of the [[Messier 87|M87]] galaxy.<ref name="EA-20190410">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/nsf-acf040919.php|title=Astronomers capture first image of a black hole|date=10 April 2019|access-date=10 April 2019|publisher=EurekAlert!|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130171247/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/nsf-acf040919.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190410">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Black Hole Picture Revealed for the First Time |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/science/black-hole-picture.html?comments#permid=31473598 |date=10 April 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=10 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="APJL-20190410">{{cite journal |author=The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |title=First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole |date=10 April 2019 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=875 |pages=L1 |number=1 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7 |author-link=Event Horizon Telescope |bibcode=2019ApJ...875L...1E |arxiv=1906.11238 |s2cid=145906806 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20190410">{{cite news |last=Landau |first=Elizabeth |title=Black Hole Image Makes History |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7372 |date=10 April 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=10 April 2019 }}</ref>
* 10 April
** Scientists find a way to view reactions in "dark states" of molecules, i.e. those states that are normally inaccessible.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2019-04-fast-molecules.html Catching fast changes in excited molecules], phys.org, 10 April 2019.</ref>
* 11 April
** [[NASA]] announces that the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] on the planet [[Mars]] drilled into, and closely studied, a "[[Clay|clay-bearing unit]]" which, according to the rover Project Manager, is a "major milestone" in ''Curiosity''{{'s}} journey up [[Mount Sharp]].<ref name="NASA-20190411">{{cite news |last=Good |first=Andrew |title=Curiosity Tastes First Sample in 'Clay-Bearing Unit' |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7376 |date=11 April 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=12 April 2019 }}</ref> ([[:File:PIA23138-MarsCuriosityRover-Drills-ClayBearingUnit-20190406.gif|related image]])
** The Israeli ''[[Beresheet]]'' probe crashes on the Moon after a technical glitch causes its main engine to switch off.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beresheet spacecraft: 'Technical glitch' led to Moon crash |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47914100 |date=12 April 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 April 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png|thumb|right|200px|30 April: Scientists confirm the detection of [[buckminsterfullerene]] (C<sub>60</sub>) (also known as "buckyballs") in the [[interstellar medium|interstellar medium spaces]] between the [[star]]s.<ref name="SA-20190429" /><ref name="AJL-20190422" />]]
* 12 April{{Snd}} [[NASA]] reports medical results, from an [[ISS year long mission|Astronaut Twin Study]], where one [[astronaut]] [[twin]] spent a year in space on the [[International Space Station]], while the other twin spent the year on [[Earth]], which demonstrated several long-lasting changes, including those related to alterations in [[DNA]] and [[cognition]], when one twin was compared with the other.<ref name="NYT-20190412">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Scott Kelly Spent a Year in Orbit. His Body Is Not Quite the Same |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/science/scott-mark-kelly-twins-space-nasa.html |date=12 April 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=12 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20190412">{{cite journal |author1=Garrett-Bakeman, Francine E.  |display-authors=et al.|title=The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight |url= |date=12 April 2019 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=364 |issue=6436 |pages=eaau8650|pmid=30975860|doi=10.1126/science.aau8650|pmc=7580864|bibcode=2019Sci...364.8650G }}</ref>
* 16 April{{Snd}} Scientists report, for the first time, the use of the [[CRISPR|CRISPR technology]] to edit [[human gene]]s to treat [[cancer]] patients with whom standard treatments were not successful.<ref name="EG-20190416">{{cite news |last=Fingas |first=Jon |title=CRISPR gene editing has been used on humans in the US |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/16/human-crispr-gene-editing-trial-begins-in-us/ |date=16 April 2019 |work=[[Engadget]] |access-date=16 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="MIT-20190417">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=CRISPR has been used to treat US cancer patients for the first time |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/613321/crispr-has-been-used-to-treat-us-cancer-patients-for-the-first-time/ |date=17 April 2019 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |access-date=17 April 2019 }}</ref>
* 17 April{{Snd}} After a long search, astronomers report the detection of [[helium hydride]], a primordial molecule thought to have been formed about 100,000 years after the [[Big Bang]], for the first time in [[outer space]] in [[NGC 7027]].<ref name="EG-20190417">{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Christine |title=NASA finally found evidence of the universe's earliest molecule |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/17/nasa-sofia-detects-helium-hydride/ |date=17 April 2019 |work=[[Engadget]] |access-date=17 April 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190417">{{cite journal |author=Güsten, Rolf |display-authors=et al. |title=Astrophysical detection of the helium hydride ion HeH+
 |date=17 April 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=568 |issue=7752 |pages=357–359 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1090-x |pmid=30996316 |bibcode=2019Natur.568..357G |arxiv=1904.09581 |s2cid=119548024 }}</ref>
* 23 April{{Snd}} NASA reports that the Mars [[InSight|''InSight'' lander]] detected its first [[Marsquake]] on the [[Mars|planet Mars]].<ref name="NASA-20190423">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Johnson |first2=Alana |last3=Good |first3=Andrew |title=NASA's InSight Detects First Likely 'Quake' on Mars |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7383 |date=23 April 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=23 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="SPC-20190423">{{cite news |last=Bartels |first=Meghan |title=Marsquake! NASA's InSight Lander Feels Its 1st Red Planet Tremor |url=https://www.space.com/insight-mars-lander-first-marsquake.html |date=23 April 2019 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=23 April 2019 }}</ref> ([[:File:NASA-Mars-InSightLander-MarsQuake-Seismometer-AV-20190406.webm|related AudioVideo file]])
* 24 April{{Snd}} The [[XENON]] [[dark matter]] project announces that it has observed the radioactive decay of [[xenon-124]], which has a half-life of 1.8 [[sextillion]] years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dark Matter Hunters Observe 'Rarest Event Ever Recorded' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dark-matter-hunters-observe-rarest-event-ever-recorded-1404823 |date=24 April 2019 |work=Newsweek |access-date=26 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dark matter detector observes rarest event ever recorded |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/rpi-dmd042319.php |date=24 April 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425140606/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/rpi-dmd042319.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 25 April{{Snd}} Astronomers report further substantial discrepancies, depending on the measurement method used, in determining the [[Hubble constant]], suggesting a realm of physics currently not well understood in explaining the workings of the [[universe]].<ref name="NASA-20190425">{{cite news |author=[[NASA]]/[[Goddard Space Flight Center]] |title=Mystery of the universe's expansion rate widens with new Hubble data |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/nsfc-mot042519.php |date=25 April 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426144345/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/nsfc-mot042519.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SPC-20190425">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=The Universe Is Expanding So Fast We Might Need New Physics to Explain It |url=https://www.space.com/universe-expanding-fast-new-physics.html |date=25 April 2019 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=27 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="GIZ-20190425">{{cite news |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=Hubble Measurements Confirm There's Something Weird About How the Universe Is Expanding |url=https://gizmodo.com/hubble-measurements-confirm-theres-something-weird-abou-1834339830 |date=25 April 2019 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=26 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20190328">{{cite journal |author=Riess, Adam G. |display-authors=et al. |title=Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheid Standards Provide a 1% Foundation for the Determination of the Hubble Constant and Stronger Evidence for Physics Beyond ΛCDM |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=876 |issue=1 |pages=85 |date=28 March 2019 |arxiv=1903.07603 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab1422 |bibcode=2019ApJ...876...85R |s2cid=85528549 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190313">{{cite journal |author=Pietrzyński, G |display-authors=et al. |title=A distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud that is precise to one per cent |date=13 March 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=567 |issue=7747 |pages=200–203 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-0999-4 |pmid=30867610 |bibcode=2019Natur.567..200P |arxiv=1903.08096 |s2cid=76660316 }}</ref>
* 29 April{{Snd}} Scientists, working with the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], confirmed the detection of the large and complex ionized molecules of [[buckminsterfullerene]] (C<sub>60</sub>) (also known as "buckyballs") in the [[interstellar medium|interstellar medium spaces]] between the [[star]]s.<ref name="SA-20190429">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=The Hubble Space Telescope Has Just Found Solid Evidence of Interstellar Buckyballs |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/the-hubble-space-telescope-has-found-evidence-of-interstellar-buckyballs |date=29 April 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=29 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="AJL-20190422">{{cite journal |author=Cordiner, M.A. |display-authors=et al. |title=Confirming Interstellar C60 + Using the Hubble Space Telescope |date=22 April 2019 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=875 |pages=L28 |number=2 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab14e5 |bibcode=2019ApJ...875L..28C |arxiv=1904.08821 |s2cid=121292704 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 30 April{{Snd}} Biologists report that the very large [[medusavirus]], or a relative, may have been responsible, at least in part, for the [[Evolution|evolutionary emergence]] of complex [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic cells]] from simpler [[Prokaryote|prokaryotic cells]].<ref name="EA-20190430">{{cite news |author=Tokyo University of Science |title=New giant virus may help scientists better understand the emergence of complex life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/tuos-ngv043019.php |date=30 April 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=30 April 2019 |author-link=Tokyo University of Science |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430141716/https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/tuos-ngv043019.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== May ===
[[File:Ectopistes migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg|thumb|right|200px|6 May: The [[Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services|IPBES]] warns that [[extinction]] of the [[Biodiversity|natural living world]] is accelerating, largely a result of [[Anthropocene|human activity]]{{Snd}} [[passenger pigeon]]s are now extinct.<ref name="NYT-20190506" /><ref name="IPBES-20190506" /><ref name="NYT-20190511" />]]
* 1 May{{Snd}} A study by U.S. researchers finds that deleting the ATDC gene can prevent the growth of [[pancreatic cancer]] in mice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Removal of gene prevents development of pancreatic cancer in mice |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/nlh-rog050119.php |date=1 May 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=2 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 2 May
** Astronomers, from the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], release the [[:File:NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm|Hubble Legacy Field Zoom Out (video; 00:50)]], a 16-year effort, which provides a zoom out view from the [[Hubble ultra deep field|Ultra Deep Field of galaxies]] to the Legacy Field of galaxies.<ref name="EA-2019052">{{cite news |author=NASA |title=Hubble astronomers assemble wide view of the evolving universe |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/nsfc-haa050219.php |date=2 May 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=2 May 2019 |author-link=NASA |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324071832/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/nsfc-haa050219.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** A study of nearly 1,000 gay male couples who took [[antiretroviral therapy]], published in ''The Lancet'', finds no cases of [[HIV]] transmission over eight years.<ref>{{cite news |title=End to Aids in sight as huge study finds drugs stop HIV transmission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/may/02/end-to-aids-in-sight-as-huge-study-finds-drugs-stop-hiv-transmission |date=2 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gay HIV transmission with treatment is 'zero risk', study confirms |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-48124007 |date=3 May 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=3 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 3 May{{Snd}} The UK's [[National Nuclear Laboratory]] (NNL) and [[University of Leicester]] report the first generation of usable electricity from [[americium]], which could lead to the development of "space batteries" that power missions for up to 400 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK generates usable electricity from americium |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/UK-generates-usable-electricity-from-americium |date=3 May 2019 |work=World Nuclear News |access-date=5 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UK scientists generate electricity from rare element to power future space missions |url=https://www.nnl.co.uk/2019/05/uk-scientists-generate-electricity-from-rare-element-to-power-future-space-missions/ |date=3 May 2019 |work=National Nuclear Laboratory |access-date=5 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 6 May
** In its first report since 2005, the [[Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]] (IPBES) warns that [[biodiversity loss]] is "accelerating", with over a million species now threatened with [[extinction]]; the decline of the [[biosphere|natural living world]] is "unprecedented" and largely a result of human actions.<ref name="NYT-20190506">{{cite news |last=Plumer |first=Brad |title=Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html |date=6 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]  |access-date=6 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="IPBES-20190506">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating' |url=https://www.ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment |date=6 May 2019 |work=[[Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]] |access-date=6 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190511">{{cite news |author=The Editorial Board |title=Life as We Know It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/11/opinion/sunday/extinction-endangered-species-biodiversity.html |date=11 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=12 May 2019 }}</ref>
** Researchers at [[Columbia University]] report a new [[desalination]] method for [[Hypersaline lake|hypersaline brines]], known as "temperature swing solvent extraction (TSSE)", which is low-cost and efficient.<ref>{{cite news |title=Radical Desalination Approach May Disrupt the Water Industry |url=https://engineering.columbia.edu/press-releases/ngai-yin-yip-radical-desalination |date=6 May 2019 |work=Columbia University |access-date=9 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 8 May{{Snd}} A British teenager, Isabelle Holdaway, 17, is reported to be the first patient to receive a genetically modified [[phage therapy]] to treat a [[Antimicrobial resistance|drug-resistant infection]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Teenager recovers from near death in world-first GM virus treatment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/may/08/teenager-recovers-from-near-death-in-world-first-gm-virus-treatment |date=8 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |access-date=9 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Phage therapy: 'Viral cocktail saved my daughter's life' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-48199915 |date=8 May 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=9 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 11 May{{Snd}} [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>]], as measured by the [[Mauna Loa Observatory]], Hawaii, reaches 415 parts per million (ppm), the highest level for 2.5 million years.<ref>{{cite news |title=415 ppm CO<sub>2</sub> threshold crossed May 2019 |url=http://www.thefosterlab.org/blog/2019/5/14/415-ppm-co2-threshold-crossed-may-2019 |date=15 May 2019 |work=Foster Lab |access-date=16 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It's Official: Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> Just Exceeded 415 ppm For The First Time in Human History |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/it-s-official-atmospheric-co2-just-exceeded-415-ppm-for-first-time-in-human-history |date=13 May 2019 |work=Science Alert |access-date=16 May 2019 }}</ref> During the late Pliocene, sea levels were up to 20 m higher, and the global climate was 3&nbsp;°C hotter.
* 14 May
** Computer security researchers at [[Graz University of Technology]] and [[KU Leuven|Catholic University of Leuven]], in a [[responsible disclosure|coordinated disclosure]] with [[Intel]], announce the discovery of a group of [[Microarchitectural Data Sampling]] vulnerabilities, affecting millions of [[List of Intel microprocessors|Intel microprocessors]], which they named Fallout, RIDL (Rogue In-Flight Data Load) and ZombieLoad.<ref name="WRD-20190514">{{cite magazine |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |title=Meltdown Redux: Intel Flaw Lets Hackers Siphon Secrets from Millions of PCs |url=https://www.wired.com/story/intel-mds-attack-speculative-execution-buffer/ |date=14 May 2019 |magazine=[[WIRED]]|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>
** Researchers at [[Microsoft]] reported the [[BlueKeep (security vulnerability)|BlueKeep]] [[Vulnerability (computing)|security vulnerability]] ({{CVE|2019-0708}}) (noted as '''"critical"''' by Microsoft) that may affect nearly one million computers using ''older'' versions ([[Windows 8]] and [[Windows 10]] are '''not''' affected) of the [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] [[operating system]]s with a "[[Computer worm|wormable]]" [[Remote Desktop Services]] (RDS) [[Arbitrary code execution|Remote Code Execution]] (RCE) [[Remote Desktop Protocol]] (RDP) vulnerability. Microsoft recommends installing available update patches as soon as possible, and also recommends turning off Remote Desktop Services if they are not required.<ref name="MS-20190514a">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Customer guidance for CVE-2019-0708 – Remote Desktop Services Remote Code Execution Vulnerability: May 14, 2019 |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4500705/customer-guidance-for-cve-2019-0708 |date=14 May 2019 |work=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=29 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="MS-20190514b">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=CVE-2019-0708 Remote Desktop Services Remote Code Execution Vulnerability - Security Vulnerability |url=https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2019-0708 |date=14 May 2019 |work=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=29 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ESET-20190522">{{cite news |last=Kubovič |first=Ondrej |title=Patch now! Why the BlueKeep vulnerability is a big deal |url=https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/22/patch-now-bluekeep-vulnerability/ |date=22 May 2019 |work=[[ESET]] |access-date=29 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ZDN-20190528">{{cite news |last=Cimpanu |first=Catalin |title=Almost one million Windows systems vulnerable to BlueKeep (CVE-2019-0708) - New research puts an initial estimation of 7.6 million vulnerable systems into more context. |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/almost-one-million-windows-systems-vulnerable-to-bluekeep-cve-2019-0708/ |date=28 May 2019 |work=[[ZDNet]] |access-date=29 May 2019 }}</ref>
** Researchers at [[Macquarie University]] report that [[plastic pollution]] is harming the growth, photosynthesis and oxygen production of ''[[Prochlorococcus]]'', the ocean's most abundant photosynthetic bacteria, responsible for 10% of oxygen breathed by humans.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's not just fish, plastic pollution harms the bacteria that help us breathe |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/mu-inj051219.php |date=14 May 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=15 May 2019 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514133505/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/mu-inj051219.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:E coli at 10000x, original.jpg|thumb|right|200px|15 May: Creation of a new [[Synthetic biology#Synthetic life|synthetic]] form of [[wikt:viability|viable]] [[life]], a variant of the [[bacteria]] ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', reported by researchers.<ref name="NYT-20190515" />]]
* 15 May
