GSS-API
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GSS-API (GSS, GSSAPI, англ. Generic Security Services API, общий программный интерфейс сервисов безопасности) - API для доступа к сервисам безопасности. Стандарт IETF, предназначенный для решения проблемы несовместимости схожих сервисов безопасности.
Описание
GSS-API сам по себе не обеспечивает сервисов безопасности, вместо этого он обеспечивает интерфейс между приложениями и реализациями GSSAPI (обычно библиотеками). Эти библиотеки обеспечивают совместимый с GSS-API интерфейс, позволяя создавать приложения, способные работать с разными библиотеками безопасности; позволяя заменять библиотеки без необходимости переписывать приложения.
Отличительной особенностью приложений, реализованных с использованием GSSAPI является использование закрытых сообщений (токенов), которые скрывают подробности реализации от вышестоящих приложений. Серверная и клиентская часть приложений создаются таким образом, чтобы взаимодействовать с помощью токенов GSSAPI. Токены обычно могут передаваться через незащищённую (публичную) сеть. После обмена сторонами (клиентом и сервером) некоторым количеством сообщений, библиотека GSSAPI информирует обе стороны взаимодействия об установлении "безопасного контекста".
Once a security context is established, sensitive application messages can be wrapped (encrypted) by the GSSAPI for secure communication between client and server. Typical protections guaranteed by GSSAPI wrapping include confidentiality (secrecy) and integrity (authenticity). The GSSAPI can also provide local guarantees about the identity of the remote user or remote host.
The GSSAPI describes about 45 procedure calls. Significant ones include:
- GSS_Acquire_cred - obtains the user's identity proof, often a secret cryptographic key
- GSS_Import_name - converts a username or hostname into a form that identifies a security entity
- GSS_Init_sec_context - generates a client token to send to the server, usually a challenge
- GSS_Accept_sec_context - processes a token from GSS_Init_sec_context and can generate a response token to return
- GSS_Wrap - converts application data into a secure message token (typically encrypted)
- GSS_Unwrap - converts a secure message token back into application data
The GSSAPI has been standardized for the C (RFC 2744) and Java (JSR-072) languages.
Limitations of the GSSAPI include that it standardizes only authentication, and not authorization, and that it assumes a client–server architecture.
Anticipating new security mechanisms, the GSSAPI includes a negotiating pseudo mechanism, SPNEGO, that can discover and use new mechanisms not present when the original application was built.
Relationship to Kerberos
The dominant GSSAPI mechanism implementation in use is Kerberos. Unlike the GSSAPI, the Kerberos API has not been standardized and various existing implementations use incompatible APIs. The GSSAPI allows Kerberos implementations to be API compatible.
Related technologies
Key concepts of the GSSAPI
- Name
- A binary string that labels a security principal (i.e., user or service program) - see access control and identity. For example, Kerberos uses names like user@REALM for users and service/hostname@REALM for programs.
- Credentials
- Information that proves an identity; used by an entity to act as the named principal. Credentials typically involve a secret cryptographic key.
- Context
- The state of one end of the authenticating/authenticated protocol. May provide message protection services, which can be used to compose a secure channel.
- Tokens
- Opaque messages exchanged either as part of the initial authentication protocol (context-level tokens), or as part of a protected communication (per-message tokens)
- Mechanism
- An underlying GSSAPI implementation that provides actual names, tokens and credentials. Known mechanisms include Kerberos, NTLM, Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), SESAME, SPKM, LIPKEY.
- Initiator/acceptor
- The peer that sends the first token is the initiator; the other the acceptor. Generally, the client program is the initiator while the server is the acceptor.
History of the GSSAPI
- July 1991: IETF Common Authentication Technology (CAT) Working Group meets in Atlanta, led by John Linn
- September 1993: GSSAPI version 1 (RFC 1508, RFC 1509)
- May 1995: Windows NT 3.51 released, includes SSPI
- June 1996: Kerberos mechanism for GSSAPI (RFC 1964)
- January 1997: GSSAPI version 2 (RFC 2078)
- October 1997: SASL published, includes GSSAPI mechanism (RFC 2222)
- January 2000: GSSAPI version 2 update 1 (RFC 2743, RFC 2744)
- August 2004: KITTEN working group meets to continue CAT activities
- May 2006: Secure Shell use of GSSAPI standardised (RFC 4462)
See also
External links
- RFC 2743 The Generic Security Service API Version 2 update 1
- RFC 2744 The Generic Security Service API Version 2: C-Bindings
- RFC 1964 The Kerberos 5 GSS-API mechanism
- RFC 4121 The Kerberos 5 GSS-API mechanism: Version 2
- RFC 4178 The Simple and Protected GSS-API Negotiation Mechanism (SPNEGO)
- RFC 2025 The Simple Public-Key GSS-API Mechanism (SPKM)
- RFC 2847 LIPKEY - A Low Infrastructure Public Key Mechanism Using SPKM
- Kitten working group - next generation GSS-API
- GSS-API Programming Guide from Sun
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