Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɕ | |||
| IPA number | 182 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɕ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0255 | ||
| X-SAMPA | s\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
A voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɕ⟩ ("c", plus the curl also found in its voiced counterpart ⟨ʑ⟩). Some Americanists may distinguish ⟨ɕ⟩ as an affricate, typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨t͡ɕ⟩, and instead use the symbol ⟨𝼞⟩ to represent the fricative that is referenced on this page.[1] There is also a superscript ⟨ᶝ⟩ / ⟨𐞺⟩. It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiceless palatal fricative.
Features
[edit]
Features of a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
In English
[edit]In British Received Pronunciation, /j/ after syllable-initial /p, t, k/ (as in Tuesday) is realized as a devoiced palatal fricative. The amount of devoicing is variable, but the fully voiceless variant tends to be alveolo-palatal [ɕ] in the /tj/ sequence: ⓘ. It is a fricative, rather than a fricative element of an affricate because the preceding plosive remains alveolar, rather than becoming alveolo-palatal, as in Dutch.[2]
The corresponding affricate can be written with ⟨t̠ʲ͡ɕ⟩ or ⟨c̟͡ɕ⟩ in narrow IPA, though ⟨tɕ⟩ is normally used in both cases. In the case of English, the sequence can be specified as ⟨t̺ɕ⟩ as /t/ is normally apical (although somewhat palatalized in that sequence), whereas alveolo-palatal consonants are laminal by definition.[3]
An increasing number of British speakers merge this sequence with the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate /tʃ/: [ˈtʃʉːzdeɪ] (see yod-coalescence), mirroring Cockney, Australian English and New Zealand English. On the other hand, there is an opposite tendency in Canadian accents that have preserved /tj/, where the sequence tends to merge with the plain /t/ instead: ⓘ (see yod-dropping), mirroring General American which does not allow /j/ to follow alveolar consonants in stressed syllables.[4][5]
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | щы / śy | ⓘ | 'three' | ||
| Assamese | ব্ৰিটিছ / British | [bɹitiɕ] | 'British' | ||
| Asturian | caxa | [ˈkaɕ(j)a] | 'box' | May be realised as [ʃj], [ɕj], [ɕ] or [ʃ], depending on context and speaker. | |
| Bengali | শকুন / śokun | [ɕokun] | 'vulture' | Also transcribed as ʃ. See Bengali phonology. | |
| Burmese | ရှ / hyạ | [ɕa̰] | 'to abrade; to cut superficially' | See Burmese phonology. | |
| Catalan[6] | caixa | [ˈkä(j)ɕə] | 'box' | See Catalan phonology. | |
| Chinese | Some Hokkien dialects | 心 / sim | [ɕím] | 'heart' | Allophone of /s/ before /i/. |
| Mandarin | 西安 / Xī'ān | ⓘ | 'Xi'an' | Complementary distribution allophone of /ʂ/ in front of high front vowels and palatal glides. See Mandarin phonology. | |
| Chuvash | çиçĕм / cicĕm | [ˈɕiɕ̬əm] | 'lightning' | Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/. Lenis when intervocalic. | |
| Damin | j2iwu | [ɕiwu] | 'small' | Varies with a doubled Voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive [t̠ʲ\t̠ʲ] | |
| Danish | sjæl | [ˈɕeːˀl] | 'soul' | See Danish phonology. | |
| Dutch | Some speakers | sjabloon | [ɕäˈbloːn] | 'template' | May be [ʃ] or [sʲ] instead. See Dutch phonology. |
| English | Cardiff[7] | human | [ˈɕumːən] | 'human' | Phonetic realization of /hj/. More front and more strongly fricated than RP [ç]. Broad varieties drop the /h/: [ˈjumːən].[7] See English phonology. |
| Conservative Received Pronunciation[2] | tuesday | [ˈt̺ʲɕuːzdeɪ] | 'Tuesday' | Allophone of /j/ after syllable-initial /t/ (which is alveolar in this sequence), may be only partially devoiced. /tj/ is often realized as an affricate [tʃ] in British English. Mute in General American: ⓘ.[4][5] Typically transcribed with ⟨j⟩ in broad IPA. See English phonology, yod-coalescence and yod-dropping. | |
| Some Canadian English[2][5] | |||||
| Ghanaian[8] | ship | [ɕip] | 'ship' | Educated speakers may use [ʃ], to which this phone corresponds in other dialects.[8] | |
| Some speakers | sure | [ɕɔː] | 'sure' | ||
| Guarani | Paraguayan | che | [ɕɛ] | 'I' | |
| Hindi | शनिवार / śanivār | [ʃɐnɪʋäːɾ] | 'Saturday' | Often transcribed as /ʃ/. See Hindi phonology. | |
| Japanese[9] | 塩 / shio | [ɕi.o] | 'salt' | See Japanese phonology. | |
| Kabardian | щэ / śə | ⓘ | 'hundred' | ||
| Karen | Eastern Pwo | ယှး | [ɕá] | 'star' | |
| Western Pwo | ၡၪ | [ɕà] | 'star' | ||
| Kazakh | шіркін / şırkın | [ɕɘ̆r̥kʰɘ́n] | 'wretch' | Often transcribed as /ʃ/. See Kazakh phonology. | |
| Korean | South | 시 / si | [ɕʰi] | 'poem' | Allophone of /sʰ/ before /i/ and /j/. See Korean phonology. |
| Kyrgyz | шайтан / shaitan | [ɕɑ̀ɪ̯t̪ʰɑn] | 'Satan' | Often transcribed as /ʃ/. See Kyrgyz phonology. | |
| Lower Sorbian[10] | pśijaśel | [ˈpɕijäɕɛl] | 'friend' | ||
| Luxembourgish[11] | liicht | [liːɕt] | 'light' | Allophone of /χ/ after phonologically front vowels; some speakers merge it with [ʃ].[11] See Luxembourgish phonology. | |
| Marathi | शेतकरी / śetakrī | [ɕet̪əkɾiː] | 'farmer' | Contrasts with /ʂ/. Allophone of /ʃ/. See Marathi phonology. | |
| Malayalam | കുരിശ് / kuriś | [kuɾɪɕ] | 'Cross' | See Malayalam phonology. | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[12] | kjekk | [ɕe̞kː] | 'handsome' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ç⟩; less often realized as palatal [ç]. Younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with /ʂ/.[12] See Norwegian phonology. |
| Polish[13] | śruba | ⓘ | 'screw' | Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/. See Polish phonology. | |