** Researchers, in a milestone effort, report the creation of a new [[Synthetic biology#Synthetic life|synthetic]] (possibly [[Artificial life#Biochemical-based ("wet")|artificial]]) form of [[wikt:viability|viable]] [[life]], a variant of the [[bacteria]] ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', by reducing the natural number of 64 [[codon]]s in the bacterial [[genome]] to 59 codons instead, in order to encode 20 [[amino acid]]s.<ref name="NYT-20190515">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists Created Bacteria With a Synthetic Genome. Is This Artificial Life? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/science/synthetic-genome-bacteria.html |date=15 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=16 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190515">{{cite journal |author=Fredens, Julius |display-authors=et al. |title=Total synthesis of Escherichia coli with a recoded genome |date=15 May 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=569 |issue=7757 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1192-5 |pmid=31092918 |pmc=7039709 |bibcode=2019Natur.569..514F }}</ref>
** Researchers at [[University of Nebraska Medical Center]] describe the role of TGF-beta type II signaling receptor (TGFBR2) in [[osteoarthritis]], which plays a key role in the progression of the disease by regulating joint development. They also identify a potential new drug that could treat it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Potential disease-modifying drug for osteoarthritis identified |url=https://www.unmc.edu/news.cfm?match=23863 |date=15 May 2019 |work=University of Nebraska Medical Center |access-date=17 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 16 May
** Astronomers report their first results about [[486958 Arrokoth]], the [[Kuiper Belt]] object in the [[Solar System#Outer Solar System|outer Solar System]] that the [[New Horizons]] [[space probe]] flew by in January 2019.<ref name="AT-20190516">{{cite news |last=Timmer |first=John |title=First results from New Horizons' time in the Kuiper Belt |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/05/first-results-from-new-horizons-time-in-the-kuiper-belt/ |date=16 May 2019 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=16 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20190517">{{cite journal |author=Stern, S. A. |display-authors=et al. |title=Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU69, a small Kuiper Belt object |date=17 May 2019 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=364 |issue=64421 |pages=eaaw9771 |doi=10.1126/science.aaw9771 |pmid=31097641 |arxiv=2004.01017 |bibcode=2019Sci...364.9771S |s2cid=156055370 }}</ref>
** Researchers from the University of Leeds report that nearly a quarter of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]] is now unstable, with melting of the [[Pine Island Glacier|Pine Island]] and [[Thwaites Glacier|Thwaites]] glaciers now five times faster than 25 years previously.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nearly a quarter of West Antarctic ice is now unstable |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/4417/nearly_a_quarter_of_west_antarctic_ice_is_now_unstable |date=16 May 2019 |work=University of Leeds |access-date=18 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Antarctica's Ice Is Melting 5 Times Faster Than in the 90s |url=https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/05/16/antarctica-pine-island-thwaites-ice-melting-5-times-faster-90s |date=16 May 2019 |work=Desmog |access-date=18 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 19 May
** Researchers at the University of Melbourne report an unusual slowdown in the growth of [[Health in Australia|life expectancy in Australia]], following 20 years of rapid increases.<ref>{{cite news |title=Growth in life expectancy in Australia slows, research finds |url=https://about.unimelb.edu.au/newsroom/news/2019/may/growth-in-life-expectancy-in-australia-slows,-research-finds |date=20 May 2019 |work=University of Melbourne |access-date=20 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Slower increase in life expectancy in Australia than in other high income countries: the contributions of age and cause of death |url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2019/210/9/slower-increase-life-expectancy-australia-other-high-income-countries |date=20 May 2019 |work=Medical Journal of Australia |access-date=20 May 2019 }}</ref>
** Physicists report that decay processes of [[quasiparticle]]s in certain strongly interacting medium systems may be stopped entirely, which may help make such particles basically immortal.<ref name="SA-20200104">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=Scientists Find Evidence a Strange Group of Quantum Particles Are Basically Immortal |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-find-evidence-a-strange-group-of-quantum-particles-are-basically-immortal |date=4 January 2020 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=5 January 2020 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190527">{{cite journal |author=Verressen, Ruben |display-authors=et al. |title=Avoided quasiparticle decay from strong quantum interactions |date=27 May 2019 |journal=[[Nature Physics]] |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=750–753 |doi=10.1038/s41567-019-0535-3 |bibcode=2019NatPh..15..750V |arxiv=1810.01422 |s2cid=191138037 }}</ref>
* 20 May
** Lawyers in [[China]] report, in light of the purported creation by Chinese scientist [[He Jiankui]] of the [[Lulu and Nana controversy|first gene-edited humans]] (see [[Lulu and Nana controversy]]), the drafting of regulations that anyone manipulating the [[human genome]] by [[Genome editing|gene-editing techniques]], like [[CRISPR gene editing|CRISPR]], would be held responsible for any related adverse consequences.<ref name="NAT-20190520">{{cite journal |last=Cyranoski |first=David |title=China set to introduce gene-editing regulation following CRISPR-baby furore |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01580-1 |date=20 May 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |access-date=20 May 2019 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01580-1 |pmid=32424191 |s2cid=182604140 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
** The [[2019 revision of the SI|revision]] of the [[SI system]] of measurement adopted by the majority of countries in the world takes effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bipm.org/en/measurement-units/|publisher=BIPM|title=The International System of Units (SI)|date=20 May 2019|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223053741/https://www.bipm.org/en/measurement-units/|archive-date=23 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Omphalotus nidiformis Binnamittalong 2 email.jpg|thumb|right|200px|22 May: Fossilized [[fungus]], ''[[Ourasphaira giraldae]]'' (not pictured), found that may have grown on land a billion years ago, well before [[plant]]s were on land.<ref name="NYT-20190522" /><ref name="Ars Technica 2019" /><ref name="NAT-20190522" />]]
* 21 May{{Snd}} Researchers at [[McMaster University]] report the discovery of a new and more efficient method of storing vaccines in temperatures of up to 40&nbsp;°C for weeks at a time.<ref>{{cite web |title=McMaster researchers invent a way to get life-saving vaccines to previously inaccessible parts of the world |url=https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/mcmaster-researchers-invent-a-way-to-get-life-saving-vaccines-to-previously-inaccessible-parts-of-the-world/ |website=McMaster University |access-date=23 May 2019 |date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=McMaster University researchers invent way to store vaccines at higher temperatures |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2019/05/21/mcmaster-university-researchers-invent-way-to-store-vaccines-at-higher-temperatures.html |website=The Toronto Star |access-date=23 May 2019 |date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian scientists figure out how to preserve vaccines without refrigeration — a potential public-health game changer |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-scientists-figure-out-how-to-preserve-vaccines-without-refrigeration-a-potential-public-health-game-changer |website=National Post |access-date=23 May 2019 |date=21 May 2019|last1=Buck |first1=Genna }}</ref> 
* 22 May
** Scientists report the discovery of a [[fossil]]ized [[fungus]], named ''[[Ourasphaira giraldae]]'', in the [[Northern Canada|Canadian Arctic]], that may have grown on land a billion years ago, well before [[plant]]s were living on land.<ref name="NYT-20190522">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=How Did Life Arrive on Land? A Billion-Year-Old Fungus May Hold Clues  |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/science/fungi-fossils-plants.html |date=22 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=23 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Ars Technica 2019">{{cite web |last=Timmer |first=John |title=Billion-year-old fossils may be early fungus |website=[[Ars Technica]] |date=22 May 2019 |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/05/billion-year-old-fossils-may-be-early-fungus/ |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190522">{{cite journal |last1=Loron |first1=Corentin C. |last2=François |first2=Camille |last3=Rainbird |first3=Robert H. |last4=Turner |first4=Elizabeth C. |last5=Borensztajn |first5=Stephan |last6=Javaux |first6=Emmanuelle J. |title=Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=570 |issue=7760 |pages=232–235 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science and Business Media LLC]] |date=22 May 2019 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0 |pmid=31118507 |bibcode=2019Natur.570..232L |s2cid=162180486 }}</ref>
** [[Superconductivity]] at very high pressure is observed at a temperature of -23&nbsp;°C (-9&nbsp;°F), a jump of about 50 degrees compared to the previous confirmed record, by researchers at the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists break record for highest-temperature superconductor |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/scientists-break-record-highest-temperature-superconductor |website=University of Chicago |access-date=23 May 2019 |date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists break record for highest-temperature superconductor |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190522141823.htm |date=22 May 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=23 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 23 May 
** Researchers at the University of Southampton predict that the average (median) body mass of [[mammals]] will collectively reduce by 25 per cent over the next century, due to the impact of human activity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Study predicts shift to smaller animals over next century |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/uos-sps052119.php |date=23 May 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=23 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Projected losses of global mammal and bird ecological strategies |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10284-z |date=23 May 2019 |work=Nature Communications |access-date=23 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Humans causing shrinking of nature as larger animals die off |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/23/humans-causing-shrinking-of-nature-as-larger-animals-die-off |date=23 May 2019 |work=The Guardian |access-date=23 May 2019 }}</ref>
** Astronomers report the discovery of a [[Water on Mars|very large amount of water]] in the [[Vastitas Borealis|northern polar region]] of the [[Mars|planet Mars]].<ref name="GZ-20190523">{{cite news |last=Dvorsky |first=George |title=An Astounding Amount of Water Has Been Discovered Beneath the Martian North Pole |url=https://gizmodo.com/an-astounding-amount-of-water-has-been-discovered-benea-1834978180 |date=23 May 2019 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=23 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="GRL-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Nerozzi |first1=S. |last2=Holt |first2=J.W. |title=Buried ice and sand caps at the north pole of Mars: revealing a record of climate change in the cavi unit with SHARAD |date=2019 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=46 |issue=13 |pages=7278 |doi=10.1029/2019GL082114|bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.7278N |doi-access=free |hdl=10150/634098 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* 27 May{{Snd}} The last male [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] in [[Malaysia]] is reported to have died, leaving only one female in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last male Sumatran rhino in Malaysia dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-48432302 |date=28 May 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 May 2019 }}</ref>
* 28 May{{Snd}} A team from the [[University of Minnesota]] and [[University of Massachusetts]] exceed the [[Sabatier reaction|Sabatier]] maximum, with a 10,000-fold increase in the rate of chemical reactions, using waves to create an oscillating catalyst.<ref>{{cite news |title=Research Brief: Energy researchers break the catalytic speed limit |url=https://twin-cities.umn.edu/news-events/research-brief-energy-researchers-break-catalytic-speed-limit |date=28 May 2019 |work=University of Minnesota |access-date=29 May 2019 }}</ref>

=== June ===
[[File:PIA21919-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-AhunaMons-20180314.jpg|thumb|right|200px|10 June: Scientists report that [[Ahuna Mons]], a very high mountain on [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]], may have been formed from a plume of mud ejected from deep inside the [[dwarf planet]].<ref name="SPC-20190610" />]]
* June{{Snd}} [[Heuglin's gazelle]] rediscovered in [[Eritrea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Forestry and Wild Life Authority rediscovers 'Eritrean gazelle' |url=http://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/28829-forestry-and-wild-life-authority-rediscovers-eritrean-gazelle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630013911/http://www.shabait.com/news/local-news/28829-forestry-and-wild-life-authority-rediscovers-eritrean-gazelle |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2019 |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=Shabait |publisher=Ministry of Information, Eritrea |date=29 June 2019 }}</ref>
* 4 June{{Snd}} Astronomers report the discovery of a star, named [[ASASSN-V J213939.3-702817.4]], non-variable earlier, observed to be associated with a very unusual, deep dimming event. The star, in the [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]] [[constellation]], is about {{convert|3630|ly|pc|abbr=on}} away.<ref name="AST-20190604">{{cite news |author=Jayasinghe, T. |display-authors=et al. |title=ASAS-SN Discovery of an Unusual, Deep Dimming Episode of a Previously Non-Variable Star |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=12836 |date=4 June 2019 |work=[[The Astronomer's Telegram]] |access-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name="AST-20190608">{{cite news |last1=McCollum |first1=B. |last2=Laine |first2=S. |title=Spectral Type of the Unusual Variable ASASSN-V J213939.3-702817.4 |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=12849 |date=8 June 2019 |work=[[The Astronomer's Telegram]] |access-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name="TA-20190606">{{cite news |last=Seidel |first=Jamie |title=A suddenly dimming star has caught the attention of alien hunters |url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/technology/science/a-suddenly-dimming-star-has-caught-the-attention-of-alien-hunters/news-story/66cbfd09995ed528edfbfe771eaccb46 |date=6 June 2019 |work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |access-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref>
* 6 June{{Snd}} The [[International Astronomical Union]] (I.A.U), in celebration of its hundredth anniversary, in a project called ''[[IAU100 NameExoWorlds]]'', is reported to welcome countries of the world, to submit names for [[astronomical object]]s, particularly [[exoplanet]]s and its [[List of exoplanetary host stars|host star]], which would later be considered for official adoption by the organization.<ref name="IAU-20190606">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Name an Exoplanet |url=https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1908/ |date=6 June 2019 |work=[[International Astronomical Union]] |access-date=15 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190614">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=So Long, Exoplanet HD 17156b. Hello ... Sauron? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/14/science/exoplanets-astronomy-space.html |date=14 June 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161202">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Twinkle, Twinkle Little [Insert Name Here] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/02/science/naming-stars.html |date=2 December 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 June 2019 }}</ref>
* 10 June 
** Scientists report that [[Ahuna Mons]], a very high dome-shaped mountain on the [[dwarf planet]] [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]], may have been formed by a plume of mud ejected from deep within the planet.<ref name="SPC-20190610">{{cite news |last=Choi |first=Charles Q. |title=A Weird Mud Plume May Have Built the Highest Peak on Dwarf Planet Ceres |url=https://www.space.com/ceres-highest-mountain-mud-plume.html |date=10 June 2019 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=10 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NGS-20190610">{{cite journal |author=Ruesch, Ottaviano |display-authors=et al. |title=Slurry extrusion on Ceres from a convective mud-bearing mantle |date=10 June 2019 |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=505–509 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0378-7 |bibcode=2019NatGe..12..505R |hdl=11573/1316951 |s2cid=195217586 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
** A study by researchers from the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], identifies nearly 600 [[plants]] that have disappeared since the Industrial Revolution{{Snd}} more than twice the number of birds, mammals and amphibians combined{{Snd}} with extinctions now occurring 500 times faster than the natural background rate.<ref>{{cite news |title='Frightening' number of plant extinctions found in global survey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/10/frightening-number-of-plant-extinctions-found-in-global-survey |date=10 June 2019 |work=The Guardian |access-date=10 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Almost 600 plants have already gone extinct{{Snd}} Why should we care?|url=https://www.kew.org/about-us/press-media/plant-extinction-report-rbg-kew-stockholm-university |date=10 June 2019 |work=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=10 June 2019 }}</ref>
* 11 June
** Astronomers report that the [[Hubble sequence|usual Hubble classification]], particularly concerning [[spiral galaxies]], may not be supported, and may need updating.<ref name="EA-20190611">{{cite news |author=Royal Astronomical Society |title=Citizen scientists re-tune Hubble's galaxy classification |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-06/ras-csr061119.php |date=11 June 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=11 June 2019 |author-link=Royal Astronomical Society |archive-date=11 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611165824/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-06/ras-csr061119.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder demonstrate "nanobio-hybrid" organisms capable of using airborne carbon dioxide and nitrogen to produce a variety of eco-friendly plastics and fuels.<ref>{{cite news |title=These nano-bugs eat CO<sub>2</sub> and make eco-friendly fuel|url=https://www.colorado.edu/today/2019/06/11/these-nano-bugs-eat-co2-and-make-eco-friendly-fuel |date=11 June 2019 |work=University of Colorado Boulder |access-date=14 June 2019 }}</ref>
* 12 June
** The discovery of [[cold quasar]]s is announced at the 234th meeting of the [[American Astronomical Society]].<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNdscedDCnQ |title=AAS 234 Press Conference: Cold Quasars & Hot Cosmology|publisher=AAS Press Office via YouTube| date=12 June 2019| access-date =13 June 2019}}</ref>
** Astronomers report the discovery of two [[Earth analog|Earth-mass exoplanets]] orbiting [[Teegarden's Star]] within its [[Circumstellar habitable zone|habitable zone]].<ref name="ANA-20180612">{{cite journal |last1=Caballero |first1=J. A. |last2=Reiners |first2=Ansgar |last3=Ribas |first3=I. |last4=Dreizler |first4=S. |last5=Zechmeister |first5=M. |display-authors=etal |date=12 June 2019 |title=The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two temperate Earth-mass planet candidates around Teegarden's Star |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/forth/aa35460-19.pdf |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=627 |pages=A49 |language=en |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201935460 |arxiv=1906.07196 |issn=0004-6361 |bibcode=2019A&A...627A..49Z |s2cid=189999121 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20190618">{{cite news |author=University of Göttingen |title=View of the Earth in front of the Sun |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-06/uog-vot061819.php |date=18 June 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=18 June 2019 |author-link=University of Göttingen |archive-date=18 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618195040/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-06/uog-vot061819.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 19 June{{Snd}} Researchers at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] demonstrate the first noninvasive mind-controlled robotic arm.<ref>{{cite news |title=First-ever successful mind-controlled robotic arm without brain implants|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190619142542.htm |date=19 June 2019 |work=Science Daily |access-date=26 June 2019 }}</ref>
* 20 June{{Snd}} Researchers at [[Lancaster University]] describe a new electronic memory device that combines the properties of both [[DRAM]] and [[Flash memory|flash]], while recording or deleting data using hundreds of times less energy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Discovery of a "Holy Grail" with the invention of universal computer memory |url=https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/news/-discovery-of-a-holy-grail-with-the-invention-of-universal-computer-memory |date=20 June 2019 |work=Lancaster University |access-date=21 June 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:Architeuthis princeps image modified.PNG|thumb|right|200px|21 June: Scientists release 1st video appearance of a [[giant squid]] in United States waters.<ref name="NYT-20190621" />]]
* 21 June{{Snd}} Scientists release the video appearance, for the second time, and for the very first time in waters of the United States, of a [[giant squid]] in its [[wikt:deep water|deepwater]] habitat.<ref name="NYT-20190621">{{cite news |last=Jarvis |first=Brooke |title=Giant Squid, Phantom of the Deep, Makes Second Video Appearance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/21/science/giant-squid-cephalopod-video.html |date=21 June 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151229">{{cite news |last=Padnani |first=Amisha |author-link=Amy Padnani |title=Giant Squid, Elusive Creature of the Deep, Gets a Vivid Close-Up |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/30/science/giant-squid-video-japan.html |date=29 December 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20130114">{{cite journal |last=Schrope |first=Mark |title=Giant squid filmed in its natural environment |url=https://www.nature.com/news/giant-squid-filmed-in-its-natural-environment-1.12202 |date=14 January 2013 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/nature.2013.12202 |s2cid=88092058 |access-date=21 June 2019 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 22 June{{Snd}} Scientists working with the ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' rover on the planet [[Mars]] report the detection of a significant amount of [[methane]], the [[Methane on Mars|largest amount]] ever detected by the rover{{Snd}} 21 [[Parts-per notation|parts per billion units by volume]] (ppbv) (i.e., one ppbv means that if you take a volume of air on Mars, one billionth of the volume of air is methane). Methane is a possible indicator of [[life]], but may also be produced [[Methane#Geological routes|geologically]].<ref name="NYT-20190622">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA Rover on Mars Detects Puff of Gas That Hints at Possibility of Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/22/science/nasa-mars-rover-life.html |date=22 June 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20190623">{{cite news |last1=Good |first1=Andrew |last2=Johnson |first2=Alana |title=Curiosity Detects Unusually High Methane Levels |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7433 |date=23 June 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=23 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190626">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=With a Poof, Mars Methane Is Gone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/science/mars-methane-nasa.html |date=26 June 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 June 2019 }}</ref>
* 23 June{{Snd}} Researchers in Greece report for the first time, a single-step [[Laser]] texturing process for the fabrication of [[Anti-reflective coating#Textured coatings|anti-reflective]] transparent surfaces based on [[biomimicry]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Papadopoulos | first1 = A. | last2 = Skoulas | first2 = E. | last3 = Mimidis | first3 = A. | last4 = Perrakis | first4 = G. | last5 = Kenanakis | first5 = G. | last6 = Tsibidis | first6 = G. D. |author7-link=Emmanuel Stratakis| last7 = Stratakis | first7 = E. | year = 2019| title = Biomimetic Omnidirectional Antireflective Glass via Direct Ultrafast Laser Nanostructuring | journal = Advanced Materials | volume =  31| issue = 32| page =  1901123| doi = 10.1002/adma.201901123 | pmid = 31231905 | arxiv = 2010.14153 | bibcode = 2019AdM....3101123P | s2cid = 195326828 }}</ref>
* 24 June{{Snd}} [[SpaceX]] successfully launches the [[Falcon Heavy]] for the 3rd time with the [[Space Test Program#2019|STP-2]] mission. This is also the first Falcon Heavy mission contracted by the [[United States Government]].
* 27 June{{Snd}} NASA's ''[[Dragonfly (Titan space probe)|Dragonfly]]'' spacecraft is selected to become the fourth mission in the [[New Frontiers program]]. It will launch in 2026, arriving on the surface of Saturn's moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] in 2034.<ref name="NYT-20190627">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=David W. |title=NASA Announces New Dragonfly Drone Mission to Explore Titan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/science/nasa-titan-dragonfly-caesar.html |date=27 June 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NASA's Dragonfly Will Fly Around Titan Looking for Origins, Signs of Life |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-dragonfly-will-fly-around-titan-looking-for-origins-signs-of-life/ |date=27 June 2019 |work=NASA |access-date=28 June 2019 }}</ref>
* 28 June 
** Russian astronomers report the [[Fast radio burst#June 2019|discovery of nine]] [[Fast Radio Burst]] (FRB) events (FRB 121029, FRB 131030, FRB 140212, FRB 141216, FRB 151125.1, FRB 151125.2, FRB 160206, FRB 161202, FRB 180321), which include one repeating FRB (FRB 151125, third one ever detected), from the direction of the [[Andromeda Galaxy|M 31]] ([[Andromeda Galaxy]]) and [[Triangulum Galaxy|M 33]] ([[Triangulum Galaxy]]) [[Galaxy|galaxies]] during the analysis of archive data (July 2012 to December 2018) from the [[Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory|BSA/LPI]] [[Phased array|large phased array]] [[radio telescope]] at the [[Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory]].<ref name="AT-20190629">{{cite news |author=Fedorova, V.A. |display-authors=et al. |title=Detection of nine new Fast Radio Bursts in the direction of the galaxy M31 and M33 at the frequency 111&nbsp;MHz at the radio telescope BSA LPI. |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=12899 |date=29 June 2019 |work=[[The Astronomer's Telegram]] |access-date=4 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="PRAO-20190628">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Search Fast Radio Burst at the frequency 111&nbsp;MHz |url=https://www.frb.su/pustaya-stranica |date=28 June 2019 |work=[[Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory]] |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205071719/https://www.frb.su/pustaya-stranica |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CNET-20190630">{{cite news |last=Mack |first=Eric |title=More mysterious signals from deep space detected |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/more-mysterious-signals-from-deep-space-detected/ |access-date=3 July 2019 }}</ref>
** Astronomers report the detection of a [[star]], named [[HD 139139]] (EPIC 249706694), that [[List of stars that dim oddly|dims in brightness]] in an apparent [[Randomness|random]], and currently unexplainable, way.<ref name="MNRAS-20190628">{{cite journal |author=Rappaport, S. |display-authors=et al. |title=The Random Transiter{{Snd}} EPIC 249706694/HD 139139 |date=28 June 2019 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=488 |issue=2 |pages=2455–2465 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stz1772 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019MNRAS.488.2455R |arxiv=1906.11268 |s2cid=195699431 }}</ref><ref name="PHY-20190703">{{cite news |last=Yirka |first=Bob |title=Binary stars with unexplainable dimming pattern |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-binary-stars-unexplainable-dimming-pattern.html |date=3 July 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=4 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NS-20190702">{{cite news |last=Crane |first=Leah |title=The weirdest stars we've ever seen have astronomers utterly baffled |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2208275-the-weirdest-stars-weve-ever-seen-have-astronomers-utterly-baffled/ |date=2 July 2019 |work=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=4 July 2019 }}</ref>
* 29 June{{Snd}} Scientists report that all 16 GB of [[Wikipedia]] have been encoded into [[synthetic DNA]].<ref name="CNET-20190629">{{cite news |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |title=Startup packs all 16GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/ |date=29 June 2019 |work=[[CNET]] |access-date=7 August 2019 }}</ref>

=== July ===
* 1 July
** Astronomers report that [['Oumuamua]], an [[interstellar object]] that passed through the [[Solar System]] in October 2017, was an object of a "purely natural origin", and not otherwise.<ref name="NAT-20190701">{{cite journal |author=The 'Oumuamua ISSI Team |title=The natural history of 'Oumuamua |date=1 July 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=594–602 |doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0816-x |bibcode=2019NatAs...3..594O |arxiv=1907.01910 |s2cid=195791768 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20190701">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=Astronomers Have Analysed Claims 'Oumuamua's an Alien Ship, And It's Not Looking Good |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/astronomers-have-determined-oumuamua-is-really-truly-not-an-alien-lightsail |date=1 July 2019 |work=Science Alert.com |access-date=1 July 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Af present.svg|thumb|right|200px|3 July: Substantial amounts of "lost tropical [[rainforest]]" can be restored, based on studies.<ref name="SM-20190703" /><ref name="EA-20190703" />]]
** [[MRI]] scans were performed on individual atoms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Willke |first1= Philip |last2= Yang |first2= Kai |last3= Bae |first3= Yujeong |last4= Heinrich |first4= Andreas J. |author-link4= Andreas J. Heinrich |last5= Lutz |first5= Christopher P. |date= 1 July 2019 |title= Magnetic resonance imaging of single atoms on a surface |journal= Nature Physics |volume= 15|issue= 10|pages= 1005–1010|doi= 10.1038/s41567-019-0573-x |arxiv= 1807.08944 |bibcode= 2019NatPh..15.1005W |s2cid= 119528753 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/01/science/microscope-atom-magnetic-mri.html |title= Scientists Took an M.R.I. Scan of an Atom |last= Sheikh |first= Knvul |date= 1 July 2019 |website= [[The New York Times]] |access-date= 5 July 2019 }}</ref>
* 2 July
** The [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]] reports that the global average temperature for June 2019 was the highest on record for the month, at 0.1&nbsp;°C higher than that of the previous warmest June, in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Record-breaking temperatures for June |url=https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-breaking-temperatures-june |date=2 July 2019 |work=Copernicus Climate Change Service |access-date=3 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/june-hottest-month-ever-earth-2019-weather-heatwave-hot-a8984691.html |date=3 July 2019 |work=The Independent |access-date=3 July 2019 }}</ref>
** A [[Solar eclipse of July 2, 2019|total solar eclipse]] occurs, with totality visible in the [[South Sea Islands|South Pacific]] and [[South America]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
** Astronomers report that [[Fast radio burst#FRB 190523|FRB 190523]], a non-repeating [[Fast Radio Burst]] (FRB), has been discovered and, notably, localized to a few-arcsecond region containing a single massive [[galaxy]] at a [[redshift]] of 0.66, nearly 8 billion light-years away from Earth.<ref name="NAT-20190792">{{cite journal |author=Ravi, V. |display-authors=et al. |title=A fast radio burst localized to a massive galaxy |date=2 July 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=572 |issue=7769 |pages=352–354 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1389-7 |pmid=31266051 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/96602/2/1907.01542.pdf |bibcode=2019Natur.572..352R |arxiv=1907.01542 |s2cid=195776411 }}</ref><ref name="CNET-20190702">{{cite news |last=Mack |first=Eric |title=Another mysterious deep space signal traced to the other side of the universe |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/another-mystery-deep-space-signal-traced-to-the-other-side-of-the-universe/ |date=2 July 2019 |work=[[CNET]] |access-date=3 July 2019 }}</ref>
* 3 July
** Scientists from the [[University of Bristol]] describe a new way to direct [[stem cell]]s to [[Cardiac muscle|heart tissue]], using a designer [[Bioadhesive|adhesive]] [[protein]].<ref>{{cite news |title=World first: Homing instinct applied to stem cells show cells 'home' to cardiac tissue |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/uob-wf070319.php |date=3 July 2019 |work=Eurekalert! |access-date=4 July 2019 }}</ref>
**Researchers identify more than a {{convert|1|e6km2|e6mi2|abbr=off}} of lost tropical [[rainforest]] across the [[Americas]], [[Africa]] and [[Southeast Asia]], with a high potential for [[Reforestation|restoration]].<ref name="MB-20190703">{{cite news |title=Study: Vast swaths of lost tropical forest can still be brought back to life |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/07/study-vast-swaths-of-lost-tropical-forest-can-still-be-brought-back-to-life/ |date=3 July 2019 |work=Mongabay |access-date=4 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="SM-20190703">{{cite news |title=Global restoration opportunities in tropical rainforest landscapes |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aav3223 |date=3 July 2019 |journal=Science Advances |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aav3223 |access-date=4 July 2019 |last1=Brancalion |first1=Pedro H. S. |last2=Niamir |first2=Aidin |last3=Broadbent |first3=Eben |last4=Crouzeilles |first4=Renato |last5=Barros |first5=Felipe S. M. |last6=Almeyda Zambrano |first6=Angelica M. |last7=Baccini |first7=Alessandro |last8=Aronson |first8=James |last9=Goetz |first9=Scott |last10=Reid |first10=J. Leighton |last11=Strassburg |first11=Bernardo B. N. |last12=Wilson |first12=Sarah |last13=Chazdon |first13=Robin L. |volume=5 |issue=7 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20190703">{{cite news |title=11% of destroyed moist tropical forests could be restored to boost climate, environment |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/b-1od062619.php |date=3 July 2019 |work=Eurekalert! |access-date=4 July 2019 }}</ref>
* 7 July{{Snd}} Researchers report receiving the first pictures from [[LightSail#LightSail 2|LightSail 2]], a [[CubeSat]] developed by [[The Planetary Society]], and launched into [[Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]] on 25 June 2019 by a [[Falcon Heavy]] rocket.<ref name="TPS-20190707">{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Jason |title=Here are the First Pictures of Earth from LightSail 2 |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/lightsail-2-first-pics.html |date=7 July 2019 |work=[[The Planetary Society]] |access-date=7 July 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:PDS70c-CircumplanetaryDisk-20190711.jpg|thumb|right|200px|11 July: Detection, for the first time, of a [[moon]]-forming [[circumplanetary disk]] around a [[Exoplanet|distant planet]], [[PDS 70c]].<ref name="TAJL-20190711" /><ref name="NRAO-20190711" />]] 
*8 July{{Snd}} Astronomers report that a new method to determine the [[Hubble constant]], and resolve the discrepancy of earlier methods, has been proposed based on the mergers of pairs of [[neutron star]]s, following the detection of the neutron star merger of [[GW170817]].<ref name="EA-20190708">{{cite news |author=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |title=New method may resolve difficulty in measuring universe's expansion |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/nrao-nmm070819.php |date=8 July 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=8 July 2019 |author-link=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708195937/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/nrao-nmm070819.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NRAO-20190708">{{cite news |last=Finley |first=Dave |title=New Method May Resolve Difficulty in Measuring Universe's Expansion |url=https://public.nrao.edu/news/new-method-measuring-universe-expansion/ |date=8 July 2019 |work=[[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]] |access-date=8 July 2019 }}</ref> Their measurement of the Hubble constant is {{val|70.3|+5.3|-5.0}} (km/s)/Mpc.<ref name="NAT-20190708">{{cite journal |author=Hotokezaka, K. |display-authors=et al. |title=A Hubble constant measurement from superluminal motion of the jet in GW170817 |date=8 July 2019 |journal=[[Nature Astronomy]] |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=940–944 |doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0820-1 |arxiv=1806.10596 |bibcode=2019NatAs...3..940H |s2cid=119547153 }}</ref>
* 10 July{{Snd}} Anthropologists report the discovery of 210,000 year old remains of a [[Homo sapiens]] and 170,000 year old remains of a [[Neanderthal]] in [[Apidima Cave]] in southern [[Greece]], over 150,000 years older than previous H. sapiens finds in Europe.<ref name="NYT-20190710">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=A Skull Bone Discovered in Greece May Alter the Story of Human Prehistory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/science/skull-neanderthal-human-europe-greece.html |date=10 July 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="PHYS-20190710">{{cite news |author=Staff |title='Oldest remains' outside Africa reset human migration clock |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |date=10 July 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=10 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190710">{{cite journal |last=Harvati |first=Katerina |display-authors=et al. |title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia |date=10 July 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=571 |issue=7766 |pages=500–504 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z |pmid=31292546 |s2cid=195873640 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 }}</ref>
* 11 July
**Astronomers report, for the first time, detection of a [[moon]]-forming [[circumplanetary disk]] around a distant [[Exoplanet|planet]], particularly [[PDS 70c]].<ref name="PHY-20190711">{{cite news |last=Boyd |first=Jade |title=Moon-forming disk discovered around distant planet |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-moon-forming-disk-distant-planet.html |date=11 July 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=11 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="TAJL-20190711">{{cite journal |author=Isella, Andrea |display-authors=et al. |title=Detection of Continuum Submillimeter Emission Associated with Candidate Protoplanets |date=11 July 2019 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=879 |pages=L25 |number=2 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab2a12 |bibcode=2019ApJ...879L..25I |arxiv=1906.06308 |s2cid=189897829 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NRAO-20190711">{{cite news |last=Blue |first=Charles E. |title='Moon-forming' Circumplanetary Disk Discovered in Distant Star System |url=https://public.nrao.edu/news/2019-alma-circumplanetary/ |date=11 July 2019 |work=[[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]] |access-date=11 July 2019 }}</ref>
**Carnegie Mellon University reports an [[artificial intelligence]] program, developed in collaboration with Facebook AI, which is able to defeat leading professionals in six-player no-limit [[Texas hold 'em|Texas hold'em poker]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Carnegie Mellon and Facebook AI beats professionals in six-player poker |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/cmu-cma070819.php |date=11 July 2019 |work=Eurekalert! |access-date=11 July 2019 }}</ref>
* 12 July{{Snd}} Physicists report, for the first time, capturing an image of [[quantum entanglement]].<ref name="PHYS-20190713">{{cite news |author=University of Glasgow |title=Scientists unveil the first-ever image of quantum entanglement |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-scientists-unveil-first-ever-image-quantum.html |date=13 July 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=13 July 2019 |author-link=University of Glasgow }}</ref><ref name="SA-20190712">{{cite journal |author=Moreau, Paul-Antoine |display-authors=et al. |title=Imaging Bell-type nonlocal behavior |date=12 July 2019 |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |pages=eaaw2563 |number=7 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw2563 |pmid=31309146 |pmc=6625815 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.2563M }}</ref>
* 13 July{{Snd}} The Russian/German [[Spektr-RG]] observatory is successfully launched into space, on a seven-year mission to study [[X-ray]] sources.<ref>{{cite news |title=Spektr-RG: Powerful X-ray telescope launches to map cosmos |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-48966645 |date=13 July 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 July 2019 }}</ref>
* 15 July
** Astronomers report that ''non-repeating'' [[Fast Radio Burst]]s (FRB)s may not be one-off events, but actually FRB repeaters with repeat events that have gone undetected and, further, that FRBs may be formed by events that have not yet been seen or considered.<ref name="NS-20190715">{{cite news |last=Crane |first=Leah |title=There aren't enough space explosions to explain strange radio bursts |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2209850-there-arent-enough-space-explosions-to-explain-strange-radio-bursts/ |date=15 July 2019 |work=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=16 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NA-20190715">{{cite journal |last=Ravi |first=Vikram |title=The prevalence of repeating fast radio bursts |date=15 July 2019 |journal=[[Nature Astronomy]] |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=928–931 |doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0831-y |bibcode=2019NatAs...3..928R |arxiv=1907.06619 |s2cid=196622821 }}</ref>
** A paper is released in the journal ''[[Nature Astronomy]]'' in which researchers from [[Harvard University]], the [[University of Edinburgh]] and [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) detail how silica [[aerogel]] could be used to block radiation, obtain water and permit photosynthesis to occur to make Mars more hospitable for human survival.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wordsworth |first1=R. |last2=Kerber |first2=L. |last3=Cockell |first3=C. |title=Enabling Martian habitability with silica aerogel via the solid-state greenhouse effect |journal=Nature Astronomy |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=898–903 |date=15 July 2019 |bibcode=2019NatAs...3..898W |arxiv=1907.09089 |doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0813-0 |s2cid=197402560 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Want to Colonize Mars? Aerogel Could Help |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7456 |website=NASA |access-date=22 July 2019 |date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A material way to make Mars habitable |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/07/material-way-to-make-mars-habitable |website=Harvard University |access-date=22 July 2019 |date=15 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Thin Layer of Aerogel Could Make Martian Farming Possible |url=https://futurism.com/aerogel-martian-farming |website=Futurism |access-date=22 July 2019 |date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Chandrayaan-2 lander and orbiter integrated stack.jpg|thumb|200px|right|22 July: [[Chandrayaan-2]] is launched, an [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration mission]] that includes an [[orbiter]], [[lander (spacecraft)|lander]] and [[rover (space exploration)|rover]].<ref name="BBC-20190722" />]]
*16 July{{Snd}} Astronomers report the determination, based on a new method ([[Red giant|Red Giant Stars]] method), of the [[Hubble Constant]] as 69.8&nbsp;km s−1 Mpc−1, a value in the middle of two earlier values determined by two other methods: 67.4 ([[Cosmic microwave background|CMB Radiation]] method) and 74.0 ([[Cepheid variable|Cepheids]] method).<ref name="EA-20190716">{{cite news |author=Carnegie Institution of Science |title=New measurement of universe's expansion rate is 'stuck in the middle' |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/cifs-nmo071619.php |date=16 July 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=16 July 2019 |author-link=Carnegie Institution of Science }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20190719">{{cite journal |last=Sokol |first=Joshua |title=Debate intensifies over speed of expanding universe |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/debate-intensifies-over-speed-expanding-universe |date=19 July 2019 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aay8123 |s2cid=200021863 |access-date=20 July 2019 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*17 July{{Snd}} Astronomers rule out the chances of ~{{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} asteroid {{mpl|2006 QV|89}}'s hitting Earth in September 2019 by eliminating the possibility of its passing through an area where it would have to be if it were on an impacting orbit. Prior to this, the asteroid had been given a one-in-7,000 chance of hitting Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-esa-asteroid-earth.html|date=17 July 2019|title=ESA confirms asteroid will miss Earth in 2019|work=phys.org}}</ref>
*22 July
**The [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) launches [[Chandrayaan-2]], its second [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration mission]], which includes an [[orbiter]], [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] and [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]].<ref name="BBC-20190722">{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan-2: India launches second Moon mission |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |date=22 July 2019 |work=BBC |access-date=22 July 2019 }}</ref>
**Biochemists and geochemist from [[Earth-Life Science Institute|Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI)]], Tokyo and the [[National University of Malaysia]], Bangi report the discovery of simple [[Organic compound|organic molecules]] [[Alpha hydroxy acid|(hydroxy acids)]] that can assemble themselves into possible [[protocell]]s under [[Miller–Urey experiment#Earth's early atmosphere|conditions]] similar to those of the [[early Earth]].<ref name="EA-20190723">{{cite news |author=Tokyo Institute of Technology |title=ELSI scientists discover new chemistry that may help explain the origins of cellular life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/tiot-esd071719.php |date=23 July 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=23 July 2019 |author-link=Tokyo Institute of Technology |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723065223/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-07/tiot-esd071719.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Tony Z. |last2=Chandru |first2=Kuhan |last3=Hongo |first3=Yayoi |last4=Afrin |first4=Rehana |last5=Usui |first5=Tomohiro |last6=Myojo |first6=Kunihiro |last7=Cleaves |first7=H. James |title=Membraneless polyester microdroplets as primordial compartments at the origins of life |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=32 |date=22 July 2019 |pages=15830–15835 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1902336116|pmid=31332006 |pmc=6690027 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11615830J |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*25 July{{Snd}} Astronomers report that [[2019 OK]], a previously undetected asteroid up to {{convert|130|m|ft|abbr=off}} across, passed within {{convert|72,000|km|mi|abbr=off}} of Earth on 25 July 2019 at 01:22 GMT.<ref>{{cite news |title=A large asteroid just zipped between Earth and the Moon |url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2019/07/a-large-asteroid-just-zipped-between-earth-and-the-moon |date=25 July 2019 |work=Astronomy |access-date=26 July 2019 }}</ref>
*30 July{{Snd}} Astronomers report evidence to support the hypothesis of an [[Mars ocean hypothesis|ancient ocean]] on the planet [[Mars]] that may have been formed by a possible [[Megatsunami|mega-tsunami]] source resulting from a [[meteorite impact]] creating [[Lomonosov (Martian crater)|Lomonosov crater]].<ref name="NYT-20190730">{{cite news |last=Andrews |first=Robin George|title=When a Mega-Tsunami Drowned Mars, This Spot May Have Been Ground Zero |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/30/science/mars-tsunami-crater.html |date=30 July 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=31 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="JGRP-20190626">{{cite journal |author=Costard, F. |display-authors=et al. |title=The Lomonosov Crater Impact Event: A Possible Mega-Tsunami Source on Mars |date=26 June 2019  |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets]] |volume=124 |issue=7 |pages=1840–1851 |doi=10.1029/2019JE006008 |bibcode=2019JGRE..124.1840C |hdl=20.500.11937/76439 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
*31 July
**Astronomers report that [[GJ 357 d]], a "[[Super-Earth]]" discovered by NASA's [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite]] (TESS), lies within the habitable zone of its parent star, 31 light years from Earth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Confirmation of Toasty TESS Planet Leads to Surprising Find of Promising World |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/confirmation-of-toasty-tess-planet-leads-to-surprising-find-of-promising-world |date=31 July 2019 |work=NASA |access-date=1 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= TESS satellite uncovers its 'first nearby super-Earth'  |url=http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/07/tess-satellite-uncovers-its-first-nearby-super-earth |date=31 July 2019 |work=Cornell Chronicle |access-date=1 August 2019 }}</ref>
**Astronomers report finding an A-type main-sequence star, [[S5-HVS1]], traveling {{convert|1755|km/s|mph|abbr=on}}, faster that any other star detected so far. The star is in the [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]] (or Crane) [[constellation]] in the southern sky, and about 29,000 light-years from Earth, and may have been ejected out of the [[Milky Way]] [[galaxy]] after interacting with [[Sagittarius A*]], the [[supermassive black hole]] at the center of the galaxy.<ref name="NYT-20191114">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=A Black Hole Threw a Star Out of the Milky Way Galaxy - So long, S5-HVS1, we hardly knew you. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/science/stars-black-hole-milky-way.html |date=14 November 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="MNRAS-20191109">{{cite journal |author=Koposov, Sergey E. |display-authors=et al. |title=Discovery of a nearby 1700 km/s star ejected from the Milky Way by Sgr A*|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=11 November 2019 |arxiv=1907.11725 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stz3081 |doi-access=free |s2cid=198968336 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20190731">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=Bizarre Star Found Hurtling Out of Our Galaxy Centre Is Fastest of Its Kind Ever Seen |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/our-bossy-black-hole-kicked-out-a-star-and-it-s-shooting-through-the-galaxy-insanely-fast |date=31 July 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NA-20191113">{{cite news |last=Irving |first=Michael |title=Fastest star ever found is being flicked out of the Milky Way |url=https://newatlas.com/space/fastest-star-hypervelocity-ejected-milky-way/ |date=13 November 2019 |work=NewAtlas.com |access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="BA-20191113">{{cite news |last=Plait |first=Phil |author-link=Phil Plait |title=Our Local Supermassive Black Hole Shot A Star Right Out Of THe Galaxy |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/our-local-supermassive-black-hole-shot-a-star-right-out-of-the-galaxy |date=13 November 2019 |work=[[Bad Astronomy]] |access-date=19 November 2019 }}</ref>

===August===
* 1 August
**Astronomers publish the most detailed ever measurements of the "warping" effect on the [[Milky Way]]'s 3D structure, based on the distribution of more than 2,400 [[Cepheids]], using the [[Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment]] (OGLE).<ref>{{cite news |title=This mind-blowing 3D map reveals the Milky Way's perplexing curves |url=https://www.popsci.com/3d-galaxy-map-milky-way-curve/ |date=1 August 2019 |work=[[Popular Science]] |access-date=2 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A three-dimensional map of the Milky Way using classical Cepheid variable stars |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau3181 |date=2 August 2019 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aau3181 |access-date=2 August 2019 |last1=Skowron |first1=Dorota M. |last2=Skowron |first2=Jan |last3=Mróz |first3=Przemek |last4=Udalski |first4=Andrzej |last5=Pietrukowicz |first5=Paweł |last6=Soszyński |first6=Igor |last7=Szymański |first7=Michał K. |last8=Poleski |first8=Radosław |last9=Kozłowski |first9=Szymon |last10=Ulaczyk |first10=Krzysztof |last11=Rybicki |first11=Krzysztof |last12=Iwanek |first12=Patryk |volume=365 |issue=6452 |pages=478–482 |pmid=31371611 |arxiv=1806.10653 |bibcode=2019Sci...365..478S |s2cid=199064609 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mapping the Milky Way in three dimensions |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/aaft-mtm072919.php |date=1 August 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=2 August 2019 }}</ref>
**Researchers at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] publish details of a new technique for [[3D bioprinting]] of [[Tissue engineering#Scaffolds|tissue scaffolds]] made from [[collagen]], the major [[structural protein]] in the [[human body]].<ref>{{cite news |title=3D printing the human heart |url=https://engineering.cmu.edu/news-events/news/2019/08/01-feinberg-science-paper.html |date=1 August 2019 |work=[[Carnegie Mellon University]] |access-date=3 August 2019 }}</ref>
**Danish polar research institution, Polar Portal, reports a spike in [[Greenland]] ice loss, with 11 billion tons melted in one day and 197 Gigatonnes during the month of July.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/08/02/4-million-olympic-pools-how-much-arctic-melted-yesterday/1899006001/|date=2 August 2019|access-date=2 August 2019|title=The Arctic's ice sheet is melting at a rapid rate: 11 billion tons in one day|work=USA Today|author=Elinor Aspregen}}</ref>
[[File:SEM image of Milnesium tardigradum in active state - journal.pone.0045682.g001-2.png|thumb|right|200px|5 August: [[Tardigrade]]s may have survived crash landing on the [[Moon]].<ref name="WRD-20190805" /><ref name="VOX-20190806" />]]