| Romani | Kalderash[14] | ćhavo | [ɕaˈvo] | 'Romani boy; son' | Realized as [t͡ʃʰ] in conservative dialects. |
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[15] | ce | [ɕɛ] | 'what' | Realized as [t͡ʃ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology. |
| Russian | счастье / sčastje | ⓘ | 'happiness' | Also represented by ⟨щ⟩. Contrasts with /ʂ/, /s/, and /sʲ/. See Russian phonology. | |
| Sema[16] | ashi | [à̠ɕì] | 'meat' | Possible allophone of /ʃ/ before /i, e/.[16] | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Croatian[17] | miš će | [mîɕ t͡ɕe̞] | 'the mouse will' | Allophone of /ʃ/ before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/.[17] See Serbo-Croatian phonology. |
| Some speakers of Montenegrin | с́утра / śutra | [ɕût̪ra̠] | 'tomorrow' | Phonemically /sj/ or, in some cases, /s/. | |
| Swedish | Finland | sjok | [ɕuːk] | 'chunk' | Allophone of /ɧ/. |
| Sweden | kjol | ⓘ | 'skirt' | See Swedish phonology. | |
| Tibetan | Lhasa dialect | བཞི་ / bzhi | [ɕi˨˧] | 'four' | Contrasts with /ʂ/. |
| Tatar | өчпочмак / öçpoçmaq | [ˌø̞̆ɕpɤ̹̆ɕˈmɑq] | 'triangle' | ||
| Uzbek[18] | yoʻldosh / йўлдош | [jɵlˈd̪ɒ̽ɕ] | 'satellite' | Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Uzbek phonology. | |
| Xumi | Lower[19] | [d͡ʑi ɕɐ˦] | 'one hundred' | ||
| Upper[20] | |||||
| Yámana (Yahgan) | šúša | [ɕúɕa] | 'penguin' | ||
| Yi | ꑟ / xi | [ɕi˧] | 'thread' | ||
| Zhuang | cib | [ɕǐp] | 'ten' | ||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:172–173). The first source specifies the place of articulation of /j/ after /t/ as more front than the main allophone of /j/.
- ^ Esling (2010), p. 693.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 173, 306.
- ^ a b c Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Changes in progress in Canadian English: Yod-dropping". Journal of English Linguistics. Excerpts from article "Social embedding of changes in progress". 26. Canada: U.Toronto. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007:145, 167)
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 90.
- ^ a b Huber (2004:859)
- ^ Okada (1999:117)
- ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 23.
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Boretzky & Igla (1994:XVI–XVII)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b Teo (2012:368)
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:68)
- ^ Sjoberg (1963:11)
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
Sources
[edit]- Boretzky, Nobert; Igla, Birgit (1994). Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum: mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten. Wiesbaden, DE: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3-447-03459-9.
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the variety of the lower and middle reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 363–379. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157.
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the variety of the upper reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 381–396. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169.[permanent dead link]
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990). "The phonetics of Cardiff English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.). English in Wales: Diversity, conflict, and change. Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 87–103. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [1981]. The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.). Leiden, NL: Brill Publishers. ISBN 9004103406.
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995). "European Portuguese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 25 (2): 90–94. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223. S2CID 249414876.
- Esling, John (2010). "Phonetic notation". In Hardcastle, William J.; Laver, John; Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.). The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405145909.
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013). "Luxembourgish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.
- Huber, Magnus (2004). "Ghanaian English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 842–865. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003). "Polish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 103–107. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191.
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5.
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999). "Croatian". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–69. ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
- Okada, Hideo (1999). "Japanese". In International Phonetic Association (ed.). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.
- Pop, Sever (1938). Micul Atlas Linguistic Român. Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj.
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2007). "An electropalatographic and acoustic study of affricates and fricatives in two Catalan dialects" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 37 (2): 143–172. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002829. S2CID 14275190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-22. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.
- Teo, Amos B. (2012). "Sumi (Sema)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 42 (3): 365–373. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254.
- Zygis, Marzena (2003). "Phonetic and phonological aspects of Slavic sibilant fricatives" (PDF). ZAS Papers in Linguistics. 3: 175–213. doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191.