* 5 August 
**Scientists report that a capsule containing [[tardigrade]]s in [[cryptobiotic state]] (as well as a laser-etched copy of [[Wikipedia]] in glass) may have survived the April 2019 crash landing on the [[Moon]] of [[Beresheet]], a failed Israeli [[lunar lander]].<ref name="WRD-20190805">{{cite magazine |last=Oberhaus |first=Daniel |title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon |url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/ |date=5 August 2019 |magazine=[[wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=6 August 2019 }}</ref><ref name="VOX-20190806">{{cite news |last=Resnick |first=Brian |title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission |date=6 August 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=6 August 2019 }}</ref>
**Engineers at the University of Buffalo reveal a new device able to cool parts of buildings by up to 11&nbsp;°C (20&nbsp;°F), without consuming electricity. The system uses an inexpensive polymer/aluminum film at the bottom of a solar "shelter", which absorbs heat from the air inside the box and transmits that energy back into outer space.<ref>{{cite news |title=In the future, this electricity-free tech could help cool buildings in metropolitan areas |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/uab-itf080219.php |date=5 August 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805221124/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/uab-itf080219.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 6 August{{Snd}} Scientists at the University of Leeds create a new form of [[gold]] just two atoms thick, measured at 0.47 nanometres. In addition to being the thinnest unsupported gold ever produced, it functions 10 times more efficiently as a catalytic substrate than larger gold nanoparticles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists create the world's thinnest gold |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/uol-sct080219.php |date=6 August 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806120623/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/uol-sct080219.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists create the world's thinnest gold |url=https://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/4456/scientists_create_the_worlds_thinnest_gold |date=6 August 2019 |work=University of Leeds |access-date=6 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists just created the world's thinnest gold and it's two atoms thick |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/06/world/thinnest-gold-scn/index.html |date=6 August 2019 |work=CNN |access-date=6 August 2019 }}</ref>
*7 August{{Snd}} Biologists report the discovery of the fossil remains of a first-of-its-kind extinct giant [[parrot]] named ''The Hercules parrot'' (or ''[[Heracles inexpectatus]]'') in [[New Zealand]]. The parrot is thought to have stood up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} tall and weighed approximately {{convert|7|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BIO-2019">{{cite journal |journal=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |title=Meet the 'Hercules parrot' from prehistoric New Zealand |url=https://theconversation.com/meet-the-hercules-parrot-from-prehistoric-new-zealand-the-biggest-ever-discovered-121437 |date=7 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NWSR-20190808">{{cite news |last=Dier |first=Arden |title=Giant Parrot 'Squawkzilla' Is a First-of-Its-Kind Find |url=https://www.newser.com/story/278889/ancient-parrots-likely-feared-the-giant-that-was-squawkzilla.html |date=8 August 2019 |work=[[Newser]] |access-date=8 August 2019 }}</ref>
*8 August 
**Astronomers report that the [[Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission]] (MMS) made the first high-resolution measurements of an [[interplanetary shock wave]] from the [[sun]].<ref name="EA-20190808">{{cite news |author=NASA |title=NASA's MMS finds first interplanetary shock |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/nsfc-nmf080819.php |date=8 August 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=12 August 2019 |author-link=NASA }}</ref>
**Researchers at [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Harvard]] report the creation of "[[cyborg]] [[organoids]]", which consist of 3D organoids grown from stem cells, with embedded sensors to measure activity in the developmental process.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyborg organoids offer rare view into early stages of development |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/08/cyborg-organoids-offer-rare-view-into-early-stages-of-development |date=8 August 2019 |work=Harvard|access-date=12 August 2019 }}</ref>
*9 August 
**Astronomers report the detection of eight very unusual ''repeating'' [[Fast Radio Burst]] (FRB) signals in [[outer space]].<ref name="SA-20190814">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=Astronomers Have Detected a Whopping 8 New Repeating Signals From Deep Space |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/astronomers-have-bagged-a-jaw-dropping-haul-of-eight-new-repeating-fast-radio-bursts |date=14 August 2018 |work=Science Alert.com |access-date=14 August 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20190809">{{cite arXiv |author=Andersen, B.C. |display-authors=et al. |title=CHIME/FRB Detection of Eight New Repeating Fast Radio Burst Sources |date=9 August 2019  |eprint=1908.03507v1|class=astro-ph.HE }}</ref>
**Scientists report the isolation and culture of [[Lokiarchaea]], a [[microorganism]] that may help explain the emergence of complex [[eukaryote|eukarotic (nucleated) cells]] from simpler [[bacteria]]-like cells.<ref name="NAT-20190809">{{cite journal |last=Lambert |first=Jonathan |title=Scientists glimpse oddball microbe that could help explain rise of complex life |date=9 August 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=572 |issue=7769 |pages=294 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02430-w |pmid=31409927 |bibcode=2019Natur.572..294L |s2cid=199542090 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Artist depiction of MMS spacecraft (SVS12239).png|thumb|right|200px|8 August: The [[Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission]] (MMS) makes the first high-resolution measurements of an [[interplanetary shock wave]] from the [[sun]].<ref name="EA-20190808" />]]
*11 August
**Researchers report that [[Windows 10]] users may be at risk for "critical" system compromise due to design flaws of hardware [[device driver]]s from multiple providers.<ref name="FRBS-20190811">{{cite news |last=Winder |first=Davey |title=Critical Windows 10 Warning: Millions Of Users At Risk |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daveywinder/2019/08/11/critical-windows-10-warning-confirmed-millions-of-users-are-at-risk/ |date=11 August 2019 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref>
**Astronomers using the [[Keck Observatory]] report a sudden brightening of [[Sagittarius A*]], which became 75 times brighter than usual, suggesting that the supermassive black hole may have encountered another object.<ref>{{cite news |title=Our Galaxy's Supermassive Black Hole Has Emitted a Mysteriously Bright Flare |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/our-galaxy-s-supermassive-black-hole-just-mysteriously-got-really-really-bright |date=12 August 2019 |work=Science Alert|access-date=12 August 2019 }}</ref>
*13 August{{Snd}} Computer experts report that the [[BlueKeep]] [[Vulnerability (computing)|security vulnerability]] that potentially affects older unpatched [[Microsoft Windows]] versions via the program's [[Remote Desktop Protocol]], allowing for the possibility of [[remote code execution]], may now include related flaws, collectively named ''[[DejaBlue]]'', affecting ''newer'' Windows versions (i.e., [[Windows 7]] and all recent versions) as well.<ref name="WRD-20190813">{{cite magazine |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |title=DejaBlue: New BlueKeep-Style Bugs Renew The Risk Of A Windows worm |url=https://www.wired.com/story/dejablue-windows-bugs-worm-rdp/ |date=13 August 2019 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|wired]] |access-date=13 August 2019 }}</ref>
*14 August 
**Computer experts report a [[Microsoft]] [[security vulnerability]], {{CVE|2019-1162}}, based on [[legacy code]] involving [[Text Services Framework#ctfmon|Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe)]], that affects all [[Windows]] versions from the older [[Windows XP]] version to the most recent [[Windows 10]] versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.<ref name="TP-20190814">{{cite news |last=Seals |first=Tara |title=20-Year-Old Bug in Legacy Microsoft Code Plagues All Windows Users |url=https://threatpost.com/20-year-old-bug-legacy-microsoft-windows-users/147336/ |date=14 August 2019 |work=ThreatPost.com |access-date=15 August 2019 }}</ref>
**Astronomers report the best candidate yet for the [[List of gravitational wave observations|collision]], named S190814bv, of a [[black hole]] with a [[neutron star]], based on the detection of [[gravitational wave]] signals.<ref name="SA-20190816">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle|title=Early Reports Indicate We May Have Detected a Black Hole And Neutron Star Collision |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/we-might-have-just-caught-a-black-hole-in-the-act-of-eating-a-neutron-star |date=16 August 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=16 August 2019 }}</ref>
**The most accurate study of [[exoplanets]] to date, published by [[Penn State]], estimates that one in six Sun-like stars contain planets of similar size and orbital period to Earth.<ref>{{cite news |title= How many Earth-like planets are around sun-like stars?  |url=http://science.psu.edu/news/ford8-2019 |date=14 August 2019 |work=Penn State|access-date=18 August 2019 }}</ref>
*15 August
**Chemists report the formation, for the first time, of an 18-atom [[cyclocarbon]] of pure [[carbon]]; such chemical structures may be useful as molecular-sized electronic components.<ref name="NAT-20190815">{{cite journal |last1=Castelvecchi |first1=Davide |title=Chemists make first-ever ring of pure carbon |journal=Nature |volume=572 |issue=7770 |pages=426 |language=EN |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02473-z |pmid=31431741 |date=15 August 2019|bibcode=2019Natur.572..426C |s2cid=201105239 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
**The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95&nbsp;°C (1.71&nbsp;°F) above the 20th century average.<ref>{{cite news |title=July 2019 was hottest month on record for the planet |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190815130854.htm |date=15 August 2019 |work=Science Daily|access-date=16 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Global Climate Report - July 2019 |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201907 |date=15 August 2019 |work=NOAA|access-date=16 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=July 2019 was hottest month on record for the planet |url=https://www.noaa.gov/news/july-2019-was-hottest-month-on-record-for-planet |date=15 August 2019 |work=NOAA|access-date=16 August 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:Electromagnetic_levels_ion_trapped.png|thumb|right|200px|23 August: First teleportation of three-dimensional quantum states, or "qutrits"]]
*19 August
**NASA reports that the ''[[Europa Clipper]]'' mission to [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], a moon of the planet [[Jupiter]], has been confirmed.<ref name="NASA-20190819">{{cite news |last1=McCartney |first1=Gretchen |last2=Johnson |first2=Alana |title=Mission to Jupiter's Icy Moon Confirmed |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7480 |date=19 August 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=19 August 2019 }}</ref>
**The first computer chip to exceed one trillion [[transistors]], known as the Wafer Scale Engine, is announced by Cerebras Systems in collaboration with [[Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company]] (TSMC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Cerebras reveals world's 'largest computer chip' for AI tasks |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-49395577 |date=19 August 2019 |work=BBC News|access-date=20 August 2019 }}</ref>
*22 August{{Snd}} Research by Norwegian scientists adds to a growing body of evidence that too much [[Sedentary lifestyle|sitting]] is related to a higher risk of early death, and that even a small amount of regular activity can [[Longevity|lengthen lifespan]].<ref>[https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/news/20190822/even-a-little-exercise-means-a-lot-for-life-span Even a Little Exercise Means a Lot for Life Span] ''webmd.com''  Retrieved 22 August 2019.</ref>
*23 August
**Austrian and Chinese scientists report the first teleportation of three-dimensional quantum states, or "[[qutrit]]s", which are more complex than two-dimensional [[qubits]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Complex quantum teleportation achieved for the first time |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-08-complex-quantum-teleportation.html |date=23 August 2019 |work=Phys.org|access-date=24 August 2019 }}</ref>
**[[NASA]] reports that the [[Deep Space Atomic Clock]] (DSAC), to be used for precise [[radio navigation]] in [[Outer space|deep space]], has been activated.<ref name="NASA-20190826">{{cite news |last=Samuelson |first=Anelle |title=NASA Activates Deep Space Atomic Clock |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7487 |date=26 August 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=26 August 2019 }}</ref>
*26 August{{Snd}} Astronomers report that newly discovered long-term pattern of absorbance and [[albedo]] changes in the [[Atmosphere of Venus|atmosphere]] of the planet Venus are caused by "unknown absorbers", which may be [[microorganism]]s high up in the [[Atmosphere of Venus|atmosphere]] of the [[planet]].<ref name="ES-20190903">{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Paul |title=Could microbes be affecting Venus' climate? |url=https://earthsky.org/space/could-microbes-be-affecting-venus-climate |date=3 September 2019 |work=[[Earth & Sky]] |access-date=3 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name="TAJ-20190826">{{cite journal |author=Lee, Yeon Joo |display-authors=et al. |title=Long-term Variations of Venus's 365 nm Albedo Observed by Venus Express, Akatsuki, MESSENGER, and the Hubble Space Telescope |date=26 August 2019 |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=126–152 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab3120 |bibcode=2019AJ....158..126L |arxiv=1907.09683 |s2cid=198179774 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*28 August
**Scientists report the discovery of a nearly intact skull, for the first time, and dated at 3.8 million years ago, of ''[[Australopithecus anamensis]]'' in [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="GZM-20190828">{{cite news |last=Dvorsky |first=George |title=Incredible Fossil Discovery Finally Puts a Face on an Elusive Early Hominin |url=https://gizmodo.com/incredible-fossil-discovery-finally-puts-a-face-on-an-e-1837657550 |date=28 August 2019 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=28 August 2019 }}</ref>
**Astronomers report the discovery, based on deep, irregularly shaped transits, of a second [[disrupted planet|disrupted planetary object]] being ripped apart by its host star; in this instance, the host star is a [[white dwarf]] named [[ZTF J0139+5245]]; the first such similar host star discovered was [[WD 1145+017]] in 2015.<ref name="ARX-20190826a">{{cite arXiv |author=Vanderbosch, Z. |display-authors=et al. |title=A White Dwarf with Transiting Circumstellar Material Far Outside Its Tidal Disruption Radius  |eprint=1908.09839v1 |class=astro-ph. SR |year=2019 }}</ref>
**Scientists report the discovery of a new distinctive [[light wave]], named a [[Dyakonov–Voigt wave]], that results from a particular manipulation of crystals, that was first suggested in equations developed by physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]] in the middle 1800s.<ref name="PRS-20190828">{{cite journal |author=Mackay, Tom G. |display-authors=et al. |title=Dyakonov–Voigt surface waves |date=28 August 2019 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society#Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences A|Proceedings of the Royal Society A]] |volume=475 |issue=2228 |pages=20190317 |doi=10.1098/rspa.2019.0317 |pmid=31534431 |pmc=6735484 |bibcode=2019RSPSA.47590317M }}</ref><ref name="PHYS-20190903">{{cite news |author=University of Edinburgh |title=Eminent scientist's 160-year-old theories aid light wave discovery |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-09-eminent-scientist-year-old-theories-aid.html |date=3 September 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=4 September 2019 |author-link=University of Edinburgh }}</ref>
*29 August{{Snd}} Astronomers report that the exoplanet in the [[WASP-49]] system might have a [[Volcano|volcanically]] active [[exomoon]].<ref name="EA-20190829">{{cite news |author=University of Bern |title=Hints of a volcanically active exomoon |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/uob-hoa082919.php |date=29 August 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830032352/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/uob-hoa082919.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*30 August
**In a study published in the journal ''[[PLOS Pathogens]]'', researchers at Spain's [[Carlos III Health Institute]] note the discovery of the genetic mutuation [[Transportin-3|TNPO3]], known for causing muscular dystrophy, may also give protection against HIV.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodríguez-Mora |first1=Sara |last2=De Wit |first2=Flore |last3=Garcia-Perez |first3=Javier |last4=Bermejo |first4=Mercedes |last5=Rosa López-Huertas |first5=María |last6=Mateos |first6=Elena |last7=Martí |first7=Pilar |last8=Rocha |first8=Susana |last9=Vigón |first9=Lorena |last10=Christ |first10=Frauke |last11=Debyser |first11=Zeger |last12=Jesús Vílchez |first12=Juan |last13=Coiras |first13=Mayte |last14=Alcamí |first14=José |title=The mutation of Transportin 3 gene that causes limb girdle muscular dystrophy 1F induces protection against HIV-1 infection |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=e1007958 |date=29 August 2019 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007958 |pmid=31465518 |pmc=6715175 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish scientists make breakthrough identifying HIV resistance gene |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20190830/spanish-scientists-make-breakthrough-in-hiv |website=The Local (Spain) |access-date=31 August 2019|date=2019-08-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers identify second gene mutation linked to HIV resistance |url=https://news.yahoo.com/researchers-identify-second-gene-mutation-linked-hiv-resistance-051819878.html |website=Yahoo! News |access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref>
**Scientists in China report a way of regrowing the complex structure of [[tooth enamel]], using calcium phosphate ion clusters as a precursor layer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists discover way to 'grow' tooth enamel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/aug/30/scientists-grow-tooth-enamel |website=The Guardian |date=30 August 2019|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Repair of tooth enamel by a biomimetic mineralization frontier ensuring epitaxial growth |journal=Science Advances |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=eaaw9569 |date=30 August 2019|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw9569 |pmid=31497647 |pmc=6716959 |last1=Shao |first1=Changyu |last2=Jin |first2=Biao |last3=Mu |first3=Zhao |last4=Lu |first4=Hao |last5=Zhao |first5=Yueqi |last6=Wu |first6=Zhifang |last7=Yan |first7=Lumiao |last8=Zhang |first8=Zhisen |last9=Zhou |first9=Yanchun |last10=Pan |first10=Haihua |last11=Liu |first11=Zhaoming |last12=Tang |first12=Ruikang |bibcode=2019SciA....5.9569S }}</ref>

===September===
[[File:BlueKeep logo.svg|thumb|right|200px|6 September: Exploit of [[Computer worm|wormable]] [[BlueKeep]] [[security vulnerability]], affecting all unpatched Windows NT-based versions of [[Microsoft Windows]], including [[Windows 2000]] and [[Windows 7]], has been released publicly.<ref name="AT-20190906" />]]
*2 September{{Snd}} [[Insilico Medicine]] reports the creation, via artificial intelligence, of six novel inhibitors of the [[DDR1]] gene, a kinase target implicated in [[fibrosis]] and other diseases. The system, known as Generative Tensorial Reinforcement Learning (GENTRL), designed the new compounds in 21 days, with a lead candidate tested and showing positive results in mice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Novel molecules designed by artificial intelligence in 21 days are validated in mice |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-09/im-nmd083019.php |date=2 September 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |access-date=5 September 2019 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905202458/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-09/im-nmd083019.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Has AI Discovered a Drug Now? Guess. |url=https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/has-ai-discovered-drug-now-guess |date=4 September 2019 |work=Science|access-date=5 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Deep learning enables rapid identification of potent DDR1 kinase inhibitors |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=1038–1040 |date=2 September 2019 |journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/s41587-019-0224-x |pmid=31477924 |last1=Zhavoronkov |first1=Alex |last2=Ivanenkov |first2=Yan A. |last3=Aliper |first3=Alex |last4=Veselov |first4=Mark S. |last5=Aladinskiy |first5=Vladimir A. |last6=Aladinskaya |first6=Anastasiya V. |last7=Terentiev |first7=Victor A. |last8=Polykovskiy |first8=Daniil A. |last9=Kuznetsov |first9=Maksim D. |last10=Asadulaev |first10=Arip |last11=Volkov |first11=Yury |last12=Zholus |first12=Artem |last13=Shayakhmetov |first13=Rim R. |last14=Zhebrak |first14=Alexander |last15=Minaeva |first15=Lidiya I. |last16=Zagribelnyy |first16=Bogdan A. |last17=Lee |first17=Lennart H. |last18=Soll |first18=Richard |last19=Madge |first19=David |last20=Xing |first20=Li |last21=Guo |first21=Tao |last22=Aspuru-Guzik |first22=Alán |s2cid=201716327 }}</ref>
*5 September &ndash; Astronomers report that the observed dimmings of [[Tabby's Star]] may have been produced by fragments resulting from the [[Disrupted planet|disruption]] of an orphaned [[exomoon]].<ref name="PHYS-20190916">{{cite news |author=Columbia University |title=New observations help explain the dimming of Tabby's Star |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-09-dimming-tabby-star.html |date=16 September 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=16 September 2019 |author-link=Columbia University }}</ref><ref name="MNRAS-20190915">{{cite journal |last1=Marinez |first1=Miquel |last2=Stone |first2=Nicholas C. |last3=Metzger |first3=Brian D. |title=Orphaned Exomoons: Tidal Detachment and Evaporation Following an Exoplanet-Star Collision |date=5 September 2019 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=489 |issue=4 |pages=5119 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stz2464 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019MNRAS.489.5119M |arxiv=1906.08788 |s2cid=195316956 }}</ref>
*6 September 
**Computer experts announce that an exploit of the [[Computer worm|wormable]] [[BlueKeep]] [[security vulnerability]], affecting all unpatched Windows NT-based versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] from [[Windows 2000]] through [[Windows Server 2008 R2]] and [[Windows 7]], has now been released into the public realm.<ref name="AT-20190906">{{cite news |last=Goodin |first=Dan |title=Exploit for wormable BlueKeep Windows bug released into the wild |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/09/exploit-for-wormable-bluekeep-windows-bug-released-into-the-wild/ |date=6 September 2019 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=6 September 2019 }}</ref>
**Mathematicians report, after a 65-year search (since 1954), the ''solution'' to the last integer left below 100 (i.e., "[[42 (number)|42]]") expressed as the [[sum of three cubes]].<ref name="AP-20190906">{{cite news |first=Robin |last=Houston |title=42 is the answer to the question 'what is (-80538738812075974)<sup>3</sup> + 80435758145817515<sup>3</sup> + 12602123297335631<sup>3</sup>?' |url=https://aperiodical.com/2019/09/42-is-the-answer-to-the-question-what-is-80538738812075974³-80435758145817515³-12602123297335631³/ |date=6 September 2019 |work=The Aperiodical |access-date=8 September 2019 }}</ref>
**A team of physicists report that the supposed discrepancy in the [[proton]] radius between [[electron]]ic and [[muonic hydrogen]] does not exist, settling the [[proton radius puzzle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-finally-nail-the-protons-size-and-hope-dies-20190911/|title=Physicists Finally Nail the Proton's Size, and Hope Dies|last=Wolchover|first=Natalie|website=Quanta Magazine|date=11 September 2019|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>
*7 September{{Snd}} The [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) loses contact with [[Chandrayaan-2]], its second lunar probe, just moments before it was expected to land on the Moon's surface.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2: Modi proud despite Moon landing setback |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49615665 |date=7 September 2019 |work=BBC News|access-date=7 September 2019 }}</ref>
*10 September{{Snd}} Scientists report the computerized determination, based on 260 [[CT scan]]s, of a virtual [[Human skull|skull shape]] of the [[Human evolution|last common human ancestor]] to [[modern human]]s, and suggests that the human ancestor arose through a merging of populations in [[East Africa|East]] and [[South Africa]], between 260,000 and 350,000 years ago.<ref name="NYT-20190910">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor{{Snd}} on a Computer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/human-ancestor-skull-computer.html |date=10 September 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=10 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190910">+{{cite journal |last1=Mounier |first1=Aurélien |last2=Lahr |first2=Marta |title=Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=3406 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w |pmid=31506422 |pmc=6736881 |year=2019 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.3406M }}</ref>
*11 September
**Astronomers report the detection of water vapour in the atmosphere of the [[circumstellar habitable zone]] exoplanet [[K2-18b]], which may be between 0 and 40&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49648746|title=Water found on 'habitable' planet|work=BBC News|date=11 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Water vapour in the atmosphere of the habitable-zone eight-Earth-mass planet K2-18 b|journal=Nature Astronomy|volume=3|issue=12|pages=1086–1091|date=11 September 2019|publisher=Nature|doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0878-9|last1=Tsiaras|first1=Angelos|last2=Waldmann|first2=Ingo P.|last3=Tinetti|first3=Giovanna|last4=Tennyson|first4=Jonathan|last5=Yurchenko|first5=Sergey N.|bibcode=2019NatAs...3.1086T|arxiv=1909.05218|s2cid=202558393}}</ref>
**Researchers at the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology]] demonstrate the first artificial hand for amputees that merges user and robotic control, a concept in neuroprosthetics known as ''shared control''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://actu.epfl.ch/news/a-smart-artificial-hand-for-amputees-merges-user-a/|title=A smart artificial hand for amputees merges user and robotic control|work=EPFL|date=11 September 2019|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>
**Astronomers at the [[Minor Planet Center]] confirm the detection of comet [[C/2019 Q4 (Borisov)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2019/09/11/a-second-interstellar-object-has-almost-certainly-been-found-in-our-solar-system/|title=A Second Interstellar Object Has Almost Certainly Been Found In Our Solar System|work=Forbes|date=11 September 2019|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="AT-20190911">{{cite news |author=Guzik, Piotr |display-authors=et al. |title=Interstellar Comet gb00234 |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13100 |date=11 September 2019 |work=[[The Astronomer's Telegram]] |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> likely a second [[interstellar object]], following the earlier discovery of [[ʻOumuamua]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K19/K19RA6.html|title=MPEC 2019-R106 : COMET C/2019 Q4 (Borisov)|work=Minor Planet Center|date=11 September 2019|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>
**[[Google]] reports the creation of a deep learning system, trained on 50,000 different diagnoses, able to detect 26 [[Dermatology|skin conditions]] as accurately as dermatologists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ai.googleblog.com/2019/09/using-deep-learning-to-inform.html|title= Using Deep Learning to Inform Differential Diagnoses of Skin Diseases|work=Google AI Blog|date=12 September 2019|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/09/13/googles-ai-detects-26-skin-conditions-as-accurately-as-dermatologists/|title=Google says its AI detects 26 skin conditions as accurately as dermatologists|work=VentureBeat|date=13 September 2019|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Pulsar schematic.svg|thumb|right|200px|16 September: The most massive [[neutron star]] ever discovered, with 2.17 solar masses placing it on the boundary of the theoretical maximum.]]
*16 September
**Biochemists report that "RNA-DNA chimeras" (complex mixtures of [[RNA|RNA molecules]] and [[DNA|DNA molecules]]) may be a more effective way of producing [[Abiogenesis|precursor life biochemicals]], than the more linear approaches (with pure RNA and pure DNA molecules) used earlier.<ref name="QUANTA-20190916">{{cite news |last=Cepelewicz |first=Jordana |title=Origin-of-Life Study Points to Chemical Chimeras, Not RNA - Origin-of-life researchers have usually studied the potential of pure starting materials, but messy chemical composites may kick-start life more effectively. |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/origin-of-life-study-points-to-chemical-chimeras-not-rna-20190916/ |date=16 September 2019 |work=[[Quanta Magazine]] |access-date=16 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190916">{{cite journal |last1=Bhowmik |first1=Subhendu |last2=Krishnamurthy |first2=Ramanarayanan |title=The role of sugar-backbone heterogeneity and chimeras in the simultaneous emergence of RNA and DNA |date=16 September 2019 |journal=[[Nature Chemistry]] |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=1009–1018 |doi=10.1038/s41557-019-0322-x |pmid=31527850 |pmc=6815252 |bibcode=2019NatCh..11.1009B }}</ref>
**Using [[CRISPR]], researchers in the U.S. engineer a [[plasmid]] to remove an [[antibiotic resistance]] gene from the ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]'' bacterium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190916144006.htm|title=Genetically engineered plasmid can be used to fight antimicrobial resistance|work=American Society for Microbiology|date=16 September 2019|access-date=17 September 2019|publisher=Science Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Conjugative delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 for the selective depletion of antibiotic-resistant enterococci|volume=63|issue=11|journal=American Society for Microbiology|date=16 September 2019|doi=10.1128/AAC.01454-19|pmid=31527030|pmc=6811441|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Marinelle|last2=McBride|first2=Sara W.|last3=Hullahalli|first3=Karthik|last4=Palmer|first4=Kelli L.|last5=Duerkop|first5=Breck A.}}</ref>
**Astronomers using the [[Green Bank Telescope]] identify a rapidly rotating millisecond [[pulsar]], called [[J0740+6620]], as the most massive [[neutron star]] ever observed, with 2.17 solar masses in a sphere only 30 kilometers across.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190916114030.htm|title=Most massive neutron star ever detected, almost too massive to exist|author=Green Bank Observatory|author-link=Green Bank Observatory|date=16 September 2019|access-date=26 September 2019|website=ScienceDaily|language=en-US}}</ref>
**Scientists at the [[Mayo Clinic]] report the first successful use of [[senolytics]], a new class of drug with potential anti-aging benefits, to remove [[Cellular senescence|senescent cells]] from human patients with a kidney disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-researchers-demonstrate-senescent-cell-burden-is-reduced-in-humans-by-senolytic-drugs/|title=Mayo researchers demonstrate senescent cell burden is reduced in humans by senolytic drugs|work=Mayo Clinic|date=18 September 2019|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(19)30591-2/pdf|title=Senolytics decrease senescent cells in humans: Preliminary report from a clinical trial of Dasatinib plus Quercetin in individuals with diabetic kidney disease|work=EBioMedicine|date=20 September 2019|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref>
** In a study published in ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]]'', researchers at MIT detail a new emission free method of cement production, a major contributor to climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiang |first1=Yet-Ming |last2=Park |first2=Richard J.-Y. |last3=Chiang |first3=Miki L. |last4=Badel |first4=Andres F. |last5=Ellis |first5=Leah D. |title=Toward electrochemical synthesis of cement—An electrolyzer-based process for decarbonating CaCO3 while producing useful gas streams |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=16 September 2019 |volume=117 |issue=23 |pages=12584–12591 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1821673116 |pmid=31527245 |pmc=7293631 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New approach suggests path to emissions-free cement |url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/carbon-dioxide-emissions-free-cement-0916 |website=MIT |date=16 September 2019 |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
*17 September &ndash; A small clinical trial, announced by U.S. company NeuroEM Therapeutics, shows reversal of cognitive impairment in [[Alzheimer's disease]] patients after just two months of treatment using a wearable head device. [[Electromagnetic radiation|Electromagnetic waves]] emitted by the device appear to penetrate the brain to break up amyloid-beta and tau deposits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://neurosciencenews.com/alzheimers-memory-electromagnetic-waves-14920/|title=Alzheimer's memory loss reversed by new head device using electromagnetic waves|date=17 September 2019|access-date=23 September 2019|publisher=Neuroscience News}}</ref>
*19 September &ndash; Researchers report on the [[Face|facial appearance]] of [[Denisovan]]s, an [[Extinction|extinct]] group of [[archaic human]]s in the [[genus]] ''[[Homo]]'', based on [[Nucleic acid sequence|genetic information]].<ref name="GZM-20190919">{{cite news |last=Dvorsky |first=George |title=Facial Reconstruction Shows What the Enigmatic Denisovans Might Have Looked Like |url=https://gizmodo.com/facial-reconstruction-shows-what-the-enigmatic-denisova-1838248831 |date=19 September 2019 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=19 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name="CELL-20190919">{{cite journal |author=Gokhman, David |display-authors=et al. |title=Reconstructing Denisovan Anatomy Using DNA Methylation Maps |date=19 September 2019 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=179 |issue=1|pages=180–192 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.035 |pmid=31539495 |s2cid=202676502 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NG-20190919">{{cite news |last=Wei-Haas |first=Maya |title=DNA reveals first look at enigmatic human relative - For nearly a decade, researchers have puzzled over what the Denisovans looked like. Now, we have our best model yet of the species' skeleton. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/09/dna-reveals-first-look-enigmatic-human-relative/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919161128/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/09/dna-reveals-first-look-enigmatic-human-relative/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2019 |date=19 September 2019 |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=19 September 2019 }}</ref>
*20 September &ndash; Scientists report that the ''[[InSight]]'' [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] on the planet [[Mars]] uncovered unexplained [[Magnetic anomaly|magnetic pulses]], and [[Mirnov oscillations|magnetic oscillations]] may be consistent with a planet-wide reservoir of liquid water deep underground.<ref name="NG-20190920">{{cite news |last=Andrews |first=Robin George |title=Mysterious magnetic pulses discovered on Mars - The nighttime events are among initial results from the InSight lander, which also found hints that the red planet may host a global reservoir of liquid water deep below the surface. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/09/mars-insight-feels-mysterious-magnetic-pulsations-at-midnight/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920141718/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/09/mars-insight-feels-mysterious-magnetic-pulsations-at-midnight/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2019 |date=20 September 2019 |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=20 September 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:Amery Iceberg animation.gif|thumb|right|200px|25 September: Largest iceberg in 50 years breaks off from the [[Amery Ice Shelf]] in [[Antarctica]].<ref name="BBC-20190925" />]]
*25 September
**The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) releases its ''[[Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate]]''. This includes a revised projection for [[sea level rise]], upwards by 10&nbsp;cm to 1.1 metres by 2100.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49817804|title=Climate change: UN panel signals red alert on 'Blue Planet'|date=25 September 2019|access-date=25 September 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/25/extreme-sea-level-events-will-hit-once-a-year-by-2050|title=Extreme sea level events 'will hit once a year by 2050'|date=25 September 2019|access-date=25 September 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/home/|title=Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate|date=25 September 2019|access-date=25 September 2019|publisher=IPCC}}</ref>
**Canadian company Deep Genomics announces that its [[Artificial intelligence|AI]]-based drug discovery platform has identified a target and drug candidate for [[Wilson's disease]]. The candidate, DG12P1, is designed to correct the [[exon]]-skipping effect of Met645Arg, a genetic mutation affecting the ATP7B copper-binding protein.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deepgenomics.com/updates/deep-genomics-nominates-industrys-first-ai-discovered-therapeutic-candidate/|title=Deep Genomics Nominates Industry's First AI-Discovered Therapeutic Candidate|date=25 September 2019|access-date=25 September 2019|publisher=Deep Genomics|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925132511/https://www.deepgenomics.com/updates/deep-genomics-nominates-industrys-first-ai-discovered-therapeutic-candidate/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Engineers at [[Duke University]] report the use of [[machine learning]] to rapidly design dielectric (non-metal) [[metamaterials]] that absorb and emit specific frequencies of terahertz radiation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pratt.duke.edu/about/news/machine-learning-dielectric-metamaterials|title=Machine Learning Finds New Metamaterial Designs for Energy Harvesting|date=25 September 2019|access-date=26 September 2019|publisher=Duke University}}</ref>
**The [[Amery Ice Shelf]] in [[Antarctica]] produces its largest iceberg in more than 50 years, with a chunk called D28 being calved off that is 1,636&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> in area and weighs an estimated 315 billion tonnes.<ref name="BBC-20190925">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49885450|title=315 billion-tonne iceberg breaks off Antarctica|date=25 September 2019|access-date=3 October 2019|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
*27 September &ndash; Astronomers report, for the first time, the release of [[Cyanide|cyanide gas]] and [[Interstellar dust|dust]] from an [[interstellar object]], particularly from the [[interstellar comet]] [[2I/Borisov]].<ref name="ARX-20190927">{{cite arXiv |author=Fitzsimmons, Alan |display-authors=et al. |title=Detection of CN Gas In Interstellar Object 2I/Borosov |date=27 September 2019 |eprint=1909.12144v1 |class=astro-ph.EP }}</ref>
*30 September &ndash; By combining doses of [[lithium]], [[trametinib]] and [[rapamycin]] into a single treatment, researchers extend the lifespan of [[Drosophila melanogaster|fruit flies]] (''Drosophila'') by 48%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2019/sep/fruit-flies-live-longer-combination-drug-treatment|title=Fruit flies live longer with combination drug treatment|date=30 September 2019|access-date=2 October 2019|publisher=University College London}}</ref>

===October===
[[File:Hypertrophic Zone of Epiphyseal Plate.jpg|thumb|right|200px|8 October: Researchers find human [[cartilage]] repair mechanism which may allow entire [[Regeneration in humans|limbs to regenerate]].<ref name="DH-20191008" />]]
*1 October
**Scientists at the [[Deep Carbon Observatory]] quantify the amount of [[carbon]] held by the Earth, finding that 1.85∗10<sup>18</sup> tonnes is present, the vast majority below ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49899039|title=Scientists estimate Earth's total carbon store|date=2 October 2019|access-date=2 October 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deepcarbon.net/scientists-quantify-global-volcanic-co2-venting-estimate-total-carbon-earth|title=Scientists Quantify Global Volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> Venting; Estimate Total Carbon on Earth|date=1 October 2019|access-date=2 October 2019|publisher=Deep Carbon Observatory|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003010926/https://deepcarbon.net/scientists-quantify-global-volcanic-co2-venting-estimate-total-carbon-earth|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Scientists at the [[University of California, San Diego]] describe how a protein named [[Dsup]] (''Damage suppression protein'') binds to [[chromatin]], which protects the cells of [[tardigrades]] and may explain the animals' tremendous resilience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-10/uoc--ch092619.php|title=Cracking how 'water bears' survive the extremes|date=1 October 2019|access-date=2 October 2019|publisher=EurekAlert!|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001214343/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-10/uoc--ch092619.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Physicists report a way of determining the state of [[Schrödinger's cat]] ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |access-date=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |bibcode=2019arXiv190509978P |arxiv=1905.09978 |s2cid=202537310 }}</ref>
*2 October &ndash; Scientists reveal the photo carrier dynamics in [[heterojunction]] [[phototransistors]] and show how molecular packing can impact on photoresponse. The study could lead to new schemes to engineer efficient photo carrier transport in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Yen-Hung|last2=Huang|first2=Wentao|last3=Pattanasattayavong|first3=Pichaya|last4=Lim|first4=Jongchul|last5=Li|first5=Ruipeng|last6=Sakai|first6=Nobuya|last7=Panidi|first7=Julianna|last8=Hong|first8=Min Ji|last9=Ma|first9=Chun|last10=Wei|first10=Nini|last11=Wehbe|first11=Nimer|date=2019-10-02|title=Deciphering photocarrier dynamics for tuneable high-performance perovskite-organic semiconductor heterojunction phototransistors|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|page=4475|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-12481-2|pmid=31578327|pmc=6775060|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.4475L|s2cid=203626074|issn=2041-1723}}</ref>
*4 October &ndash; Scientists use a new parallelised technique, known as [[femtosecond]] projection TPL (FP-TPL), to 3D print nanoscale structures up to 1,000 times faster than conventional two-photon lithography (TPL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-10-d-technique-nanoscale-fabrication-fold.html|title=3-D printing technique accelerates nanoscale fabrication 1000-fold|date=4 October 2019|access-date=5 October 2019|publisher=PhysOrg}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Scalable submicrometer additive manufacturing|date=4 October 2019|journal=Science|volume=366|issue=6461|pages=105–109|doi=10.1126/science.aax8760|pmid=31604310|last1=Saha|first1=Sourabh K.|last2=Wang|first2=Dien|last3=Nguyen|first3=Vu H.|last4=Chang|first4=Yina|last5=Oakdale|first5=James S.|last6=Chen|first6=Shih-Chi|bibcode=2019Sci...366..105S|s2cid=203719979|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*7 October
**[[NASA]] reports evidence, uncovered by the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] on [[Mount Sharp]], of a {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide ancient basin in [[Gale (crater)|Gale crater]] that once may have contained a [[Salt lake|salty lake]].<ref name="NASA-20191007">{{cite web |last1=Good |first1=Andrew |last2=Johnson |first2=Alana |title=NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds an Ancient Oasis on Mars |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7514 |date=7 October 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=7 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NG-20191007">{{cite journal |author=Rapin, W. |display-authors=et al. |title=An interval of high salinity in ancient Gale crater lake on Mars |date=7 October 2019 |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=317 |issue=11 |pages=889–895 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0458-8 |bibcode=2019NatGe..12..889R |s2cid=203848784 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/98329/3/41561_2019_458_MOESM1_ESM.pdf }}</ref>
**20 new [[moons of Saturn]] are discovered by [[Scott S. Sheppard]] and his team at the [[Carnegie Institution for Science]], taking the planet's total known number to 82, surpassing [[Moons of Jupiter|Jupiter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49962134|title=Saturn overtakes Jupiter as planet with most moons|date=7 October 2019|access-date=8 October 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191007123234.htm|title=Saturn surpasses Jupiter after the discovery of 20 new moons|date=7 October 2019|access-date=8 October 2019|publisher=Science Daily}}</ref>
**Researchers genetically engineer [[Escherichia coli]] that can manufacture large amounts of [[psilocybin]], which is in clinical trials for treating depression and other brain diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Megha Satyanarayana |title=Modified E. coli pump out psilocybin |date=7 October 2019 |journal=[[Chemical & Engineering News]] |volume=97 |issue=39 |pages=11 |doi=10.1021/cen-09739-scicon9 |s2cid=208747979 |url=https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/biotechnology/Modified-E-coli-pump-magic/97/i39 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*8 October &ndash; Researchers at [[Duke University Health System]] identify a mechanism for [[cartilage]] repair in humans, which could allow joints and possibly entire limbs to regenerate.<ref name="DH-20191008">{{cite web|url=https://corporate.dukehealth.org/news-listing/humans-have-salamander-ability-regrow-cartilage-joints|title=Humans Have Salamander-Like Ability to Regrow Cartilage in Joints|date=15 October 2019|access-date=15 October 2019|publisher=Duke University Health System}}</ref>
*15 October &ndash; [[OpenAI]] demonstrates a pair of neural networks trained to solve a [[Rubik's Cube]] with a highly dexterous, human-like robotic hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openai.com/blog/solving-rubiks-cube/|title=Solving Rubik's Cube with a Robot Hand|date=15 October 2019|access-date=15 October 2019|publisher=OpenAI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-50064225|title=Robot hand solves Rubik's cube, but not the grand challenge|date=15 October 2019|access-date=16 October 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref>
*16 October &ndash; Researchers at Harvard Medical School identify a link between neural activity and human longevity. Neural excitation is linked to shorter life, while suppression of overactivity appears to extend lifespan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191016131224.htm|title=In a first, scientists pinpoint neural activity's role in human longevity|date=16 October 2019|access-date=28 October 2019|publisher=Science Daily}}</ref>
*17 October &ndash; [[Northwestern University]] researchers unveil a new [[3D printer]] known as HARP ([[high-area rapid printing]]), which can produce an object the size of an adult human within two hours, without sacrificing quality or resolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-10/nu-bf3101319.php|title=Highest throughput 3D printer is the future of manufacturing|date=17 October 2019|access-date=18 October 2019|publisher=EurekAlert!}}</ref>
[[File:Bloch_Sphere.svg|thumb|right|200px|23 October: Google notes its 53-qubit 'Sycamore' processor has achieved [[quantum supremacy]].<ref name="GGL-20191023" />]]
*18 October
**Researchers at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], describe the use of nanoscale optical probes to monitor neural activity, with potential to greatly increase the scale and bandwidth available compared to microelectrode arrays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191018181041.htm|title=Novel nanoprobes show promise for optical monitoring of neural activity|date=18 October 2019|access-date=21 October 2019|publisher=Science Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/10/optical-nanoprobes.html|title=Novel nanoprobes show promise for optical monitoring of neural activity|date=18 October 2019|access-date=21 October 2019|publisher=UC Santa Cruz}}</ref>
**A new stable form of [[plutonium]], which may be a transient phase in radioactive waste repositories, is discovered by scientists using the [[European Synchrotron Radiation Facility|European Synchrotron]] in Grenoble, France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-10-stable-plutonium.html|title=New stable form of plutonium discovered|date=18 October 2019|access-date=21 October 2019|publisher=PhysOrg}}</ref>
*21 October 
**In a study, published in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', researchers at the [[Broad Institute]] describe a new method of genetic engineering superior to previous methods like [[CRISPR gene editing|CRISPR]] they call "prime editing".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anzalone |first1=Andrew V. |last2=Randolph |first2=Peyton B. |last3=Davis |first3=Jessie R. |last4=Sousa |first4=Alexander A. |last5=Koblan |first5=Luke W. |last6=Levy |first6=Jonathan M. |last7=Chen |first7=Peter J. |last8=Wilson |first8=Christopher |last9=Newby |first9=Gregory A. |last10=Raguram |first10=Aditya |last11=Liu |first11=David R. |title=Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7785 |pages=149–157 |date=21 October 2019 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4 |pmid=31634902 |pmc=6907074 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..149A }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prime editing: DNA tool could correct 89% of genetic defects |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-50125843 |access-date=21 October 2019|work=BBC News |date=2019-10-21 |last1=Gallagher |first1=James }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists Create New, More Powerful Technique To Edit Genes |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/10/21/771266879/scientists-create-new-more-powerful-technique-to-edit-genes |newspaper=NPR.org |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref>
**Researchers report that the [[Chicxulub impactor|Cretaceous Chicxulub asteroid impact]] that resulted in the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|extinction]] of non-avian [[dinosaurs]] 66 million years ago, also rapidly [[Ocean acidification|acidified the oceans]] producing [[ecological collapse]] and long-lasting effects on the climate, and was a key reason for end-Cretaceous [[Extinction event|mass extinction]].<ref name="NYT-20191021">{{cite news |last=Joel |first=Lucas |title=The Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Acidified the Ocean in a Flash - The Chicxulub event was as damaging to life in the oceans as it was to creatures on land, a study shows. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/21/science/chicxulub-asteroid-ocean-acid.html |date=21 October 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20191021">{{cite journal |author=Henehan, Michael J. |display-authors=et al. |title=Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact |date=21 October 2019 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=116 |issue=45 |pages=22500–22504 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1905989116  |pmid=31636204 |pmc=6842625 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11622500H |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*22 October &ndash; Scientists publish a paper claiming support for their controversial and disputed [[Younger Dryas impact hypothesis]] that the [[Quaternary extinction event|extinction of ice-age animals]] may have been caused by a disintegrating [[asteroid]] or [[comet]] [[impact event|impact]] and/or [[airburst]] about 12,800 years ago.<ref name="USC-20191026">{{cite news |author=University of South Carolina |title=Controversial Theory on Extinction of Ice-Age Animals Supported by New Evidence |url=https://scitechdaily.com/controversial-theory-on-extinction-of-ice-age-animals-supported-by-new-evidence/ |date=26 October 2019 |work=[[SciTech (magazine)|SciTechDaily]] |access-date=28 October 2019 |author-link=University of South Carolina }}</ref><ref name="SR-20191022">{{cite journal |author=Moore, Christopher R. |display-authors=et al. |title=Sediment Cores from White Pond, South Carolina, contain a Platinum Anomaly, Pyrogenic Carbon Peak, and Coprophilous Spore Decline at 12.8 ka |date=22 October 2019 |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=9 |pages=15121 |number=15121 (2019) |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-51552-8 |pmid=31641142 |pmc=6805854 |bibcode=2019NatSR...915121M }}</ref>
*23 October &ndash; [[Google]] announces that its 53-[[qubit]] [[Sycamore processor|'Sycamore' processor]] has achieved [[quantum supremacy]], performing a specific task in 200 seconds that would take the world's best supercomputers 10,000 years to complete.<ref name="GGL-20191023">{{cite web|url=https://ai.googleblog.com/2019/10/quantum-supremacy-using-programmable.html|title=Quantum Supremacy Using a Programmable Superconducting Processor|date=23 October 2019|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-50154993|title=Google claims 'quantum supremacy' for computer|date=23 October 2019|access-date=23 October 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Hello quantum world! Google publishes landmark quantum supremacy claim|date=23 October 2019|journal=Nature|volume=574|issue=7779|pages=461–462|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-03213-z|pmid=31645740|last1=Gibney|first1=Elizabeth|bibcode=2019Natur.574..461G|s2cid=204836839|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor|date=23 October 2019|journal=Nature|volume=574|issue=7779|pages=505–510|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5|arxiv=1910.11333 |pmid=31645734|last1=Arute|first1=Frank|last2=Arya|first2=Kunal|last3=Babbush|first3=Ryan|last4=Bacon|first4=Dave|last5=Bardin|first5=Joseph C.|last6=Barends|first6=Rami|last7=Biswas|first7=Rupak|last8=Boixo|first8=Sergio|last9=Brandao|first9=Fernando G. S. L.|last10=Buell|first10=David A.|last11=Burkett|first11=Brian|last12=Chen|first12=Yu|last13=Chen|first13=Zijun|last14=Chiaro|first14=Ben|last15=Collins|first15=Roberto|last16=Courtney|first16=William|last17=Dunsworth|first17=Andrew|last18=Farhi|first18=Edward|last19=Foxen|first19=Brooks|last20=Fowler|first20=Austin|last21=Gidney|first21=Craig|last22=Giustina|first22=Marissa|last23=Graff|first23=Rob|last24=Guerin|first24=Keith|last25=Habegger|first25=Steve|last26=Harrigan|first26=Matthew P.|last27=Hartmann|first27=Michael J.|last28=Ho|first28=Alan|last29=Hoffmann|first29=Markus|last30=Huang|first30=Trent|display-authors=29|bibcode=2019Natur.574..505A|s2cid=204836822|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the claim is disputed by some [[IBM]] researchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/10/on-quantum-supremacy/|title=On "Quantum Supremacy"|date=21 October 2019|access-date=23 October 2019|publisher=IBM}}</ref>
*25 October &ndash; A new [[Carbon sequestration|carbon capture]] system is described by MIT, which can work on the gas at almost any concentration, using electrodes combined with [[carbon nanotubes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191025170815.htm|title=Engineers develop a new way to remove carbon dioxide from air|date=25 October 2019|access-date=28 October 2019|publisher=Science Daily}}</ref>
[[File:Spreading homo sapiens la.svg|thumb|right|200px|26 October: [[Botswana]] in south central Africa found to be the birthplace of all [[Anatomically modern humans|modern humans]] 200,000 years ago, based on [[Genetic analysis|genetic studies]].<ref name="NAT-20191028" /><ref name="SA-20191028" />]]
*28 October
**A study published in ''Nature'' identifies [[Botswana]] as the birthplace of [[anatomically modern humans]], based on [[Genetic analysis|genetic studies]], around 200,000 BCE.<ref name="NAT-20191028">{{cite journal |last1= Chan |first1= Eva KF |last2= Timmermann |first2= Axel |author-link2= Axel Timmermann |last3= Baldi |first3= Benedetta F. |last4= Moore |first4= Andy E. |last5= Lyons |first5= Ruth J. |last6= Lee |first6= Sun-Seon |last7= Kalsbeek |first7= Anton MF |last8= Petersen |first8= Desiree C. |last9= Rautenbach |first9= Hannes |last10= Förtsch |first10= Hagen EA  |last11= Bornman |first11= MS Riana |last12= Hayes |first12= Vanessa M. |date= 28 October 2019 |title= Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations |url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1714-1 |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|publisher= [[Nature Research]] |volume= 575 |issue= 7781 |pmid=31659339 |pages= 185–189 |doi= 10.1038/s41586-019-1714-1 |access-date= 23 March 2020 |bibcode=2019Natur.575..185C|s2cid= 204946938 |url-access= subscription }}</ref><ref name="SA-20191028">{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Aylin |title=New Study Pinpoints The Ancestral Homeland of All Humans Alive Today |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/new-study-finds-the-ancestral-homeland-of-all-humans-alive-today |date=28 October 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=29 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.garvan.org.au/news-events/news/the-homeland-of-modern-humans|title=The homeland of modern humans|date=29 October 2019|access-date=29 October 2019|newspaper=Garvan Institute of Medical Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-50210701|title=Origin of modern humans 'traced to Botswana'|date=28 October 2019|access-date=29 October 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref>
**Astronomers observe the large asteroid [[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]] in higher resolution than ever before, revealing it to be spherical and a likely [[dwarf planet]] candidate; possibly the smallest in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191028164353.htm|title=ESO telescope reveals what could be the smallest dwarf planet yet in the solar system|date=28 October 2019|access-date=29 October 2019|publisher=Science Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/asteroid-hygiea-may-be-smallest-dwarf-planet.html|title=Asteroid Hygiea May Be the Smallest Dwarf Planet in the Solar System|date=28 October 2019|access-date=29 October 2019|publisher=Space.com}}</ref>
**Researchers report that the interstellar comet [[2I/Borisov]] is outgassing water, and in a manner similar to the outgassing of water in a typical comet in the Solar System.<ref name="SA-20191030">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=That Interstellar Comet Is Carrying Water From Beyond Our Solar System |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/interstellar-comet-2i-borisov-is-carrying-a-heap-of-water |date=30 October 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=30 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20191028">{{cite journal |author=McKay, Adam J. |display-authors=et al. |title=Detection of a Water Tracer in Interstellar Comet 2I/Borisov |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=889 |pages=L10 |arxiv=1910.12785 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab64ed |year=2020 |issue=1 |bibcode=2020ApJ...889L..10M |s2cid=204907108 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
**Scientists report that terrestrial [[lifeform]]s, including extreme forms of [[archaea]] [[microorganism]]s, were not found to exist in very hot, acidic and salty conditions present in some areas of Earth, including in the [[Danakil Depression]] of [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="NAT-20191028a">{{cite journal |author=Belita, Jodie |display-authors=et al. |title=Hyperdiverse archaea near life limits at the polyextreme geothermal Dallol area |date=28 October 2019 |journal=[[Nature Ecology and Evolution]] |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=1552–1561 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-1005-0 |pmid=31666740 |pmc=6837875 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3.1552B |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02367946/file/Belilla-etal_final_lw.pdf }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191101">{{cite news |last=Andrews |first=Robin George |title=They Didn't Find Life in a Hopeless Place - In some of the world's saltiest, most acidic bodies of superheated water, even the most extreme forms of archaea couldn't survive. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/01/science/extreme-life-aliens.html |date=1 November 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 November 2019 }}</ref>
*29 October &ndash; A study in ''Nature'' concludes that [[Sea level rise|rising sea levels]] will threaten 300 million people by 2050, more than triple previous estimates. The upward revision is based on the use of a [[multilayer perceptron]], a class of [[artificial neural network]], which analysed topographical maps in greater detail than before and provided more accurate land elevations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/29/rising-sea-levels-pose-threat-to-homes-of-300m-people-study|title=Rising sea levels pose threat to homes of 300m people – study|date=29 October 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|pages=4844|date=29 October 2019|publisher=Nature|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z|pmid=31664024|pmc=6820795|last1=Kulp|first1=Scott A.|last2=Strauss|first2=Benjamin H.|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.4844K}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/29/climate/coastal-cities-underwater.html|title=Rising Seas Will Erase More Cities by 2050, New Research Shows|date=29 October 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
*30 October &ndash; A large-scale study by researchers in [[Germany]] finds that [[insect]] populations declined by one-third between 2008 and 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tum.de/nc/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/details/35768/|title=Insect decline more extensive than suspected|date=30 October 2019|access-date=1 November 2019|publisher=Technical University of Munich|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031013459/https://www.tum.de/nc/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/details/35768/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers|date=30 October 2019|journal=Nature|volume=574|issue=7780|pages=671–674|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3|pmid=31666721|last1=Seibold|first1=Sebastian|last2=Gossner|first2=Martin M.|last3=Simons|first3=Nadja K.|last4=Blüthgen|first4=Nico|last5=Müller|first5=Jörg|last6=Ambarlı|first6=Didem|last7=Ammer|first7=Christian|last8=Bauhus|first8=Jürgen|last9=Fischer|first9=Markus|last10=Habel|first10=Jan C.|last11=Linsenmair|first11=Karl Eduard|author11-link=Karl Eduard Linsenmair|last12=Nauss|first12=Thomas|last13=Penone|first13=Caterina|last14=Prati|first14=Daniel|last15=Schall|first15=Peter|last16=Schulze|first16=Ernst-Detlef|last17=Vogt|first17=Juliane|last18=Wöllauer|first18=Stephan|last19=Weisser|first19=Wolfgang W.|bibcode=2019Natur.574..671S|s2cid=204942506|url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A21806}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Robust evidence of declines in insect abundance and biodiversity|date=30 October 2019|journal=Nature|volume=574|issue=7780|pages=641–642|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-03241-9|pmid=31666718|last1=Kunin|first1=William E.|bibcode=2019Natur.574..641K|s2cid=204943124|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*31 October &ndash; Researchers at the [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology]], Sweden, develop a new film that is applied to solar cells, which combines nanocrystals and microlenses to capture [[infrared light]]. This can increase the solar energy conversion efficiency by 10 percent or more.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-10-nanotechnology-breakthrough-enables-conversion-infrared.html|title=Nanotechnology breakthrough enables conversion of infrared light to energy|date=31 October 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|publisher=PhysOrg}}</ref>

===November===
[[File:PIA22835-VoyagerProgram&Heliosphere-Chart-20181210.png|thumb|right|200px|4 November: Scientists officially confirm that the ''[[Voyager 2]]'' [[space probe]] left the [[Solar System]] and entered [[interstellar space]] on 5 November 2018.<ref name="EA-20191104" /><ref name="NYT-20191104" />]]
*1 November &ndash; Researchers at [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] demonstrate a way to 3D print [[Human skin|living skin]], complete with blood vessels, which could be used for more natural and accurate [[Skin grafting|grafts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.rpi.edu/content/2019/11/01/living-skin-can-now-be-3d-printed-blood-vessels-included|title=Living Skin Can Now be 3D-Printed With Blood Vessels Included|date=1 November 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|publisher=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute}}</ref>
*4 November &ndash; Scientists confirm that, on 5 November 2018, the ''[[Voyager 2]]'' probe had officially reached the [[interstellar medium]] (ISM), a region of [[outer space]] beyond the influence of the [[Solar System]], and has now joined the ''[[Voyager 1]]'' probe which had reached the ISM earlier in 2012.<ref name="EA-20191104">{{cite news |author=University of Iowa |title=Voyager 2 reaches interstellar space - Iowa-led instrument detects plasma density jump, confirming spacecraft has entered the realm of the stars |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/uoi-v2r103119.php |date=4 November 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=4 November 2019 |author-link=University of Iowa |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413080722/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/uoi-v2r103119.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191104">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Voyager 2's Discoveries From Interstellar Space - In its journey beyond the boundary of the solar wind's bubble, the probe observed some notable differences from its twin, Voyager 1. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/science/voyager-2-interstellar-solar-wind.html |date=4 November 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=5 November 2019 }}</ref>
*5 November &ndash; 11,000 scientists from around the world publish a study in the journal ''BioScience'', warning "clearly and unequivocally that planet Earth is facing a [[climate crisis|climate emergency]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/05/climate-crisis-11000-scientists-warn-of-untold-suffering|title=Climate crisis: 11,000 scientists warn of 'untold suffering'|date=5 November 2019|access-date=5 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biz088/5610806|title=World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency|date=5 November 2019|access-date=5 November 2019|publisher=BioScience}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-50302392|title=Climate change: 'Clear and unequivocal' emergency, say scientists|date=5 November 2019|access-date=5 November 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref>
*6 November &ndash; Scientists at the [[University of Rochester]] demonstrate a new technique for creating [[Superhydrophobic coating|superhydrophobic]] metals that float on water, using femtosecond laser bursts to "etch" the surfaces and trap air.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/superhydrophobic-metal-wont-sink-406272/|title=Spiders and ants inspire metal that won't sink|date=6 November 2019|access-date=6 November 2019|publisher=University of Rochester}}</ref>
*8 November 
**[[Microsoft]] confirms a potentially [[Computer worm|wormable]] [[BlueKeep]] [[security vulnerability]] attack, and urges users to immediately patch their [[Microsoft Windows]] [[Computer|computer systems]].<ref name="FRBS-20191108">{{cite news |last=Windner |first=Davey |title=Microsoft Confirms Windows 'BlueKeep' Attack: Users Told To Patch Now |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daveywinder/2019/11/08/microsoft-confirms-ongoing-windows-bluekeep-attack-users-told-to-patch-now/ |date=8 November 2019 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=9 November 2019 }}</ref>
**Computer experts at [[Kaspersky Lab]] report the detection of a very advanced and insidious [[Backdoor (computing)|backdoor]] [[malware]] [[Advanced persistent threat|APT]] named [[Titanium (malware)|Titanium]], that was developed by [[PLATINUM (cybercrime group)|PLATINUM]], a [[cybercrime]] collective.<ref name="AT-20191108">{{cite news |last=Goodin |first=Dan |title=One of the world's most advanced hacking groups debuts new Titanium backdoor - Malware hides at every step by mimicking common software in long multi-stage execution. |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/11/newly-discovered-titanium-backdoor-employs-clever-ways-to-go-undetected/ |date=8 November 2019 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=9 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="TP-20191108">{{cite news |last=Seals |first=Tara |title=Platinum APT Shines Up New Titanium Backdoor |url=https://threatpost.com/platinum-apt-titanium-backdoor/150062/ |date=8 November 2019 |work=ThreatPost.com |access-date=9 November 2019 }}</ref>
*12 November &ndash; [[486958 Arrokoth]], a [[trans-Neptunian object]] previously nicknamed "''Ultima Thule''" and visited by the [[New Horizons|New Horizons spacecraft]], receives its official name during a ceremony at the NASA Headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20191112|title=New Horizons Kuiper Belt Flyby Object Officially Named 'Arrokoth'|date=12 November 2019|access-date=16 November 2019|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory}}</ref>
[[File:Nazca monkey.jpg|thumb|right|200px|15 November: 143 new [[Nazca Lines|Nazca geoglyphs]] are reported by researchers.<ref name="YM-20191115" />]]
*13 November
**[[Jim Peebles]], awarded the 2019 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his theoretical discoveries in [[physical cosmology]].<ref name="SA-20191012">{{cite news |last=Hooper |first=Dan |title=A Well-Deserved Physics Nobel - Jim Peebles' award honors modern cosmological theory at last |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/a-well-deserved-physics-nobel/ |date=12 October 2019 |work=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> notes, in his award presentation, that he does not support the [[Big Bang|Big Bang Theory]], due to the lack of concrete supporting evidence, and states, "It's very unfortunate that one thinks of the beginning whereas in fact, we have no good theory of such a thing as the beginning."<ref name="PHY-20191114">{{cite news |last=Couronne |first=Ivan |title=Top cosmologist's lonely battle against 'Big Bang' theory |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-11-cosmologist-lonely-big-theory.html |date=14 November 2019 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=14 November 2019 }}</ref>
**Researchers report that [[astronaut]]s experienced serious [[Hemodynamics|blood flow]] and [[Thrombus|clot]] problems while on board the [[International Space Station]], based on a six-month study of 11 healthy astronauts. The results may influence long-term [[spaceflight]], including a mission to the planet [[Mars]], according to the researchers.<ref name="CNN-20191115">{{cite news |last=Strickland |first=Ashley |title=Astronauts experienced reverse blood flow and blood clots on the space station, study says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/15/health/astronaut-blood-flow-clot-scn-trnd/index.html |date=15 November 2019 |work=[[CNN News]] |access-date=16 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="JAMA-20191113">{{cite journal |author=Marshall-Goebel, Karina |display-authors=et al. |title=Assessment of Jugular Venous Blood Flow Stasis and Thrombosis During Spaceflight |date=13 November 2019 |journal=[[JAMA Network Open]] |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=e1915011 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15011 |pmid=31722025 |pmc=6902784 }}</ref>
**Scientists in Japan use single-cell RNA analysis to find that [[supercentenarians]] have an excess of cytotoxic CD4 T-cells, a type of immune cell.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191113101845.htm|title=Could cytotoxic T-cells be a key to longevity?|date=13 November 2019|access-date=19 November 2019|publisher=Science Daily}}</ref>
*15 November &ndash; The discovery and interpretation of 143 new [[Nazca Lines|Nazca geoglyphs]] is announced by researchers from [[Yamagata University]].<ref name="YM-20191115">{{cite web |url=https://www.yamagata-u.ac.jp/en/information/info/20191115_01/ |title=143 New Geoglyphs Discovered on the Nasca Pampa and Surrounding Area |publisher=Yamagata University |date=15 November 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
*18 November
**Internal-wave cooling of threatened [[coral reefs]] quantified across the Pacific Ocean by an international collaboration led by [[The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]] is published in [[Nature Geoscience]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wyatt|first1=Alex S. J.|last2=Leichter|first2=James J.|last3=Toth|first3=Lauren T.|last4=Miyajima|first4=Toshihiro|last5=Aronson|first5=Richard B.|last6=Nagata|first6=Toshi|date=2019-11-18|title=Heat accumulation on coral reefs mitigated by internal waves|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=13|issue=1|language=en|pages=28–34|doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0486-4|issn=1752-0908|bibcode=2020NatGe..13...28W|s2cid=208356074}}</ref>
**[[Titan (moon)|Titan]], the largest moon of Saturn, is fully mapped for the first time, using data from NASA's ''[[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]]'' mission.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A whole new world: astronomers draw first global map of Titan|date=18 November 2019|journal=Nature|volume=575|issue=7783|pages=426–427|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-03539-8|pmid=31745360|last1=O'Callaghan|first1=Jonathan|bibcode=2019Natur.575..426O|s2cid=208171884|doi-access=free}}</ref>
**Scientists report detecting, for the first time, [[Sugar|sugar molecules]], including [[ribose]], in [[meteorite]]s, suggesting that chemical processes on [[asteroid]]s can produce some fundamentally essential bio-ingredients important to [[life]], and supporting the notion of an [[RNA world]] prior to a DNA-based [[Abiogenesis|origin of life]] on Earth, and possibly, as well, the notion of [[panspermia]].<ref name="NASA-20191118">{{cite news |last1=Steigerwald |first1=Bill |last2=Jones |first2=Nancy |last3=Furukawa |first3=Yoshihiro |title=First Detection of Sugars in Meteorites Gives Clues to Origin of Life |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2019/sugars-in-meteorites |date=18 November 2019 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20191118">{{cite journal |author=Furukawa, Yoshihiro |display-authors=et al. |title=Extraterrestrial ribose and other sugars in primitive meteorites |date=18 November 2019 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=116 |issue=49 |pages=24440–24445 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1907169116 |pmid=31740594 |pmc=6900709 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11624440F |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="LS-20191121">{{cite news |last=Specktor |first=Brandon |title=Your RNA May Have Come from Space, Meteor Study Suggests - The discovery of ribose sugar in ancient meteorites just made space rocks a little sweeter. |url=https://www.livescience.com/space-sugar-rode-rna-metoers.html |date=21 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |access-date=21 November 2019 }}</ref>
**Researchers at the University of Notre Dame develop a new method for lifelong learning in artificial neural networks, which entails the use of a ferroelectric ternary content-addressable memory component. Their study, featured in ''Nature Electronics'', aims to replicate the human brain's ability to learn from only a few examples, adapting to new tasks based on past experiences.<ref>[https://techxplore.com/news/2019-12-ferroelectric-ternary-content-addressable-memory-deep.html A ferroelectric ternary content-addressable memory to enhance deep learning models], by Ingrid Fadelli, Tech Xplore, December 2019.</ref>
*20 November
**Astronomers report a notable [[gamma ray burst]] explosion, named [[GRB 190114C]], initially detected in January 2019, that, so far, has been determined to have had the highest energy, [[Electronvolt|1 Tera electron volts (Tev)]], ever observed for such a cosmic event.<ref name="EA-20191120">{{cite press release |author=ESA/Hubble Information Centre |title=Hubble studies gamma-ray burst with the highest energy ever seen |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/eic-hsg112019.php |date=20 November 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=20 November 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525124142/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/eic-hsg112019.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20191120">{{cite journal |author=Veres, P |display-authors=et al. |title=Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst |date=20 November 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=575 |issue=7783 |pages=459–463 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1754-6 |pmid=31748725 |arxiv=2006.07251 |bibcode=2019Natur.575..459M |s2cid=208191199 }}</ref>
**A study shows that the [[Scientific consensus on climate change|consensus among climate change scientists]] has grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=James |title=Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming |journal=Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=183–184 |date=20 November 2019 |doi=10.1177/0270467619886266 |s2cid=213454806 |quote=The consensus among research scientists on anthropogenic global warming has grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles on “climate change” and “global warming” published in the first 7 months of 2019.}}</ref>
[[File:Sumatran Rhinoceros at Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary Lampung Indonesia 2013.JPG|thumb|right|200px|23 November: Last known [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] in [[Malaysia]] passes on.<ref name="BBC-20191123" />]]
*23 November &ndash; The last known [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] in [[Malaysia]] passes on.<ref name="BBC-20191123">{{cite news|title=Malaysia's last known Sumatran rhino dies|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-50531208|work=BBC News|date=2019-11-23|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>
*25 November
** [[IPv4 address exhaustion]]: The [[RIPE NCC]], which is the official regional [[Internet]] registry (RIR) for Europe, officially announces that it has run out of [[IPv4]] Addresses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ripe.net/publications/news/about-ripe-ncc-and-ripe/the-ripe-ncc-has-run-out-of-ipv4-addresses|title=The RIPE NCC has run out of IPv4 Addresses
|date=25 November 2019|access-date=25 November 2019|publisher=Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre}}</ref>
**The [[World Meteorological Organization]] reports that levels of heat-trapping [[greenhouse gases]] in the [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]] reached another new record high of 407.8 parts per million in 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/publications/global_mean_mole_fractions#content1|title=Latest WMO GHG Bulletin|date=25 November 2019|access-date=25 November 2019|publisher=World Meteorological Organization – World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases}}</ref> with "no sign of a slowdown, let alone a decline."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/25/climate-heating-greenhouse-gases-hit-new-high-un-reports|title=Climate-heating greenhouse gases hit new high, UN reports|date=25 November 2019|access-date=25 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/greenhouse-gas-concentrations-atmosphere-reach-yet-another-high|title=Greenhouse gas concentrations in atmosphere reach yet another high|date=25 November 2019|access-date=25 November 2019|publisher=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref>
*26 November 
**Astronomers from [[Yale University]] report that the recently detected [[interstellar comet]] [[2I/Borisov]] (including [[Comet|coma and tail]]), is "14 times the size of Earth", presented an [https://news.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/featured_media/public/comet-side-by-side.jpg?itok=SqC8WoFN&c=07307e7d6a991172b9f808eb83b18804 image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718150941/https://news.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/featured_media/public/comet-side-by-side.jpg?itok=SqC8WoFN&c=07307e7d6a991172b9f808eb83b18804 |date=18 July 2023 }} comparing the comet size with the size of planet Earth [...] and stated, "It's humbling to realize how small Earth is next to this visitor from another solar system."<ref name="YALE-20191126">{{cite news |last=Shelton |first=Jim |title=New image offers close-up view of interstellar comet |url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/11/26/new-image-offers-close-view-interstellar-comet |date=26 November 2019 |work=[[Yale University]] |access-date=7 December 2019 }}</ref>
**Researchers report, based on an international study of 27 countries, that [[Health promotion|caring for families]] is the main motivator for people worldwide.<ref name="EA-20191126">{{cite news |author=Arizona State University |title=Caring for family is what motivates people worldwide - International study including 27 countries shows people prioritize loved ones over everything else |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/asu-cff112619.php |date=26 November 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=30 November 2019 |author-link=Arizona State University }}</ref><ref name="PA-20190714">{{cite journal |author=Ko, Ahra |display-authors=et al. |title=Family Matters: Rethinking the Psychology of Human Social Motivation |url=https://psyarxiv.com/u8h3x/ |date=14 July 2019 |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |access-date=30 November 2019 |pmid=31791196 |doi=10.1177/1745691619872986 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=173–201 |s2cid=208611389 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*27 November 
**Researchers report the discovery of ''[[Caveasphaera]]''. a [[multicellular organism]] found in 609-million-year-old rocks, that is not easily defined as an [[animal]] or non-animal, which may be related to one of the earliest instances of [[animal evolution]].<ref name="EA-20191127">{{cite news |author=Chinese Academy of Sciences |title=Researchers say animal-like embryos preceded animal appearance |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/caos-rsa112719.php |date=27 November 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=28 November 2019 |author-link=Chinese Academy of Sciences |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128151859/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/caos-rsa112719.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191127">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Is This the First Fossil of an Embryo? - Mysterious 609-million-year-old balls of cells may be the oldest animal embryos — or something else entirely. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/27/science/fossil-embryo-paleontology-caveaspharea.html |date=27 November 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=28 November 2019 }}</ref>
**Scientists at the [[University of Exeter]] report that more than half of nine [[Tipping points in the climate system|climate change tipping points]] identified a decade ago are now "active".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/uoe-nct112519.php|title=Nine climate tipping points now 'active,' warn scientists|date=27 November 2019|access-date=28 November 2019|publisher=EurekAlert!}}</ref>
**Chinese astronomers report the discovery of [[LB-1]], the name of a galactic [[Stellar classification#Class B|B-type star]],<ref name="NAT-20191127" /> as well as the name of a very closely associated over-massive [[stellar-mass black hole]],<ref name="EA-20191127a" /> at least {{convert|7000|ly|pc}} from Earth.<ref name="EA-20191127a" /> The black hole is, at nearly 70 solar masses, over twice the mass as the maximum predicted by most current theories of [[stellar evolution]].<ref name="NAT-20191127">{{cite journal |author=Liu, Jifeng |display-authors=et al. |title=A wide star–black-hole binary system from radial-velocity measurements |date=27 November 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=575 |issue=7784 |pages=68–621 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1766-2 |pmid=31776491 |bibcode=2019Natur.575..618L |arxiv=1911.11989 |s2cid=208310287 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20191127a">{{cite web |author=Chinese Academy of Sciences |title=Chinese Academy of Sciences leads discovery of unpredicted stellar black hole |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/caos-cao112519.php |date=27 November 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=29 November 2019 |author-link=Chinese Academy of Sciences |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128233834/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/caos-cao112519.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SA-20191127">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=Scientists Just Found an "Impossible" Black Hole in The Milky Way Galaxy |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/an-impossible-black-hole-has-been-found-in-the-milky-way-galaxy |date=27 November 2019 |work=ScienceAlert.com |access-date=29 November 2019 }}</ref>

===December===
[[File:Pancreas adenocarcinoma (4) Case 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|2 December: Molecule, PJ34, found that promotes the self-destruction of up to 90% of the [[Pancreatic cancer|pancreatic cancer cells]] in laboratory mouse studies.<ref name="SD-20191202" /><ref name="IS-20191203" />]]
*2 December
**Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy demonstrate X-ray Laser-Enhanced Attosecond Pulse generation (XLEAP), a new method for observing the movements of [[electrons]], using lasers just 280 [[attoseconds]] long.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2019-12-02-slac-scientists-invent-way-see-attosecond-electron-motions-x-ray-laser.aspx|title=SLAC scientists invent a way to see attosecond electron motions with an X-ray laser|date=2 December 2019|access-date=28 December 2019|publisher=SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory}}</ref>
**Researchers from [[Tel Aviv University]] describe how a molecule known as PJ34 triggers the self-destruction of [[pancreatic cancer]] cells, which were reduced by up to 90% in mouse models.<ref name="SD-20191202">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191203102018.htm|title=New treatment triggers self-destruction of pancreatic cancer cells
|date=2 December 2019|access-date=4 December 2019|publisher=Science Daily}}</ref><ref name="IS-20191203">{{cite web|url=https://www.israel21c.org/scientists-discover-molecule-that-destroys-pancreatic-cancer-cells/|title=Scientists discover molecule that destroys pancreatic cancer cells|date=3 December 2019|access-date=4 December 2019|publisher=Israel21c}}</ref>
*3 December &ndash; Researchers from the [[University of Bath]] report the creation of artificial [[neurons]] that reproduce the electrical properties of biological neurons onto semiconductor chips.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/bionic-neurons-could-enable-implants-to-restore-failing-brain-circuits|title=Bionic neurons could enable implants to restore failing brain circuits|date=3 December 2019|access-date=3 December 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/world-first-as-artificial-neurons-developed-to-cure-chronic-diseases/|title=World first as artificial neurons developed to cure chronic diseases|date=3 December 2019|access-date=3 December 2019|publisher=University of Bath}}</ref>
*4 December &ndash; Astronomers publish the first evidence of a giant planet orbiting a white dwarf, [[WDJ0914+1914]], suggesting that planets in the [[Solar System]] may survive the [[Stellar evolution|death of the Sun]] in the [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System#Future|distant future]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-50665998|title=Distant star's vision of our Sun's future 'death'|date=4 December 2019|access-date=5 December 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-12/e-fgp120219.php|title=First giant planet around white dwarf found|date=4 December 2019|access-date=5 December 2019|publisher=EurekAlert!|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205023347/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-12/e-fgp120219.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/hidden_giant_planet/|title=Hidden giant planet revealed around tiny white dwarf star|date=4 December 2019|access-date=5 December 2019|publisher=University of Warwick}}</ref>
*5 December &ndash; Researchers at the [[California Academy of Sciences]] report the discovery of 71 new [[plant]] and [[animal]] [[species]], which includes 17 [[fish]], 15 [[geckos]], 8 [[Flowering plant|flower plants]], 6 [[sea slug]]s, 5 [[arachnid]]s, 4 [[eel]]s, 3 [[ant]]s, 3 [[skink]]s, 2 [[skate (fish)|skates]], 2 [[wasp]]s, 2 [[moss]]es, 2 [[coral]]s and 2 [[lizard]]s.<ref name="CAOS-20191205">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Academy scientists describe 71 species in 2019 - From geckos to goblin spiders, flowering plants, and Mediterranean ants—spanning five continents and three oceans—these discoveries grow Earth's tree of life |url=https://www.calacademy.org/press/releases/academy-scientists-describe-73-species-in-2019 |date=5 December 2019 |work=[[California Academy of Sciences]] |access-date=10 December 2019 }}</ref>
*6 December &ndash; New calculations show that hollow spherical bubbles containing [[positronium]] gas are stable in liquid helium and could therefore serve as the source of positronium [[Bose-Einstein condensate]]s for [[gamma-ray laser]]s, which could be used for medical imaging, spacecraft propulsion, and cancer treatment. Work to realize such bubbles is ongoing and near term results might have applications in [[quantum computing]].<ref name="phys-20191206">{{cite news |author=Iqbal Pittalwala |title=Gamma-ray laser moves a step closer to reality|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-12-gamma-ray-laser-closer-reality.html |date=6 December 2019 |work=[[University of California, Riverside]] |access-date=3 January 2020 }}</ref>
*7 December &ndash; [[Didier Queloz]], winner of the 2019 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], takes issue with those who are not supportive of helping to improve [[climate change]], stating, "I think this is just irresponsible, because the stars are so far away I think we should not have any serious hope to escape the Earth [...] Also keep in mind that we are a species that has evolved and developed for this planet. We're not built to survive on any other planet than this one [...] We'd better spend our time and energy trying to fix it."<ref name="AP-20191207">{{cite news |last1=Heintz |first1=Jim |last2=Keyton |first2=David |title=Nobel laureate: Face up to climate change, no escaping Earth |url=https://apnews.com/26706b2c60c69668edd1216c2c56700f |date=7 December 2019 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=8 December 2019 }}</ref>
*8 December &ndash; Astronomers report that the star [[Betelgeuse]] has significantly "fainted" in visibility and, possibly as a result, may suggest the star to be in the last stages of its [[stellar evolution|evolution]], and may be expected to explode as a [[supernova]] within the next 100,000 years, much sooner than thought previously.<ref name="AT-20191208">{{cite news |last1=Guinan |first1=Edward F. |last2=Wasatonic  |first2=Richard J. |last3=Calderwood |first3=Thomas J.|title=ATel #13341 - The Fainting of the Nearby Red Supergiant Betelgeuse |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13341 |date=8 December 2019 |work=[[The Astronomer's Telegram]] |access-date=27 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="AT-20191223">{{cite news |last1=Guinan |first1=Edward F. |last2=Wasatonic  |first2=Richard J. |last3=Calderwood |first3=Thomas J.|title=ATel #13365 - Updates on the "Fainting" of Betelgeuse |url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13365 |date=23 December 2019 |work=[[The Astronomer's Telegram]] |access-date=27 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NG-20191226">{{cite news |last=Drake |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Drake |title=A giant star is acting strange, and astronomers are buzzing - The red giant Betelgeuse is the dimmest seen in years, prompting some speculation that the star is about to explode. Here's what we know. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/betelgeuse-is-acting-strange-astronomers-are-buzzing-about-supernova/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226131847/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/betelgeuse-is-acting-strange-astronomers-are-buzzing-about-supernova/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2019 |date=26 December 2019 |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=27 December 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:PIA23514-Mars-WaterIce-LikeliestAreas-20191210.jpg|thumb|right|200px|10 December: Substantial amounts of [[Water on Mars|water ice]] detected just below the surface in certain areas on the planet [[Mars]].<ref name="EG-20191212" />]]
*9 December
**Researchers at EPFL discover that the viscosity of solutions of electrically charged polymers dissolved in water is influenced by a quantum effect. This tiny quantum effect influences the way water molecules interact with one another.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2019-12-liquid-quantum-effect.html Liquid flow is influenced by a quantum effect in water], by Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, DECEMBER 9, 2019</ref>
**Researchers publish a study, "''Ultrafast stimulated emission microscopy of single nanocrystals''," in which they report on a technique for studying [[femtosecond]] events in non-fluorescent, nano-scale objects.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2019-12-ultrafast-emission-microscopy-nanocrystals.html Ultrafast stimulated emission microscopy of single nanocrystals], phys.org.</ref>
**Researchers report [[quantum states]] being achieved in materials such as [[silicon carbide]] and components such as [[diodes]] used in ordinary electronics.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2019-12-breakthrough-scientists-quantum-states-everyday.html In surprise breakthrough, scientists create quantum states in everyday electronics] by Louise Lerner, University of Chicago, 9 December 2019.</ref>
**Scientists in China create [[pigs]] with [[monkey]] [[DNA]]; thus creating an animal hybrid with genetic material from two different species.<ref>[https://www.livescience.com/first-monkey-pig-chimeras-born-in-china.html First Pig-Monkey Chimeras Were Just Created in China], By Nicoletta Lanese - 9 December 2019.</ref>
**[[Intel]] reveals a first-of-its-kind cryogenic control chip &ndash; code-named "[[Horse Ridge (chip)|Horse Ridge]]" &ndash; for control of multiple quantum bits ([[qubits]]) and scaling of larger quantum computer systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-introduces-horse-ridge-enable-commercially-viable-quantum-computers/|title=Intel Introduces 'Horse Ridge' to Enable Commercially Viable Quantum Computers|date=9 December 2019|access-date=11 December 2019|publisher=Intel}}</ref>
**Researchers develop a [[Autonomous solar panel cleaning|self-cleaning mechanism for solar panels]], which can remove particles on its surface more effectively than methods used previously. Due to [[Etching (microfabrication)#Wet etching|wet-chemically etched]] [[nanowire]]s and a hydrophobic coating on the surface, water droplets can remove 98% of dust particles.<ref name="phys-20191209">{{cite news |author=American Associates, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev |title=Researchers develop new method to remove dust on solar panels|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-12-method-solar-panels.html |date=9 December 2019 |work=[[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]] |access-date=3 January 2020 }}</ref>
*10 December
**Astronomers report studies that question the validity of an essential assumption supporting the existence of [[dark energy]], suggesting that dark energy may not actually exist. Lead researcher of the new studies, Young-Wook Lee of [[Yonsei University]], said, "Quoting [[Carl Sagan]], [[ECREE|extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence]], but I am not sure we have such extraordinary evidence for dark energy. Our result illustrates that dark energy from [[Supernova Cosmology Project|SN cosmology]], which led to the [[2011 Nobel Prize in Physics]], might be an artifact of a fragile and false assumption."<ref name="PHYS-20200106">{{cite news |author=Yonsei University |title=New evidence shows that the key assumption made in the discovery of dark energy is in error |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-01-evidence-key-assumption-discovery-dark.html |date=6 January 2020 |work=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=6 January 2020 |author-link=Yonsei University }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20191210">{{cite journal |last=Kang |first=Yijung |display-authors=et al. |title=Early-type Host Galaxies of Type Ia Supernovae. II. Evidence for Luminosity Evolution in Supernova Cosmology |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=889 |issue=1 |pages=8 |arxiv=1912.04903 |bibcode=2020ApJ...889....8K |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab5afc |year=2020 |s2cid=209202868 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
**NASA scientists report that substantial amounts of "[[Water on Mars|water ice]]" may be readily available just below the surface on the planet [[Mars]], in some particularly well mapped areas ([[:File:PIA23514-Mars-WaterIce-LikeliestAreas-20191210.jpg|image]]).<ref name="EG-20191212">{{cite news |last=Torbet |first=Georgina |title=NASA finds 'water ice' just below the surface of Mars - The ice could be reached with a shovel, experts say. |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/12/12/nasa-ice-surface-mars/ |date=12 December 2019 |work=[[Engadget]] |access-date=12 December 2019 }}</ref>
**[[Ford Motor Company]], in a joint research project with [[Microsoft]], reveals a "quantum-inspired" algorithm able to cut traffic by 73% and shorten commuting times by 8% in a simulation of 5,000 cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/ford-quantum-computing-experiment-cuts-traffic-commute-times/|title=Ford quantum computing experiment cuts traffic, commute times|date=10 December 2019|access-date=11 December 2019|publisher=CNET}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@ford/mass-navigation-how-ford-is-exploring-the-quantum-world-with-microsoft-to-help-reduce-congestion-a9de6db32338|title=Mass Navigation: How Ford Is Exploring the Quantum World with Microsoft to Help Reduce Congestion|date=10 December 2019|access-date=11 December 2019|publisher=Medium}}</ref>
*11 December
**Scientists report the discovery of [[Cave painting|cave art]] in central [[Indonesia]] that is estimated to be at least 43,900 years old, and noted that the finding was "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world".<ref name="NYT-20191211">{{cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Becky |title=Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans - The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/science/cave-art-indonesia.html |date=11 December 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=12 December 2019 }}</ref>
**Researchers find evidence that the carbon dioxide concentration in the oceans rose before [[Chicxulub crater|the asteroid impact]] that caused [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs]]. This was likely caused by long-term volcanic eruptions from the [[Deccan Traps]] and [[ocean acidification|acidified the oceans]] already before the asteroid impact. Their results might inform preparations for consequences of contemporary human-caused climate change in the [[Earth system]] and were made possible by a new method for analyzing the calcium isotope composition of fossilized sea shells.<ref name="phys-20191211">{{cite news |author=Amanda Morris |title=Earth was stressed before dinosaur extinction|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-12-earth-stressed-dinosaur-extinction.html |date=11 December 2019 |work=[[Northwestern University]] |access-date=3 January 2020 }}</ref>
*13 December &ndash; The Japanese government approves construction of the [[Hyper-Kamiokande]], the largest [[neutrino detector]] in history.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03874-w|title=Japan will build the world's largest neutrino detector|date=16 December 2019|access-date=17 December 2019|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-03874-w|last1=Castelvecchi|first1=Davide|pmid=33318697|s2cid=214355319|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*16 December &ndash; Scientists report that a lamella-like [[thin-film transistor]] composed of metal oxide [[semiconductor]]s and organic [[polymer]] can be fabricated at low temperatures from solutions and operate under severe stress conditions. The study could provide a low-cost way for a range applications for large-area [[flexible electronics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Yen-Hung|last2=Li|first2=Wen|last3=Faber|first3=Hendrik|last4=Seitkhan|first4=Akmaral|last5=Hastas|first5=Nikolaos A.|last6=Khim|first6=Dongyoon|last7=Zhang|first7=Qiang|last8=Zhang|first8=Xixiang|last9=Pliatsikas|first9=Nikolaos|last10=Tsetseris|first10=Leonidas|last11=Patsalas|first11=Panos A.|date=2019-12-16|title=Hybrid organic–metal oxide multilayer channel transistors with high operational stability|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-019-0342-y|journal=Nature Electronics|language=en|volume=2|issue=12|pages=587–595|doi=10.1038/s41928-019-0342-y|arxiv=1910.11013|s2cid=204852224|issn=2520-1131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New organic-metal oxide transistors with high operational stability|url=https://techxplore.com/news/2020-01-organic-metal-oxide-transistors-high-stability.html|access-date=2020-07-04|website=techxplore.com|language=en}}</ref>
*18 December
**The [[CHEOPS]] space telescope, whose mission is to study the formation of [[extrasolar planets]] and determine their precise radius, likely density and internal structure, is launched.<ref name="TG-20191218">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/18/cheops-european-satellite-lifts-off-to-study-planets-beyond-solar-system|title=Cheops satellite lifts off to study planets beyond solar system|date=18 December 2019|access-date=18 December 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/Liftoff_for_Cheops_ESA_s_exoplanet_mission|title=N° 25–2019: Liftoff for Cheops, ESA's exoplanet mission|date=18 December 2019|access-date=18 December 2019|publisher=ESA}}</ref>
**Scientists report that ''[[Homo erectus]]'', a species of extinct [[archaic human]]s, may have survived to nearly 100,000 years ago, much longer than thought previously.<ref name="BBC-20191218">{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |title=Homo erectus: Ancient humans survived longer than we thought |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50827603 |date=18 December 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=18 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20191218">{{cite journal |author=Rizal, Yan |display-authors=et al. |title=Last appearance of Homo erectus at Ngandong, Java, 117,000–108,000 years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1863-2.epdf |date=18 December 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=577 |issue=7790 |pages=381–385 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1863-2 |pmid=31853068 |s2cid=209410644 |access-date=18 December 2019 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*19 December &ndash; The [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' reports that the "[[Breakthrough of the Year|2019 Breakthrough of the Year]]" is the [[:File:Black hole - Messier 87 crop max res.jpg|image]] of a [[supermassive black hole]] taken by the [[Event Horizon Telescope]].<ref name="SA-20191219">{{cite news |author=American Association for the Advancement of Science |title=Science's 2019 breakthrough of the year: The first image of a black hole |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-12/aaft-2b121619.php |date=19 December 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=20 December 2019 |author-link=American Association for the Advancement of Science |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220005804/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-12/aaft-2b121619.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20191219">{{cite news |last1=Phelan |first1=Meagan |last2=Beckwith |first2=Walter |title=Science's 2019 Breakthrough: First Image of Supermassive Black Hole |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/sciences-2019-breakthrough-first-image-supermassive-black-hole |date=19 December 2019 |work=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |access-date=20 December 2019 }}</ref> The best science findings of 2019 are also reported in other listings by [[Boston University]],<ref name="BU-20191219">{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Molly |last2=McAlpine |first2=Kat J. |title=12 Breakthroughs That Wowed Us in 2019 - From climate science to fake news, these discoveries are sure to keep making waves in the next decade |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2019/12-scientific-breakthroughs-2019/ |date=19 December 2019 |work=[[Boston University]] |access-date=22 December 2019 }}</ref> ''[[Business Insider]]''<ref name="BU-20191224">{{cite news |last=McFall-Johnsen |first=Morgan |title=The biggest breakthroughs in space in 2019, from the farthest object ever visited to the first photo of a black hole |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/space-breakthroughs-2019-exoplanets-solar-probe-2019-12 |date=24 December 2019 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=25 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="BU-20200105">{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Aylin |title=A handful of recent discoveries have shattered anthropologists' picture of where humans came from, and when |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/discoveries-change-picture-of-human-history-evolution-2020-01 |date=5 January 2020 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=5 January 2020 }}</ref> and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="NYT-20191221">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=What We Learned in Science News in 2019 - Developments in science that we're still thinking about at year's end. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/21/science/science-news-2019.html |date=21 December 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191222">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=What We Learned in Space and Astronomy News in 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/22/science/space-astronomy-news-2019.html |date=22 December 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191223a">{{cite news |last=Sheikh |first=Knvul |title=What We Learned in 2019: Health and Medicine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/23/health/what-we-learned-2019.html |date=23 December 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20191213">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=2019: The Year In Climate Change - The biggest climate stories you might have missed — but still have time to read. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/13/climate/year-in-review.html |date=13 December 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref>
*20 December &ndash; The US government authorises, for the first time, the use of federal funds to research [[geoengineering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/614991/the-us-government-will-begin-to-fund-geoengineering-research/|title=The US government has approved funds for geoengineering research|date=20 December 2019|access-date=23 December 2019|publisher=Technology Review}}</ref>
*26 December &ndash; A [[Solar eclipse of December 26, 2019|partial solar eclipse]] occurs.
*28 December &ndash; NASA reports that astronaut [[Christina Koch]] has now spent 289 days on the [[International Space Station]], more time in space than any other female astronaut, breaking the previous record of retired astronaut [[Peggy Whitson]].<ref name="SFN-20191230">{{cite news |last=Harwood |first=William |title=Koch marks record stay in space for female astronaut |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/30/koch-marks-record-stay-in-space-for-female-astronaut/ |date=30 December 2019 |work=SpaceFlightNow.com |access-date=31 December 2019 }}</ref>
*30 December &ndash; Chinese authorities announce that [[He Jiankui]], the scientist who claimed to have created the world's [[Lulu and Nana controversy|first genetically edited human babies]], has been sentenced to three years in prison and fined 3 million yuan (US$430,000) for his genetic research efforts.<ref name="NYT-20191230">{{cite news |last=Wee |first=Sui-Lee |title=Chinese Scientist Who Genetically Edited Babies Gets 3 Years in Prison - He Jiankui's work was also carried out on a third infant, according to China's state media, in a new disclosure that is likely to add to the global uproar over such experiments. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/china-scientist-genetic-baby-prison.html |date=30 December 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="CNN-20191230">{{cite web |last1=Yee |first1=Isaac |last2=Hollingsworth |first2=Julia |title=Chinese gene-editing scientist jailed for 3 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/30/china/gene-scientist-china-intl-hnk/index.html |date=30 December 2019|website=[[CNN News]] |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20200103">{{cite journal |last=Cyranoski |first=David |title=What CRISPR-baby prison sentences mean for research - Chinese court sends strong signal by punishing He Jiankui and two colleagues. |date=3 January 2020 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=577 |issue=7789 |pages=154–155 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00001-y |pmid=31911693 |s2cid=210044355 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Awards==
*Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering{{Snd}} [[Bradford Parkinson]], [[James Spilker]], Hugo Fruehauf and Richard Schwartz
*[[Abel Prize]]{{Snd}} [[Karen Uhlenbeck]]
*The [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] is awarded to [[William G. Kaelin Jr.]], [[Peter J. Ratcliffe]] and [[Gregg L. Semenza]] for their work on the regulation of [[oxygen]] at the cellular level.<ref name="NYT=20191007">{{cite news |last1=Kolata |first1=Gina |last2=Specia |first2=Megan |title=Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Research on How Cells Manage Oxygen - The prize was awarded to William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza for discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/07/health/nobel-prize-medicine.html |date=7 October 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 October 2019 }}</ref>
*The [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] is awarded to [[Jim Peebles|James Peebles]], [[Michel Mayor]] and [[Didier Queloz]] for their discoveries about the [[cosmos]].<ref name="NYT-20191008">{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |last2=Specia |first2=Megan |title=Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded for Cosmic Discoveries - The cosmologist James Peebles split the prize with the astrophysicists Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, for work the Nobel judges said "transformed our ideas about the cosmos." |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/science/nobel-prize-physics.html |date=8 October 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 October 2019 }}</ref>
*The [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] is awarded to [[John B. Goodenough]], [[M. Stanley Whittingham]] and [[Akira Yoshino]] for their work on [[lithium batteries]].<ref name="NYT-20191009">{{cite news |last=Specia |first=Megan |title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Work on Lithium-Ion Batteries - John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino were recognized for research that has "laid the foundation of a wireless, fossil fuel-free society." |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/09/science/nobel-prize-chemistry.html |date=9 October 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=9 October 2019 }}</ref>

== Deaths ==
{{Update section|date=October 2019|reason=This section seems to be missing November and December, and possibly parts of January, September, and October. Needs checking with the subarticles of [[Deaths in 2019]].}}
* 11 January{{Snd}} [[Michael Atiyah]], British-Lebanese mathematician and Fields medalist (b. 1929)
* 6 February{{Snd}} [[Manfred Eigen]], German chemist and Nobel laureate (b. 1927)
* 14 February{{Snd}} [[Simon P. Norton]], English mathematician, co-discoverer of '[[monstrous moonshine]]' (b. 1952)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/02/15/simon-norton-mathematical-prodigy-became-subject-biography-genius/|title=Simon Norton, mathematical prodigy who became the subject of the biography 'The Genius in my Basement'{{Snd}} obituary|date=2019-02-15|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London}}</ref>
* 18 February{{Snd}} [[Wallace Smith Broecker]], American geophysicist, coined the term "[[global warming]]" (b. 1931)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mashable.com/article/wallace-broecker-predicted-global-warming/|title=Legendary scientist who predicted climate change effects dead at 87|date=2019-02-19|access-date=2019-02-20|work=Mashable}}</ref>
*1 March{{Snd}} [[Zhores Alferov]], Soviet-Russian physicist and Nobel laureate (b. 1930)
*20 March
**[[Georg Kreutzberg]], German neurobiologist (b. 1934)
**[[Noel Hush]], Australian chemist (b. 1924)
*21 March{{Snd}} [[Roger Moore (computer scientist)|Roger Moore]], American computer scientist (b. 1939)
*28 March{{Snd}} [[Koji Nakanishi]], Japanese chemist (b. 1925)
*30 March{{Snd}} [[John Wilson Moore]], American biophysicist (b. 1920)
*5 April{{Snd}} [[Sydney Brenner]], South African molecular biologist and Nobel laureate (b. 1927)
*6 April{{Snd}} [[David J. Thouless]], British physicist and Nobel laureate (b. 1934)
*13 April{{Snd}} [[Paul Greengard]], American neuroscientist and Nobel laureate (b. 1925)
*15 April{{Snd}} [[Winston L. Shelton]], American inventor (b. 1922)
*2 May{{Snd}} [[Li Xintian (psychologist)|Li Xintian]], Chinese psychologist (b. 1924)
*3 May{{Snd}} [[Goro Shimura]], Japanese mathematician (b. 1930)
*6 May{{Snd}} [[George O. Zimmerman|George Zimmerman]], American physicist (b. 1935)
*8 May{{Snd}} [[Robert McEliece]], American mathematician and engineer (b. 1942)
*9 May{{Snd}} [[Zhan Wenshan]], Chinese physicist (b. 1941)
*10 May{{Snd}} [[Geneviève Raugel]], French mathematician (b. 1951)
*13 May{{Snd}} [[Lo Tung-bin]], Taiwanese biochemist (b. 1927)
*14 May{{Snd}} [[Michael Rossmann]], American physicist and microbiologist (b. 1930)
*15 May{{Snd}} [[Charles Kittel]], American physicist (b. 1916)
*18 May{{Snd}} [[Mario Baudoin]], Bolivian biologist (b. 1942)
*24 May{{Snd}} [[Murray Gell-Mann]], American physicist and Nobel laureate (b. 1929)
*25 May{{Snd}} [[Margaret-Ann Armour]], Canadian chemist (b. 1939)
*27 May
**[[Laurie Hendren]], Canadian computer scientist (b. 1958)
**[[Aharon Razin]], Israeli biochemist (b. 1935)
*28 May
**[[Li Hengde]], Chinese material scientist (b. 1921)
**[[Włodzimierz Ptak|Wlodzimierz Ptak]], Polish immunologist and microbiologist (b. 1928)
*1 June
**[[Harry C. Triandis|Harry Triandis]], American psychologist (b. 1926)
**[[Fons van de Vijver]], Dutch psychologist (b. 1952)
*2 June{{Snd}} [[Henry T. Lynch|Henry Lynch]], American physician (b. 1928)
*3 June{{Snd}} [[Tang Dingyuan]], Chinese physicist (b. 1920)
*4 June{{Snd}} [[Teruko Ishizaka]], Japanese immunologist (b. 1926)
*12 June{{Snd}} [[Wilbert J. McKeachie|Wilbert McKeachie]], American psychologist (b. 1921)
*13 June{{Snd}} [[Heinrich Reichert]], Swiss neurobiologist (b. 1949)
*14 June
**[[George E. Felton|George Felton]], British computer scientist (b. 1921)
**[[James Wyngaarden]], American physician (b. 1924)
*16 June
**[[Frederick Andermann]], Canadian neurologist (b. 1930)
**[[Feng Chuanhan]], Chinese osteologist (b. 1914)
**[[Francine Shapiro]], American psychologist (b. 1948)
*17 June
**[[Kung Hsiang-fu]], Chinese molecular biologist (b. 1942)
**[[Clemens C. J. Roothaan|Clemens Roothaan]], Dutch physicist and chemist (b. 1918)
*20 June{{Snd}} [[Jean-Marie Hullot]], French computer scientist (b. 1954)
*22 June{{Snd}} [[Robert V. Levine|Robert Levine]], American psychologist (b. 1945)
*23 June{{Snd}} [[George Rosenkranz|George Rozenkranz]], Mexican chemist (b. 1916)
*29 June{{Snd}} [[Dieter Enders]], German chemist (b. 1946)
*30 June{{Snd}} [[Mitchell Feigenbaum]], American physicist (b. 1944)
*2 July{{Snd}} [[Suzanne Eaton]], American biologist (b. 1959)
*3 July{{Snd}} [[Arseny Mironov]], Russian aeronautical engineer (b. 1917)
*6 July{{Snd}} [[Calvin Quate]], American engineer (b. 1923)
*10 July
**[[Karen R. Hitchcock|Karen Hitchcock]], American biologist (b. 1943)
**[[Gerald Weissmann|Gerald Weismann]], American physician (b. 1930)
*12 July
**[[Fernando J. Corbató]], American computer scientist (b. 1926)
**[[Claudio Naranjo]], Chilean psychiatrist (b. 1932)
**[[Richard M. Thorne]], American physicist (b. 1942)
*13 July{{Snd}} [[Harlan Lane]], American psychologist (b. 1936)
*14 July
**[[Rahul Desikan]], American neuroscientist (b. 1978)
**[[Hoàng Tụy]], Vietnamese mathematician (b. 1927)
**[[Arvind Varma]], American chemical engineer (b. 1947)
*15 July
**[[Rex Richards (chemist)|Rex Richards]], British chemist (b. 1922)
**[[Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson|Thorsteinn Sigfusson]], Icelandic physicist (b. 1954)
*16 July{{Snd}} [[Judit Bar-Ilan]], Israeli computer scientist (b. 1958)
*18 July{{Snd}} [[Kurt Julius Isselbacher]], American physician (b. 1925)
*19 July
**[[Godfried Toussaint]], Canadian computer scientist (b. 1944)
**[[Patrick Winston]], American computer scientist (b. 1943)
*20 July{{Snd}} [[Liane Russell]], American geneticist (b. 1923)
*22 July{{Snd}} [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr.]], American aerospace engineer (b. 1924)
*23 July{{Snd}} [[Michael Roth (cyberneticist)|Michael Roth]], German engineer (b. 1936)
*27 July{{Snd}} [[John Robert Schrieffer]], American physicist and Nobel laureate (b. 1931)
*28 July
**[[Walter Fiers]], Belgian molecular biologist (b. 1931)
**[[Li Jisheng]], Chinese aerospace engineer (b. 1943)
*1 August
**[[Charles Fadley]], American physicist (b. 1941)
**[[Zha Quanxing]], Chinese electrochemist (b. 1925)
**[[Anders P. Ravn|Anders P. Ravin]], Danish computer scientist (b. 1947)
*2 August{{Snd}} [[Carl Bell (physician)|Carl Bell]], American psychiatrist (b. 1947)
*3 August
**[[Steven Gubser]], American physicist (b. 1972)
**[[Nikolai Kardashev]], Russian astrophysicist, author of [[Kardashev scale]] (b. 1932)
*4 August{{Snd}} [[Ann Nelson]], American particle physicist (b. 1958)
*6 August
**[[Zhuo Renxi]], Chinese chemist (b. 1931)
**[[George F. Simmons]], American mathematician (b. 1925)
*7 August
**[[Donald F. Klein]], American psychiatrist (b. 1928)
**[[Kary Mullis]], American biochemist and Nobel laureate (b. 1944)
*8 August{{Snd}} [[Stanisław Konturek|Stanislaw Konturek]], Polish physiologist (b. 1931)
*10 August{{Snd}} [[Radoslav Katičić]], Croatian linguist (b. 1930)
*11 August
**[[Michael E. Krauss]], American linguist (b. 1934)
**[[Geoff Malcolm]], New Zealand physical chemist (b. 1930)
*12 August{{Snd}} [[Danny Cohen (computer scientist)|Danny Cohen]], Israeli computer scientist (b. 1937)
*15 August{{Snd}} [[Qin Hanzhang]], Chinese food scientist (b.1908)
*20 August{{Snd}} [[Li Houwen]], Chinese surgeon (b. 1927)
*23 August{{Snd}} [[Walter Thiel (chemist)|Walter Thiel]], German chemist (b. 1949)
*26 August{{Snd}} [[Chen Jiayong]], Chinese metallurgist and chemical engineer (b. 1922)
*27 August{{Snd}} [[Zhang Zong]], Chinese crystallographer (b. 1929)
*31 August
**[[Wang Buxuan]], Chinese physicist (b. 1922)
**[[Immanuel Wallerstein]], American sociologist (b. 1930)
* 8 September{{Snd}} [[Chris Dobson]], British chemist (b. 1949)
* 11 October{{Snd}} [[Alexei Leonov]], Soviet cosmonaut ([[Voskhod 2]]), first person to [[Extravehicular activity|walk in space]]. (b. 1934)
* 1 November{{Snd}} [[Gilles Fontaine]], Canadian astrophysicist (b. 1948)
* 2 November{{Snd}} [[Irwin Fridovich]], American biochemist (b. 1929)
* 6 November{{Snd}} [[Michael Hanack]], German chemist (b. 1931)
* 7 November{{Snd}} [[Margarita Salas]], Spanish biochemist and geneticist (b. 1938)
* 18 November{{Snd}} [[Ching-Liang Lin]], Taiwanese physicist (b. 1931)
* 20 November{{Snd}} [[Mary L. Good]], American chemist and politician
* 26 November{{Snd}} [[Cyrus Chothia]], English biochemist (b. 1942)
* 16 December{{Snd}} [[Hans Kornberg]], British-American biochemist (b. 1928)

==See also==
*[[2019 in spaceflight]]
*[[List of emerging technologies]]
*[[List of years in science]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2019 in science| ]]
[[Category:2019-related lists]]
[[Category:21st century in science]]
[[Category:Science timelines by year]]
[[Category:2010s in science]]